良。（本经石蜜。衍义云。石乃白字。）
龙骨。味甘。平。无毒。主心腹鬼疰。精物老魅。咳逆。泄利脓血。夜卧自惊。恚怒。伏气
在心下。不得喘息。止汗。缩小便溺血。养精神。定魂魄。安五脏。（药性论云。忌鱼。止梦泄
精。夜梦鬼交。图经云。大抵此物世所稀有。孙光宪北梦 言云。石晋时。镇州接邢台界。尝
杀一龙。乡毫曹宽见之。取其双角。角前有一物。如蓝色。文如乱锦。人莫之识。曹宽未经年
为寇所杀。镇帅俄亦被诛。衍义云。诸家之说。纷然不一。既不能指定。终是臆度。西京颖阳县
民家。忽崖壤得龙骨一副。皮体头角悉具。不知其蜕也。其毙也。若谓其蜕毙。则是有形之物而
又生不可得见。死方可见。谓其化也。则其形独不能化焉。嘉靖癸丑。余客邳之宿迁县。时淮泗
大水。河无岸际。霜后水落。河中新吐一洲。上有龙骨一副。头角身尾全具。居民惊异。竞渡取
之。人有以角半只相贻者。其色白。
形即枯骨。舐之粘舌。入药用甚效。竟莫知其所由。姑录之以俟博识。）
阿胶。味甘。平。微温。无毒。主心腹内崩。劳极。洒洒如疟状。腰腹痛。四肢酸疼。女子
下血。安胎。丈夫小腹痛。虚劳羸瘦。阴气不足。脚酸不能久立。养肝气。出东阿。（陶隐居云。
出东阿。故曰阿胶。入汤微炙。丸散须极燥。陈藏器云。阿井水煎成。人间用者。多非真也。凡
胶俱能疗风。止泄补虚。驴皮胶主风为最。图经云。今郓州皆能作之。以阿县城北井水作煮为真。
造之。阿井水煎乌驴皮。如常煎胶法。其井官禁。真胶极难得。都下货者甚多。恐非真。寻方书
所说。所以胜诸胶者。大抵以驴皮得阿井水乃佳耳。今属东昌府有小土城。无县治。井如故。仍
官禁。以古迹。因名其城曰阿城。胶则造时。官取水至府煮作。皮出自库。真胶民间难得。如昔。
蔡氏书传曰。吴兴沈氏言古说济水伏流地中。今历下凡发地皆是流水。世谓济水经过其下。东阿
亦济所经。取其井水煮胶。谓之阿胶。用搅浊水则清。人服之。下膈疏痰。盖其水性趋下。清而
重故也。）
猪胆。味苦。大寒。主伤寒热渴。（刘禹锡云。通大便。）
肤。（诸家本草。无载此者。）
文蛤。味咸。平。无毒。主咳逆胸痹。腰痛胁急。
鸡子。主除热。火疮痫痉。卵白。微寒。疗目热赤痛。除心下伏热。止烦满。咳逆。小儿下
泄。醯渍之一宿。疗黄胆。破大烦热。（陈藏器云。鸡子益气。多食令人有声。药性论云。液能
治目赤痛。黄治久疟。日华子云。鸡子镇心安五脏。止惊。安胎。治怀妊天行热疾。狂走。及开
声喉。忌蒜。）
虻虫。味苦。微寒。有毒。主逐瘀血。破下血积。坚痞。 瘕。寒热。通利血脉。及九窍。
女子月水积聚。除贼血在胸腹五脏者。及喉痹结塞。（图经云。木虻最大而绿色。几若蜩蝉。蜚
虻状如蜜蜂。黄色。医方所用虻虫即此也。又有一种小虻名鹿虻。大如蝇。咂牛马亦猛。三种大
抵同体。俱能治血。而方家相承。只用蜚虻。他不
复用。淮南子。虻散积血。本经。木虻蜚虻。）
水蛭。味咸苦。平。微寒。有毒。主逐恶血。瘀血。月闭。破血瘕积聚。无子。利水道。又
堕胎。（陈藏器云。收干蛭当展其身令长。腹中有子者去之。此物难死。虽加火炙。亦如
鱼子。烟熏经年。得水犹活。以为楚王之病也。蜀本云。采得用 竹筒盛。待干。又米泔浸一宿
后。曝干。以冬猪脂煎令焦黄。然后用之。勿误。日华子云。畏锻石。衍义云。畏盐。）
牡蛎。味咸平。微寒。无毒。主伤寒寒热。温疟洒洒。惊恚怒气。除留热在关节荣卫。去来
不定。烦满。止汗。止渴。除老血。涩大小肠。止大小便。疗泄精。喉痹。咳嗽。心胁下痞热。
（药性论云。止盗汗。治温疟。）
土瓜根。（本经王瓜。味苦寒。主消渴。内痹。瘀血。月闭。寒热。别录。一名土瓜。疗诸
邪气热结。衍义云。其根即土瓜根也。日华子云。土瓜根通血脉。治天行热疾。酒黄病。壮热心
烦闷。）
浆水。味甘酸。微温。无毒。主调中。引气。宣和强力。通关开胃。止渴。霍乱泄利。消宿
食。解烦。去睡。调理腑脏。粟米新熟白花者佳。煎令醋。止呕哕。（本经无。别录钞。）
甘澜水。潦水。（二种本草皆无。）
斗升合。（律吕之管十二。皆径三分有奇。空围九分。而黄钟长九寸。以之审量而量多少。
