麻虽胎毒，多带时行，气候暄热，传染而成。发也与痘相类，变也比痘匪轻，先起
于阳，后归于阴，毒盛于脾，热流于心，脏腑之伤，肺则尤甚，始终之变，肾则无症。
初则发热，有类伤寒，眼胞困倦而难起，鼻流清涕而不，咳嗽少食，烦渴难安，斜目
视之，隐隐皮肤之下，以手摸之，磊磊肌肉之间，其形若芥，其色若丹，出见三日，渐
没为安，随出随没，喘急须也。根窠若肿兮，疹而瘾；皮肤如赤兮，疹犹斑；似锦而
明兮，不药而愈∶如煤而黑兮，百无一痊。疮疹既出，调理殊难，坐卧欲暖，饮食宜
淡，咳嗽涎沫，必禁酸咸，忽生喘急，肺受风寒，心脾火灼，口舌生疮，肺胃蕴热，津
液长流，有此受症，治法不同，微汗则邪无蓄，便利则毒无壅，喉痛烦渴，解毒为先，
谵妄恍惚。清心是尚，腠理拂郁兮，即当发散，肠胃秘结兮，急与疏通，颜色紫黯而血
凝兮，疏壅凉血，头面木起而气滞兮，透托升提。鼻衄者，不必忧治，邪从衄解。自行
者，亦毋遂止，毒以利松，麻后多痢兮。热毒移于大肠，咳嗽喉痛兮，痰热滞于心胸。
口渴心烦，法在生津养血，饮食减少，治宜调胃和中，此是麻之大旨，玄与悟之无窍。
麻者，即疹也。毒者，即火也。痘疹皆胎毒所发，痘子大而 肿者，少阳三焦火
也，阳道常饶，故大而肿。疹子小而细密者，少阴心火也，阴道常乏，故小而密。痘
毒出于脏，疹毒出于腑，脏属阴，阴主血，故痘有形而有汁，腑属阳，阳主气，故疹有
形而无浆。痘有寒而有热，疹则有热而无寒，为症既异法亦殊，痘宜内实，可用补
剂，疹忌内实，只宜解散。毒虽一而发则殊，治法因而有变也。其初出之际，痘防表
虚，不可过表，疹贵出尽，过表无防，既出之后，疹则补阴以制阳，痘则补气以生血，
盖疹热甚，则阴分煎熬，血多虚耗，况既出即解，惟虑阴虚火动，余热难清耳，故宜滋
阴清火。凡燥悍之剂，首尾当深忌也。若夫痘疮既出，必赖气以拘血，血以附气，相济
成功，起胀灌脓，结痂后已，非若疹子出透，已无余事也。然麻疹多见肺症者，以心
肺属阳而位乎上。心火旺则肺受之，故观其咳嗽者。火炎上而肺叶焦举也。鼻流清涕
者，鼻为肺窍在目也。手掐眉目唇鼻及面者，皆肺热症也。故治疹专以心肺为主，然
发热之初，与伤寒相似，但疹子则面浮腮赤，咳嗽喷嚏，鼻流清涕，其泪汪汪，眼胞
浮肿，恶心干呕，呵欠喜睡，或吐泻，或手掐鼻面眉目，是皆疹候也，治宜升麻葛根
汤。虽寒勿用桂枝，虽虚勿用参术，虽呕而有痰，勿用半夏南星，并忌误作伤寒汗下，
汗则增其热而为鼻衄，咳血口疮，咽痛烦躁，目赤二便不通，下则太虚其里，或为滑
泄，或为滞下，此治之略也。如手足梢微温，一身尽热，恶寒无汗而色青掺而不舒
者，是伤寒之热也。如手足稍微温，发热有汗，面赤而光鼻，流清涕者，是伤风之热
也。如午前发热，目胞高肿而黄吐利，腹疼头额肚腹倍热，或昼热夜凉，及上热下冷
者，是伤食之热也。如手掌心有汗，手络脉微动而色青红，时作惊惕者，此惊热也。如
唇红病赤，二便俱闭，肋下有汗，身热而倍能食者，此风热也。惟痘疹热者，则四脏之
症俱见，然以上诸症，久不去则内外感发，所蕴痘疹之毒，亦能乘间而出矣。
麻虽源于胎毒，但多夹杂时行疫气，因气候温暖炎热，通过传染而形成。其发病过程与痘疹相似，但病情变化比痘疹更为严重。病邪先起于阳分，后归于阴分；毒气盛于脾脏，热邪流注于心经；脏腑受损中，肺脏受伤尤为严重；在整个病程的变化中，肾脏通常没有明显症状。
初期表现为发热，类似伤寒，眼睑困倦难以睁开，鼻涕清稀不止，咳嗽、食欲减退、烦躁口渴难以安宁。仔细观察皮肤之下，隐隐约约可见皮疹；用手触摸，肌肉之间颗粒分明。其形状像芥菜籽，颜色像丹砂。出疹后持续三天，逐渐消退为平安之象；若随出随没（刚出来就消失），则会出现喘急的危险情况。如果根部红肿，是疹子兼有瘾疹（风团）；如果皮肤红赤，是疹子兼有斑疹；如果皮疹如锦缎般明亮清晰，即使不治疗也能痊愈；如果皮疹如煤炭般黑紫，则百无一治。
麻疹发出之后，调理非常困难。坐卧时要保暖，饮食宜清淡。若有咳嗽、吐痰涎，必须禁止食用酸味和咸味食物。如果突然发生喘急，是肺受风寒所致；心脾火旺灼伤，会导致口舌生疮；肺胃蕴积热邪，会导致津液长流（多涕泪口水）。出现这些不同症状，治疗方法也不同：轻微发汗则邪气无积蓄，通利二便则毒气无壅滞。咽喉肿痛、烦躁口渴，以解毒为先；神志谵妄、恍惚不清，以清心为主。腠理闭塞郁结，应当立即发散解表；肠胃秘结不通，急需疏通导滞。面色紫暗且血液凝滞的，需疏通瘀滞、凉血活血；头面部肿胀且气机阻滞的，需透发托毒、升提阳气。鼻出血者，不必担忧治疗，邪气随衄血而解。腹泻自作者，也不要强行止泻，毒气随大便排出而松动。麻疹后多患痢疾，是因为热毒移于大肠；咳嗽喉痛，是因为痰热滞留于心胸。口渴心烦，治法在于生津养血；饮食减少，治法宜调胃和中。这是麻疹治疗的总纲，其中奥妙需要领悟才能掌握。
