禀纯阳之气以生，故味辛，气温，无毒。气浓味薄，升也，阳也。入足太阴、足
阳明经，辛温而升，所以温脾胃而散中宫之结滞也。若呕吐由于火热者，切忌误用。
丁香治亡阳诸症，一切气逆，翻胃奔豚，霍乱呕哕，心腹冷痛，暖腰膝壮阳，治
乳头绽裂，纳阴户作冷能温，祛寒开胃，善治呃逆，寒中阴经，痘疮灰白，雄者颗小为
丁香，雌者颗大为母丁香，入药最胜。
主治（痘疹合参） 脾胃受寒，吐泻腹胀，不食厥冷，痘白者宜之，丁香温能救
里，官桂温能发表，故并用以治表里沉寒之症。
按∶丁香，祛寒开胃之剂，同柿蒂止呃，同黄连乳汁点目，此得辛散苦降之妙，有火
者忌服。
其性苦涩气温，无毒。味涩而能收，性温而能通，故既破结除膨胀，涩肠止嗽，然
咳嗽肺有实热，泻痢未至虚寒者，并不宜用。
诃藜勒，主冷气，消宿食，去腹澎通津液，破结气，止久痢，逐肠风，开胃涩肠，
又治肺气因火伤极，郁遏胀满，喘急咳嗽，盖味酸苦，有收敛降火治标之功。
主治（痘疹合参） 苦酸气温，性急喜降，主开胃涩肠，止泻痢咳嗽。凡痘家肠胃
虚寒，泄泻不止者暂用。六移黑色肉浓者，取皮肉去核用，然涩能阻塞肌窍，气虚之症
用之，毒亦不能前进，虽能涩泻，勿轻用也。
按∶诃子能涩肠，然下气太急，虚人不可独用，同人参能补肺，同白术能益脾，同
五味能敛肺，同橘皮能下气，波斯国人遇大鱼涎滑数里，舟不能行，乃投诃子，其滑化
为水，则化痰消涎可见矣，咳嗽未久，泻痢新起者禁之。
丁香禀受纯阳之气而生，因此味道辛，气温，无毒。其气浓厚而味淡薄，性质上升，属阳。归入足太阴脾经和足阳明胃经，因其辛温且升散，所以能温暖脾胃并消散中焦的结滞。如果是因火热引起的呕吐，切忌误用。
丁香用于治疗亡阳（阳气极度衰竭）的各种症状，以及一切气机上逆、翻胃（胃气上逆）、奔豚（气从少腹上冲心胸）、霍乱吐泻、心腹冷痛；还能暖腰膝、壮阳，治疗乳头皲裂；纳入阴道可缓解寒冷感以起到温煦作用；祛除寒邪、开胃进食，善于治疗呃逆（打嗝）；对于寒邪侵入阴经、痘疮颜色灰白的情况也有效。雄性的颗粒小称为丁香，雌性的颗粒大称为母丁香，入药效果最佳。
主治（结合痘疹与麻疹参看）：脾胃受寒，出现呕吐、腹泻、腹胀、食欲不振、四肢厥冷，痘色发白者适宜使用。丁香的温性可以救里寒，官桂（肉桂）的温性可以解表寒，因此两者并用以治疗表里俱有沉寒的症状。
按语：丁香是祛寒开胃的药物，配合柿蒂可止呃逆，配合黄连及乳汁点眼，这是利用了辛散与苦降的妙处，体内有火者忌服。
诃黎勒（诃子）的性质苦涩而气温，无毒。味道涩能收敛，性质温能通利，所以既能破除结滞、消除胀满，又能涩肠止嗽。然而，如果咳嗽是由于肺有实热，或者泻痢尚未发展到虚寒阶段，都不宜使用。
诃黎勒主要治疗冷气，消化积食，去除腹部胀满并通畅津液，破除结聚之气，停止久痢，驱除肠风，开胃并涩肠。又治疗因火邪损伤极重的肺气，导致郁遏胀满、喘急咳嗽，因为其味酸苦，具有收敛和降火治标的功效。
主治（结合痘疹与麻疹参看）：味苦酸，气温，性急喜降，主要开胃涩肠，止泻痢咳嗽。凡是患痘疹者肠胃虚寒，泄泻不止的，可暂时使用。选取六枚黑色、肉质浓厚的果实，取皮肉去核使用。但是，涩性能阻塞肌窍，对于气虚的病症使用它，毒邪也不能向外透发，虽然它能涩肠止泻，但不要轻率使用。
按语：诃子能涩肠，但下气作用太急，体虚之人不可单独使用。与人参同用能补肺，与白术同用能益脾，与五味子同用能敛肺，与橘皮同用能下气。波斯国人在遇到大鱼涎液滑腻数里、船只无法行进时，投入诃子，滑腻化为水，由此可见诃子化痰消涎的功效。咳嗽不久、泻痢新起的患者禁止使用。
Dingxiang (Caryophylli Flos) is born from pure Yang Qi, thus its flavor is pungent, its temperature is warm, and it is non-toxic. Its Qi is dense while its flavor is light; it ascends and belongs to Yang. It enters the Foot-Taiyin Spleen Meridian and the Foot-Yangming Stomach Meridian. Being pungent, warm, and ascending, it warms the Spleen and Stomach and disperses stagnation in the Middle Jiao. If vomiting is caused by Fire-Heat, it must strictly not be used mistakenly.