则其容子谷 黍千二百为龠。十龠为合。十合为升。十升为斗。十斗为斛。）
铢分两。（以黄钟之龠平衡而权轻重。则其所容千二百黍。其重十二铢。分其半六铢为分。
两龠二十四铢计四分为两。十六两为斤。三十斤为钧。四钧为石。铢则今之四分一厘六毫有奇。
分则今之二钱半也。）
方寸匕。（匕。匙也。古用竹木。今用铜。其制正方一寸。取抄散不落可重一分。以为一服。
寸则以一黍为一分。黄钟长九十分分之十也。以之审度而度长短。则亦以黄钟之寸生丈尺。此黄
钟所以为万事根本。）
咀。（言捣令大小适中。其粒颗可以咀嚼之而有味也。嘉 本草。谓凡酒汤膏药。旧方皆
云咀者。谓称毕捣之如大豆。又使吹去细末。此于事殊不允当。药有易碎难碎。多末少末。称
两则不复钧平。今皆细切之。较略令如 咀者。乃得无末而又调和也。）
良。（《本经》中的石蜜。《衍义》说：石是“白”字。）
龙骨。味甘，性平，无毒。主治心腹部位的鬼疰（一种由邪气引起的积聚病），精物老魅（指妖邪之物），咳嗽气逆，泄泻痢疾伴脓血，夜间睡眠时易受惊，愤怒情绪，潜伏之气结于心下导致无法喘息。能止汗，缩小便及尿血，滋养精神，安定魂魄，安五脏。（《药性论》说：忌食鱼类，可止梦中遗精，治疗夜间梦见与鬼交合。《图经》说：大抵此物世间稀有。孙光宪在《北梦琐言》中记载：后晋时期，镇州与邢台交界处，曾杀死一条龙，乡人曹宽见到后取了它的两只角。角前有一物体，呈蓝色，纹理像乱锦，无人认识。曹宽不到一年被寇贼杀害，镇帅随后也被诛杀。《衍义》说：各家说法纷纭不一，既然不能确定，终究是主观推测。西京颖阳县百姓家中，忽然从崖土中得到一副龙骨，皮、体、头、角都具备，不知道它是蜕下的。如果说是它蜕皮而死，那么是有形之物却又活不见生，死才见得到；如果说它是变化消失的，那为什么唯独它的形体不能化去？嘉靖癸丑年，我客居邳州的宿迁县，当时淮泗大水泛滥，河岸无边无际。霜降后水落，河中新生出一洲，上面有一副龙骨，头、角、身、尾俱全。居民惊讶怪异，争着渡河去取它。有人送给我半只角，颜色洁白，形状如同枯骨，舔之粘舌，入药使用非常有效，竟不知其来源。暂且记录下来以等待博识之人考证。）
阿胶。味甘，性平，微温，无毒。主治心腹内部崩漏，极度劳损，战栗如疟疾状，腰腹痛，四肢酸痛，女子下血，安胎，丈夫小腹痛，虚劳羸瘦，阴气不足，脚酸不能久立，滋养肝气。出产于东阿。（陶隐居说：出产于东阿，所以叫阿胶。入汤剂需微炙，入丸散必须极干燥。陈藏器说：用阿井水煎制而成，人间使用的，大多不是真品。凡胶都能疗风，止泄补虚，驴皮胶治风效果最好。《图经》说：现在郓州都能制作，用阿县城北的井水煮制为真品。制造方法是：用阿井水煎煮乌驴皮，像通常煎胶的方法一样。这口井官府禁止私用，真胶极难获得。都城贩卖的很多，恐怕不是真的。寻究方书所说，之所以胜过其他胶，大抵是因为驴皮配合阿井水才好。现在属于东昌府有一个小城，没有县治，井还在，仍由官府禁管。因为古迹，因此称这座城为阿城。胶则在制造时，官府取水到府中煮制，皮出自官库，真胶民间难得，和从前一样。蔡氏《书传》说：吴兴沈氏讲古说济水伏流在地中，现在历下凡是挖地都是流水，世人谓济水经过其下。东阿也是济水所经之地，取那里的井水煮胶，称为阿胶。用它搅动浊水则变清，人服用后，能下膈疏痰。大概是因为水性趋下，清而重的原因。）
肤。（诸家本草，无此记载。）
鸡子。主治除热，火疮痫痉。卵白，微寒。治疗目热赤痛，除心下伏热，止烦满，咳嗽气逆，小儿下泄。醋浸一夜，治疗黄疸，破大烦热。（陈藏器说：鸡子益气，多食令人有声。《药性论》说：蛋液能治目赤痛，蛋黄治久疟。日华子说：鸡子镇心安五脏，止惊，安胎，治疗怀孕期间的天行热疾，狂走，以及开声喉。忌蒜。）
虻虫。味苦，微寒，有毒。主治逐瘀血，破下血积，坚痞，瘕块，寒热，通利血脉及九窍，女子月经积聚，去除胸腹五脏中的贼血，以及喉痹结塞。（《图经》说：木虻最大且绿色，几乎像蝉，飞虻状如蜜蜂，黄色，医方所用的虻虫就是这种。又有一种小虻名叫鹿虻，大如苍蝇，吸牛马血也很凶猛。这三种大体同体，都能治血，但医家相承，只用飞虻，不再用其他的。《淮南子》说：虻散积血。《本经》说：木虻、飞虻。）