麻，就是疹。毒，就是火。痘和疹都是由胎毒引发的。痘疮大而肿的，是少阳三焦之火；因为阳道常有余，所以痘大而肿。疹子小而细密的，是少阴心火；因为阴道常不足，所以疹小而密。痘毒出于脏，疹毒出于腑。脏属阴，阴主血，所以痘有形且有汁液；腑属阳，阳主气，所以疹有形而无浆液。痘既有寒证又有热证，疹则有热证而无寒证。既然症状不同，治法也各异。痘疮宜内实，可用补剂；疹子忌内实，只宜解散。虽然毒源相同，但发作形式不同，治法因此有所变化。在初出之际，痘疮要防止表虚，不可过度发汗解表；疹子贵在出尽，适度发汗解表没有妨碍。既出之后，疹子宜补阴以制约阳热，痘疮宜补气以生化血液。因为疹热甚，会煎熬阴分，导致血液大量虚耗，况且疹子一出即解，唯恐阴虚火动，余热难清，所以适宜滋阴清火。凡是燥烈悍猛的药剂，从头到尾都应当深加忌讳。至于痘疮既出之后，必须依赖气来统摄血，血来依附气，相互济助而成功，经历起胀、灌脓、结痂等阶段才结束，不像疹子透出后就没有其他事了。
然而麻疹多见肺系症状，是因为心肺属阳且位居上焦。心火旺盛则波及肺脏，所以观察那些咳嗽的患者，是火炎上炎导致肺叶焦枯。流清涕的，是因为鼻为肺窍。用手抓挠眉目唇鼻及面部的，都是肺热的症状。所以治疗疹子专以心肺为主。然而在发热之初，与伤寒相似，只是疹子会有面浮腮赤、咳嗽喷嚏、流清涕、眼泪汪汪、眼睑浮肿、恶心干呕、呵欠喜睡，或呕吐腹泻，或手抓鼻面眉目等症状，这些都是疹候，治疗宜用升麻葛根汤。虽然有寒象勿用桂枝，虽然有虚象勿用人参白术，虽然有呕吐且有痰，勿用半夏南星。并忌讳误当作伤寒进行发汗或攻下。发汗则会增加热势，导致鼻衄、咳血、口疮、咽痛烦躁、目赤、二便不通；攻下则会使里气太虚，导致滑泄或痢疾。这是治疗的概要。
如果手足梢微温，全身发热，恶寒无汗且面色青紫掺杂而不舒展，这是伤寒的热证。如果手足稍微温热，发热有汗，面赤光亮，流清涕，这是伤风的热证。如果午前发热，眼睑高肿发黄，呕吐腹泻，腹痛，头额肚腹特别热，或昼热夜凉，以及上热下冷的，这是伤食的热证。如果手掌心有汗，手部络脉微动且色青红，时常惊惕不安的，这是惊热。如果嘴唇红赤，二便俱闭，肋下有汗，身热且特别能进食的，这是风热。只有痘疹的热证，才会四脏的症状都见到。然而以上各种症状，如果长久不去，则内外感发，所蕴藏的痘疹之毒，也能趁机而出。
Although measles (Ma, 麻疹) originates from fetal toxin (Tai Du, 胎毒), it often carries epidemic qi (Shi Xing Qi, 时行疫气). It is transmitted and formed due to warm and hot climate. Its onset is similar to smallpox (Dou, 痘), but its changes are more severe than those of smallpox. The pathogen first arises in the Yang aspect and later returns to the Yin aspect; the toxin is abundant in the Spleen (Pi, 脾), and heat flows into the Heart (Xin, 心). Among the damage to Zang-Fu organs, the Lungs (Fei, 肺) are particularly severely injured. Throughout the changes of the disease, the Kidneys (Shen, 肾) usually show no symptoms.
Initially, there is fever, resembling Taiyang syndrome (Taiyang Bing, 太阳病). The eyelids are heavy and difficult to open, nasal discharge is clear and unceasing, accompanied by cough, loss of appetite, irritability, thirst, and restlessness. Observing closely under the skin, rashes are faintly visible; touching with hands, granules are distinct between muscles. Their shape resembles mustard seeds, and their color resembles cinnabar. After eruption, if they persist for three days and gradually fade, it indicates safety; if