Dingxiang treats various symptoms of Wangyang (Collapse of Yang), all types of rebellious Qi, Fanwei (Rebellious Stomach), Ben tun (Rushing Pig syndrome characterized by Qi rushing from the lower abdomen to the heart/chest), Huoluan (Cholera-like syndrome with vomiting and diarrhea), cold pain in the heart and abdomen; it also warms the waist and knees, strengthens Yang, treats cracked nipples, and when inserted into the vagina, alleviates coldness to provide warmth. It dispels Cold, opens the stomach, and is excellent for treating E ni (Hiccups). It is effective for Cold invading the Yin meridians and acneiform eruptions appearing grayish-white. The male variety has smaller granules and is called Dingxiang, while the female variety has larger granules and is called Mudingxiang (Mother Clove); both are superior for medicinal use.
Indications (Integrating Acne/Rash and Measles): For Cold invading the Spleen and Stomach, presenting as vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal distension, anorexia, and cold extremities; suitable for cases where eruptions are white. The warming property of Dingxiang rescues interior Cold, while the warming property of Guigui (Cinnamon Twig/Cortex Cinnamomi) releases exterior Cold; thus, they are used together to treat conditions of deep-seated Cold in both the interior and exterior.
Note: Dingxiang is a formula to dispel Cold and open the stomach. Combined with Shidi (Diospyri Kaki Calyx), it stops hiccups; combined with Huanglian (Coptidis Rhizoma) and milk applied to the eyes, it utilizes the subtle interaction of Pungent Dispersal and Bitter Descending. Patients with Fire should avoid taking it.
Helile (Chebulae Fructus) has a bitter-astringent nature and warm temperature, and is non-toxic. Its astringent flavor allows it to consolidate, and its warm nature allows it to unblock. Therefore, it can break up stagnation and eliminate distension, astringe the intestines, and stop coughs. However, if coughing is due to Excess Heat in the Lungs, or if dysentery/diarrhea has not yet progressed to Deficiency-Cold, it is not suitable for use.
Helile primarily treats Cold Qi, digests retained food, removes abdominal fullness, promotes fluid circulation, breaks up stagnant Qi, stops chronic dysentery, expels Intestinal Wind, opens the stomach, and astringes the intestines. It also treats Lung Qi damaged by extreme Fire, leading to oppression, fullness, wheezing, and coughing, because its sour and bitter flavors have the effect of consolidating and descending Fire to address the branch symptoms.
Indications (Integrating Acne/Rash and Measles): Bitter and sour, warm in temperature, with an urgent nature that likes to descend. It primarily opens the stomach, astringes the intestines, and stops dysentery, diarrhea, and coughing. It may be temporarily used for patients with measles/rashes who have Deficiency-Cold in the Spleen and Stomach and continuous diarrhea. Select six black fruits with thick flesh, take the peel and flesh, and remove the seed. However, the astringent property can block the muscle pores; if used in Qi Deficiency conditions, the pathogenic toxin cannot advance outward. Although it can astringe the intestines to stop diarrhea, do not use it lightly.
Note: Helile can astringe the intestines, but its Qi-descending action is too urgent, so it should not be used alone in deficient individuals. Combined with Renshen (Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma), it tonifies the Lungs; combined with Baizhu (Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma), it benefits the Spleen; combined with Wuweizi (Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus), it consolidates the Lungs; combined with Jupi (Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium), it descends Qi. In Persia, when encountering large amounts of slippery fish mucus spanning several miles that prevent boats from moving, they throw in Helile, causing the slipperiness to dissolve into water, demonstrating its ability to resolve phlegm and eliminate saliva. It is contraindicated for those with recent onset of coughing or new-onset dysentery/diarrhea.