水蛭。味咸苦，性平，微寒，有毒。主治逐恶血，瘀血，月闭，破血瘕积聚，不孕，利水道，又能堕胎。（陈藏器说：收干蛭应当展开身体使其伸长，腹中有子的要去掉。此物难死，即使加火烤，也像鱼子一样，烟熏经年，得水犹活。以此作为楚王的病证。蜀本说：采得后用竹筒盛放，待干，又用米泔水浸泡一夜后晒干，用冬猪脂煎至焦黄，然后用之。不要弄错。日华子说：畏锻石。《衍义》说：畏盐。）
牡蛎。味咸平，微寒，无毒。主治伤寒寒热，温疟战栗，惊恚怒气，除留热在关节荣卫，往来不定，烦满，止汗，止渴，除老血，涩大小肠，止大小便，治疗泄精，喉痹，咳嗽，心胁下痞热。（《药性论》说：止盗汗，治温疟。）
土瓜根。（《本经》王瓜，味苦寒，主治消渴，内痹，瘀血，月闭，寒热。《别录》一名土瓜，治疗诸邪气热结。《衍义》说：其根即土瓜根也。日华子说：土瓜根通血脉，治天行热疾，酒黄病，壮热心烦闷。）
浆水。味甘酸，微温，无毒。主治调中，引气，宣和强力，通关开胃，止渴，霍乱泄利，消宿食，解烦，去睡，调理腑脏。粟米新熟白花者佳，煎令醋味，止呕哕。（《本经》无，《别录》摘录。）
甘澜水。潦水。（这两种本草皆无记载。）
斗升合。（律吕之管十二，直径三分有余，空围九分，其中黄钟长九寸。用它来审量多少，则其容量子谷黍一千二百为龠，十龠为合，十合为升，十升为斗，十斗为斛。）
铢分两。（用黄钟之龠平衡来称轻重，则其所容一千二百黍，重量十二铢。分其半六铢为分，两龠二十四铢计四分为两，十六两为斤，三十斤为钧，四钧为石。铢则是现在的四分一厘六毫有余，分则是现在的二钱半。）
方寸匕。（匕，匙也。古时用竹木，今用铜。其制正方一寸，取抄散药不落，可重一分，以为一服。寸则以一黍为一分，黄钟长九十分分之十。用它来审度长短，则也以黄钟之寸生丈尺，这是黄钟所以成为万事根本的原因。）
咀。（意思是捣碎使大小适中，其颗粒可以咀嚼而有味道。嘉祐本草说，凡是酒汤膏药，旧方都说“咀”，是指称量完毕后捣碎如大豆大小，又吹去细末。这在事理上殊不恰当。药物有易碎难碎之分，多末少末，称量则不复均匀。现在都细切之，粗略令如“咀”的状态，才能既无细末又能调和。）
Good. (Shimi in the *Shennong Bencao Jing*. The *Yanyi* states: "Shi" is the character for "white".)
Longgu (Dragon Bone). Sweet in taste, neutral in nature, non-toxic. Primarily treats Guizhu (a type of accumulation disease caused by evil qi) in the heart and abdomen, spirits and old demons (referring to malevolent entities), cough with rebellious qi, diarrhea and dysentery with pus and blood, spontaneous fright during sleep, anger, latent qi lodged in the epigastrium causing inability to breathe. It stops sweating, reduces urination and hematuria, nourishes the spirit, stabilizes the hun and po, and calms the five zang organs. (The *Yaoxing Lun* states: Avoid