they appear and disappear immediately, wheezing and urgency may occur. If the base is swollen, it is a rash combined with urticaria (Yin Zhen, 瘾疹); if the skin is red, it is a rash combined with macules (Ban, 斑); if the rash is bright like brocade, it may heal without medication; if the rash is black like coal, almost no one will recover.
After the eruption of measles, care is very difficult. One should keep warm when sitting or lying, and the diet should be bland. If there is cough and salivation, sour and salty foods must be prohibited. Sudden wheezing indicates Lung invasion by Wind-Cold (Feng Han, 风寒); burning of Heart and Spleen fire leads to mouth and tongue sores; accumulation of heat in Lung and Stomach leads to excessive flow of body fluids (Jin Ye, 津液). For these different symptoms, treatments differ: mild sweating prevents pathogen accumulation; promoting bowel movement prevents toxin stagnation. For sore throat, irritability, and thirst, detoxification is primary; for delirium and confusion, clearing the Heart is preferred. If pores are blocked and depressed, dispersing and releasing the exterior is immediate; if intestines and stomach are constipated, urgent dredging and unblocking are needed. For purple-dark complexion and coagulated blood, resolving stagnation and cooling blood is required; for swelling of head and face and stagnant Qi, venting, supporting, and lifting are indicated. Epistaxis (Bi Nie, 鼻衄) need not be worried about as the pathogen resolves through bleeding; spontaneous diarrhea should not be forcibly stopped as the toxin loosens through evacuation. Post-measles dysentery often occurs because heat toxin shifts to the Large Intestine (Da Chang, 大肠); cough and sore throat indicate phlegm-heat stagnating in the Heart and Chest. Thirst and irritability require generating fluids and nourishing blood; reduced appetite requires regulating the Stomach and harmonizing the Middle Jiao (Zhong Jiao, 中焦). This is the general principle of measles treatment, requiring profound understanding.
