干呕者，空呕而无物出也。大抵热在胃脘，与谷气并，热气上熏，心下痞结，则有此证。太阳
汗出干呕，桂枝汤，主自汗也。少阴下利干呕，姜附汤，主下利也。厥阴吐涎沫干呕，吴茱萸汤，
主涎沫也。邪去呕自止。又有水气二证∶太阳表不解，心下有水气，身热干呕者，微喘或自利，小
青龙汤；不发热只恶寒，胁痛，咳而利，干呕者，亦水气也，十枣汤。膈上有寒饮，干呕者，属少
阴，四逆汤也。
哕即干呕之甚者，非比干呕，则有声浊恶而长，皆有声而无物也。盖因胃气本虚，因汗下太过，
或恣饮冷水，水寒相搏，虚逆而成也。又有热气拥郁，上下不得通而哕者，轻则和解疏利，重则温
散。哕而腹满，大便不利，先用半夏生姜汤，次用小承气；小便不利者，猪苓汤。哕不止者，干姜
橘皮汤。温病有热，暴饮冷水作哕，茅根干葛汤。哕家，若不尿而哕者，则病笃矣。
咳逆者，俗谓吃忒是也，才发声于咽喉则遽止，轧然连续数声，然而短促不长，古谓之哕，非
也。哕与干呕无异，但其声浊恶而长，比之吃忒，大有径庭矣。若将吃忒紊为哕与咳逆，误人多矣。
若便实，脉本有力者，少与承气汤微利之。因当下失下，热气入胸干肺故耳。若便软，脉来无力，
泻心汤。因胃气而冲逆故耳。
脉微者，难也。
干呕，是指想要呕吐却空泛无物吐出。大抵是因为热邪在胃脘部，与谷气相搏结，热气向上熏蒸，导致心下（胃脘部位）痞塞结聚，从而出现这种证候。太阳病汗出后出现干呕，用桂枝汤治疗，主治自汗；少阴病下利伴干呕，用姜附汤治疗，主治下利；厥阴病吐涎沫伴干呕，用吴茱萸汤治疗，主治涎沫。邪气去除，呕吐自然停止。又有两种水气证：太阳表证未解，心下有停饮，身体发热、干呕，伴有轻微气喘或自发性腹泻的，用小青龙汤；不发热只恶寒，胁肋疼痛，咳嗽且腹泻、干呕的，也是水气为患，用十枣汤。膈上有寒饮导致干呕的，属于少阴病，用四逆汤治疗。
哕，即严重的干呕，不同于一般的干呕，其声音浑浊恶劣且长，只有声音而没有实物吐出。这是因为胃气本虚，因发汗或攻下太过，或者恣意饮用冷水，水寒之气相互搏结，导致虚性上逆而成。又有因热气壅郁，上下气机不通而致哕的，轻症用和解疏利法，重症用温散法。哕且腹部胀满，大便不通利的，先用半夏生姜汤，再用小承气汤；小便不利的，用猪苓汤。哕不止的，用干姜橘皮汤。温热病有热象，因暴饮冷水导致哕的，用茅根干葛汤。素有哕疾的人，如果不排尿且发生哕，则病情危重。
咳逆，俗称“打嗝”（吃忒），刚在咽喉发出声音就立刻停止，轧然连续发出几声，但是短促而不长。古代称之为“哕”，这是错误的。“哕”与干呕没有区别，只是声音浑浊恶劣且长，与“吃忒”相比，差别巨大。如果把“吃忒”混淆为“哕”或“咳逆”，会误导很多人。如果大便结实，脉象本来有力的，少量给予承气汤轻微通下。这是因为应当攻下而未及时攻下，热气进入胸中干犯肺脏的缘故。如果大便软，脉象无力，用泻心汤。这是因为胃气冲逆的缘故。脉象微弱的，预后不良，难以治愈。
Dry retching refers to the sensation of vomiting without any substance being expelled. Generally, this condition arises from heat in the epigastrium combining with food qi, where rising heat steams upward, causing palpable obstruction and stagnation in the heart region (epigastrium), thus presenting this syndrome. In Taiyang disease, dry retching accompanied by sweating is treated with Guizhi Tang (Cinnamon Twig Decoction) to address spontaneous sweating. In Shaoyin disease, dry retching accompanied by diarrhea is treated with Jiangfu Tang (Ginger and Aconite Decoction) to address diarrhea. In Jueyin disease, dry retching accompanied by spitting of saliva and foam is treated with Wuzhuyu Tang (Evodia Decoction) to address the saliva and foam. Once the pathogenic factor is eliminated, the retching will cease spontaneously. There are also two types of fluid-retention syndromes: In Taiyang disease, if the exterior pattern is unresolved and there is fluid retention in the heart region, manifesting as fever, dry retching, slight asthma, or spontaneous diarrhea, Xiao Qinglong Tang (Minor Blue Dragon Decoction) is indicated. If there is no fever but only aversion to cold, hypochondriac pain, cough with diarrhea, and dry retching, it is also a fluid-retention syndrome, for which Shizao Tang (Ten Jujube Decoction) is indicated. Dry retching due to cold-fluid retention above the diaphragm belongs to Shaoyin disease and is treated with Sini Tang (Frigid Extremity Decoction).
Yue (hiccup/belch with sound) is a severe form of dry retching. Unlike simple dry retching, it presents with turbid, foul, and prolonged sounds, involving sound only without expulsion of matter. This occurs because the Stomach qi is originally deficient; excessive sweating or purging, or the indulgent drinking of cold water, causes cold-water to clash, resulting in deficiency-type rebellious upward movement. Alternatively, Yue can result from the congestion and depression of heat, blocking the free flow of qi up and down. For mild cases, harmonizing and draining methods are used; for severe cases, warming and dispersing methods are employed. If Yue is accompanied by abdominal fullness and difficulty in defecation, Banxia Shengjiang Tang (Pinellia and Fresh Ginger Decoction) is administered first, followed by Xiaochengqi Tang (Minor Order the Qi Decoction). If urination is difficult, Zhuling Tang (Polyporus Decoction) is used. For persistent Yue, Ganjiang Jupi Tang (Dried Ginger and Tangerine Peel Decoction) is prescribed. In warm diseases with heat, Yue caused by binge-drinking cold water is treated with Maogen Gange Tang (Imperatae Radix and Puerariae Radix Decoction). In patients with chronic Yue, if they cease urinating and develop Yue, the condition is critical.
Keni (hiccup/choking sound), commonly known as "chi te" (hiccup), is characterized by a sound originating in the throat that stops abruptly, occurring in rapid,轧然 consecutive bursts but remaining short and not prolonged. Ancient texts erroneously referred to this as "Yue." Yue differs from dry retching only in that its sound is turbid, foul, and prolonged; compared to "chi te," there is a vast difference. Confusing "chi te" with Yue or Keni has misled many practitioners. If the stool is hard and the pulse is forceful, a small dose of Chengqi Tang (Order the Qi Decoction) should be given to mildly promote bowel movement. This is because failure to purge when indicated allowed heat to enter the chest and harass the Lungs. If the stool is soft and the pulse is weak, Xiexin Tang (Drain the Epigastrium Decoction) is indicated. This is due to rebellious movement of Stomach qi. A micro pulse indicates a difficult prognosis.