fish; it stops nocturnal seminal emission and treats dreams of sexual intercourse with ghosts. The *Tujing* states: Generally, this substance is rare in the world. Sun Guangxian recorded in *Beimeng Suoyan*: During the Later Jin period, at the border between Zhenzhou and Xingtai, a dragon was once killed. A villager named Cao Kuan saw it and took its two horns. In front of the horns was an object, blue in color with patterns like chaotic brocade, which no one recognized. Cao Kuan was killed by bandits within a year, and the military governor was subsequently executed. The *Yanyi* states: Various theories are inconsistent; since they cannot be specified, they are ultimately speculative. A commoner in Yingyang County, Western Capital, suddenly obtained a pair of dragon bones from cliff soil, complete with skin, body, head, and horns, not knowing it was shed. If it were shed while alive, it would be a tangible object yet living unseen, only visible upon death; if it transformed away, why would its form alone not transform? In the Guiyou year of the Jiajing era, I was a guest in Suqian County, Pizhou. At that time, the Huai and Si rivers flooded, with no visible banks. After the frost, the water receded, and a new sandbar emerged in the river, upon which lay a complete pair of dragon bones, including head, horns, body, and tail. Residents were astonished and competed to cross the river to retrieve them. Someone gave me half a horn; it was white in color, shaped like dry bone, and sticky to the tongue. It is highly effective in medicinal use, though its origin remains unknown. I record this here pending verification by scholars.)