Measles is essentially Rash. Toxin is essentially Fire. Both smallpox and measles erupt from fetal toxin. Smallpox lesions are large and swollen due to Fire of Shaoyang Sanjiao (San Jiao Huo, 三焦火); since Yang aspects are often abundant, they are large and swollen. Measles lesions are small and dense due to Fire of Shaoyin Heart (Xin Huo, 心火); since Yin aspects are often deficient, they are small and dense. Smallpox toxin emerges from Zang organs, while measles toxin emerges from Fu organs. Zang belongs to Yin, which governs Blood, so smallpox has form and fluid; Fu belongs to Yang, which governs Qi, so measles has form but no pus. Smallpox presents both Cold and Heat patterns, whereas measles presents only Heat without Cold. Since symptoms differ, methods differ. Smallpox benefits from internal strengthening and can use tonifying formulas; measles contraindicates internal fullness and only requires dispersion. Although the toxin source is the same, the eruption differs, leading to varied treatments. At the initial stage, prevent exterior deficiency in smallpox and avoid excessive diaphoresis; for measles, ensure complete eruption, where moderate diaphoresis is safe. After eruption, nourish Yin to control Yang for measles, and tonify Qi to generate Blood for smallpox. Severe measles heat boils Yin, causing significant blood depletion; since measles resolves upon eruption, concern lies in Yin deficiency with moving fire and lingering heat, thus nourishing Yin and clearing fire is appropriate. Harsh and drying agents should be strictly avoided throughout. Once smallpox erupts, Qi must hold Blood, and Blood must attach to Qi, achieving success through mutual support during swelling, suppuration, and scabbing, unlike measles which resolves after complete eruption.
However, measles often shows Lung symptoms because Heart and Lungs belong to Yang and reside in the Upper Jiao (Shang Jiao, 上焦). Excessive Heart fire affects the Lungs, causing cough due to fire flaring up and scorching lung tissue. Clear nasal discharge occurs because the nose is the opening of the Lungs. Scratching eyebrows, eyes, lips, nose, and face indicates Lung heat. Therefore, treating measles focuses on Heart and Lungs. Initially, fever resembles Taiyang syndrome, but measles features facial puffiness, red cheeks, cough, sneezing, clear nasal discharge, watery eyes, swollen eyelids, nausea, dry heaving, yawning, sleepiness, vomiting/diarrhea, or scratching face/eyes. These are measles signs, treated with Shengma Gegen Tang (Pueraria Root and Rhizome Decoction). Do not use Guizhi Tang (Cinnamon Twig Decoction) even if cold signs exist; do not use Renshen and Baizhu (Ginseng and Atractylodes Macrocephala) even if deficiency exists; do not use Banxia and Nanxing (Pinellia and Arisaema) if vomiting with phlegm exists. Avoid misdiagnosing as Taiyang syndrome and using sweating or purging methods. Sweating increases heat, leading to epistaxis, hemoptysis, mouth sores, sore throat, irritability, red eyes, and urinary/fecal retention. Purging causes interior deficiency, leading to incontinence or dysentery. This is the summary of treatment.
If fingertips are slightly warm, whole body feverish, aversion to cold, anhidrosis, and bluish-purple complexion indicate Taiyang syndrome heat. If fingertips are slightly warm, fever with sweating, red shiny face, and clear nasal discharge indicate Wind-Cold injury heat. If fever before noon, high swollen yellow eyelids, vomiting/diarrhea, abdominal pain, hot forehead/abdomen, or day-night temperature variation indicates Food Injury heat. If sweaty palms, slight movement of hand collaterals with blue-red color, and frequent startle indicate Shock heat. If red lips, closed bowels/bladder, sweaty hypochondrium, fever, and increased appetite indicate Wind-Heat. Only measles/smallpox heat shows symptoms of all four Zang organs. However, if any of the above symptoms persist, internal and external pathogens interact, and stored toxin may erupt opportunistically.