Ejiao (Donkey-hide Gelatin). Sweet in taste, neutral in nature, slightly warm, non-toxic. Primarily treats internal hemorrhage in the heart and abdomen, extreme exhaustion, chills resembling malaria, lower abdominal and lumbar pain, soreness and pain in the four limbs, vaginal bleeding in women, fetal calming, lower abdominal pain in men, deficiency consumption with emaciation, insufficiency of yin qi, soreness in the legs preventing prolonged standing, and nourishment of liver qi. Produced in Dong'e. (Tao Hongjing states: Produced in Dong'e, hence the name Ejiao. For decoctions, it should be lightly roasted; for pills and powders, it must be extremely dry. Chen Cangqi states: It is boiled with water from the Ajing Well; most used in the world is not genuine. All gelatins can treat wind, stop diarrhea, and tonify deficiency, but donkey-hide gelatin is best for treating wind. The *Tujing* states: Now Yenzhou can produce it; using water from the well north of Acheng County produces the genuine article. The method is: boiling black donkey hide with water from the Ajing Well, as per standard gelatin preparation methods. This well is officially prohibited for private use, making genuine gelatin very hard to obtain. Many sold in the capital are likely fake. Investigating medical texts, the reason it surpasses other gelatins is largely due to the combination of donkey hide and Ajing water. Now belonging to Dongchang Prefecture, there is a small walled town without a county seat; the well remains, still under official prohibition. Due to historical relics, the town is named Acheng. The gelatin is produced when officials transport water to the prefecture for boiling, with hides supplied from the official storehouse. Genuine gelatin is rare among the people, as before. Cai's *Shuchuan* states: Shen of Wuxing cited ancient theory that the Ji River flows underground. Now in Lixia, digging anywhere reveals flowing water, believed by the world to be the Ji River passing beneath. Dong'e is also on the path of the Ji River. Taking its well water to boil gelatin is called Ejiao. When stirred into turbid water, it clears it. When ingested by humans, it descends through the diaphragm and disperses phlegm. This is likely because the water nature tends downward, being clear and heavy.)
Zhudan (Pig Bile). Bitter in taste, great in coldness. Primarily treats heat and thirst from Shanghan (Cold Damage). (Liu Yuxi states: Promotes bowel movement.)
Fu (Skin/Flesh). (Not recorded in various pharmacopoeias.)
Wenge (Clam Shell). Salty in taste, neutral in nature, non-toxic. Primarily treats cough with rebellious qi, chest bi (obstruction), lower back pain, and acute hypochondriac pain.
Jizi (Chicken Egg). Primarily treats removal of heat, fire sores, epilepsy, and spasms. Egg white (Lvbai): Slightly cold. Treats red and painful eyes due to heat, removes latent heat in the epigastrium, stops fullness and oppression, cough with rebellious qi, and diarrhea in children. Soaked in vinegar overnight, it treats jaundice and breaks severe irritability and heat. (Chen Cangqi states: Eggs benefit qi; excessive consumption causes hoarseness. The *Yaoxing Lun* states: Egg liquid treats red and painful eyes; egg yolk treats chronic malaria. Ri Huazi states: Eggs calm the heart and stabilize the five zang organs, stop fright, calm the fetus, treat epidemic febrile diseases during pregnancy, mania, and open the throat. Avoid garlic.)
Mengchong (Blue Bottle Fly Larvae). Bitter in taste, slightly cold, toxic. Primarily drives out blood stasis, breaks down subcutaneous blood accumulations, hard masses, jia masses (abdominal lumps), alternating cold and fever, unblocks meridians and vessels, and opens the nine orifices. Treats menstrual blood stasis in women, removes "thief blood" (pathological blood) in the chest, abdomen, and five zang organs, and treats throat obstruction and blockage. (The *Tujing* states: Mumeng is the largest and green, resembling a cicada; Feimeng resembles a honeybee and is yellow. The fly larvae used in medical formulas are these. There is another small fly named Lumeng, size of a housefly, fierce in sucking cattle and horse blood. These three are generally similar in structure and all can treat blood disorders, but physicians traditionally use only Feimeng, rarely using others. The *Huainanzi* states: Fly larvae disperse accumulated blood. The *Bencao Jing* mentions Mumeng and Feimeng.)
Shuizhi (Leech). Salty and bitter in taste, neutral in nature, slightly cold, toxic. Primarily drives out foul blood and blood stasis, treats amenorrhea, breaks blood jia masses and accumulations, infertility, promotes urinary flow, and can induce abortion. (Chen Cangqi states: When drying leeches, stretch their bodies. Remove those with eggs in the abdomen. This creature is hard to kill; even after roasting over fire, it resembles fish roe. Smoked for years, it revives when wet. Used as a case for King Chu's illness. The Shu edition states: Collect and place in bamboo tubes to dry, then soak in rice washing water overnight, sun-dry, and fry in winter pork lard until golden brown before use. Do not mistake this. Ri Huazi states: Repelled by calcined alum. The *Yanyi* states: Repelled by salt.)
Muli (Oyster Shell). Salty and neutral in taste, slightly cold, non-toxic. Primarily treats alternating cold and fever from Shanghan, chills from Wenmalaria (Warm Malaria), fright and anger, removes lingering heat in joints and defensive/defensive qi moving unpredictably, irritability and fullness, stops sweating and thirst, removes old blood, astringes the large and small intestines, stops defecation and urination, treats seminal emission, throat obstruction, cough, and epigastric/hypochondriac stagnation with heat. (The *Yaoxing Lun* states: Stops night sweats, treats Warm Malaria.)
Tugua Gen (Trichosanthes Root). (The *Bencao Jing* Wanggua: Bitter and cold. Treats Xiaoke (wasting-thirst), internal obstruction, blood stasis, amenorrhea, and alternating cold and fever. The *Bielu* calls it Tugua, treating various evil qi and heat accumulations. The *Yanyi* states: Its root is Tugua Gen. Ri Huazi states: Tugua Gen unblocks meridians and vessels, treats epidemic febrile diseases, alcoholic jaundice, and intense heat with irritability.)
Jiangshui (Fermented Grain Water). Sweet and sour in taste, slightly warm, non-toxic. Primarily regulates the middle jiao, guides qi, strengthens vitality, opens passages and stimulates appetite, stops thirst, treats cholera-like diarrhea, digests retained food, resolves irritability, dispels drowsiness, and regulates fu organs. Best made from newly harvested millet with white flowers. Boiled until sour, it stops vomiting and hiccups. (Not in the *Bencao Jing*, excerpted from the *Bielu*.)
Glan Shui (Agitated Water). Liaoshui (Rainwater collected from puddles). (Neither of these two types is recorded in pharmacopoeias.)
Dou, Sheng, He (Measures of Volume). The twelve pitch-pipes of Lülu have a diameter of slightly more than 3 fen and an inner circumference of 9 fen. The Huangzhong pipe is 9 cun long. Using it to measure volume, 1200 grains of millet fill one Yue. Ten Yue make one He. Ten He make one Sheng. Ten Sheng make one Dou. Ten Dou make one Hu.
Zhu, Fen, Liang (Units of Weight). Using the balance of the Huangzhong Yue to weigh weight, the capacity of 1200 grains weighs 12 Zhu. Half of this, 6 Zhu, is defined as one Fen. Two Yue (24 Zhu) constitute four Fen, which equals one Liang. Sixteen Liang make one Jin. Thirty Jin make one Jun. Four Jun make one Shi. One Zhu is approximately 0.16 hao (of a qian). One Fen is 2.5 qian.
Fangcun Bi (Square-inch Spoon). Bi means spoon. Anciently made of bamboo or wood, now of copper. It is square, one cun on each side. A scoop of powder that does not fall off weighs one fen, constituting one dose. One cun is defined such that one grain of millet equals one fen. The Huangzhong is 90 fen long (1/10th of a cun). Using it to measure length generates zhang and chi from the cun of Huangzhong. This is why Huangzhong is considered the root of all things.
Ju (Chewing/Masticating). Refers to crushing herbs to an appropriate size, where particles are chewable and flavorful. The *Jia You Bencao* states that for wines, decoctions, and pastes, old formulas say "Ju," meaning after weighing, crush to the size of soybeans and blow away fine dust. This is impractical. Herbs vary in ease of crushing; too much dust makes weighing inaccurate. Now, herbs are finely cut to approximate the state of "Ju," ensuring no fine dust while allowing proper mixing.