〔经曰〕∶肺者，魄之舍也，生气之源，号为相傅，乃五脏之华盖也。外养皮
毛，内荣肠胃，与大肠为表里，手太阴（阳明）是其经也。〔肺〕气通〔于鼻〕，
〔和〕则知其香臭，有病则善咳，鼻流清涕。〔凡〕虚实寒热，则皆使
人喘嗽，实则梦刀兵恐惧，肩息，〔胸中满〕；〔虚则寒热喘息〕，利下，少气力，
多悲感，旺于秋。其脉浮而毛，曰平；又浮而短涩者，肺脉也；其脉来毛而中央坚，两
（头）虚，曰太过，则令人气逆，胸满背痛；不及，令人喘呼而咳，上气见血。
又肺脉来厌厌聂聂，如（循）榆荚，曰平；来如循鸡羽，曰病；来如物之浮，如风
吹鸟背上毛者，死。（真）肺脉至，大而虚，如〔以〕毛羽中人（皮）肤，其色白赤不
泽，其毛折者死。微毛曰平，毛多曰病，毛而弦者春病，弦甚者即病。又肺病，
吐衄血，皮热脉数，颊赤者死。又久咳而见血身热，而短气，脉〔当〕涩，而今反浮大，
色〔当〕白，而今反赤者，火克金，十死不治。肺病喘咳身寒，脉迟微者，可治。秋
旺于肺，其脉多浮涩而短，曰平；反此为病。又反洪大〔而〕长，是火刑金，亦不可
治；反得沉而软滑者，肾乘于肺，不治自愈；反浮大而缓者，是脾来〔生〕肺，不治
自瘥；反弦而长者，〔是〕肺被肝〔横〕，为微邪，虽病不妨。虚则不能息，〔身〕
重；实则咽嗌干，喘嗽上气，肩背痛。有积，〔则〕胁下胀满痛。中风则口燥而喘，
身运而重，形似冒而肿，其脉按之虚弱如葱叶，下无根者死。中热则唾血，其脉
细紧浮数芤者，皆主失血，此由躁扰嗔怒劳伤得之，气壅结所为也。〔肺胀则其人
喘咳〕而目〔如〕脱，其脉浮大〔者〕是也。又肺痿则〔吐〕涎沫，而咽干欲饮者，
欲愈；不饮者，未瘥。又咳而遗小便者，上虚不能制其下故也。其脉〔沉〕涩者，病〔在〕
内；浮滑者，病〔在〕外。肺死则鼻孔开而黑枯，喘而目直视〔也〕。肺绝则十
二日死，其状腹满，泄利不觉出，面白目青，此为乱经，虽天命亦不可治。又饮
酒当风，中于肺，咳嗽喘闷，见血者，不可治也；面黄目白，亦不可治也。肺病
颊赤者死。又言〔谙〕，喘急短气，好唾，此为真鬼相害，十死十，百死百，大逆之
兆也。又阳气上而不降，燔于肺，肺自结邪，〔胀〕满喘急，狂言瞑目，非〔当〕所
说，而口鼻张，大小便俱〔胀〕，饮水无度，此因〔热伤于肺〕，肺化〔为〕血，半年
死。又肺〔疟〕使〔人〕心寒，寒甚则发热，寒热往来，休作不定，多惊，咳〔喘〕如
有所见者是也。其脉浮而紧，〔又〕滑而数，又迟而涩小，皆为肺〔疟之脉〕也。又
其人素声清而雄〔者〕，暴不〔响〕亮，噎而气短，用力言语〔难〕出，视不转睛，虽未
为病，其〔人〕不久。肺病实，则上气喘闷，咳嗽身热，脉大是也。虚则力乏
喘促，右胁胀，言语气短者是也。乍寒乍热，鼻塞颐赤面白，皆肺〔病〕之象也。
〔此〕肺脏虚实寒热，生死逆顺脉证法也。
《主治备要》云∶是动则病肺胀满，〔膨膨〕而喘咳，缺盆中痛甚，则交两手而
瞀，〔此〕为臂厥。〔是〕主肺所生病者，咳〔嗽〕上气，喘渴烦心，胸满， 臂内前
廉〔痛〕厥，掌中热，气盛有余，则肩背痛，风寒，汗出中风，小便数而欠；气虚则
肩背痛寒，少气不足以息，溺色变，遗矢无度。肺〔苦〕气上逆，黄芩。肺欲收以
酸，白芍药也，补以五味子之酸，泻以桑白皮之辛。虚则五味子补之，实则桑白皮泻
之，如无他证，钱氏泻白散，虚则用阿胶散。虚则补其母，则以甘草补土；实则泻其
子，以泽泻泻肾水。
【经文说】：肺，是魄居住的地方，也是生气的源头，被称为“相傅”（辅佐君主的宰相），是五脏中最高的华盖。肺外滋养皮毛，内荣润肠胃，与大肠互为表里，手太阴经（以及与之相表里的阳明经）是其所属的经脉。肺气通于鼻，功能调和时就能辨别香臭，一旦生病就容易咳嗽，流清鼻涕。凡是虚、实、寒、热等病邪，都会导致人气喘咳嗽；实证会梦见刀兵战事和恐惧，呼吸时耸肩，胸中胀满；虚证则出现寒热交替、喘息、腹泻、气短乏力、多悲伤情绪，在秋季脉气旺盛。其脉象浮而轻毛，称为平脉；如果又浮又短涩，是肺的病脉；脉象来势如毛但中间坚实，两头虚弱，称为“太过”，会导致人气逆、胸满背痛；脉气不足（不及），会让人喘息呼叫并咳嗽，气逆吐血。
另外，肺脉来时柔和聂聂，像抚摸榆荚一样，称为平脉；像抚摸鸡羽一样，称为有病；像物体漂浮，或像风吹鸟背上的羽毛那样散乱无根，主死。（真正的）肺脉到来，大而空虚，像羽毛刺入人的皮肤，面色白中带赤且无光泽，毛发枯折的，主死。脉象微带毛象为平，毛象过多为病，毛象兼见弦象预示春季发病，弦象严重的立即发病。另外患肺病，出现吐血、衄血，皮肤发热、脉数、两颊发红的，主死。另外久咳且见血、身体发热、气短，脉象应当涩，现在反而浮大，面色应当白，现在反而赤红的，这是火克金，十死无救。肺病气喘咳嗽、身体寒冷，脉象迟而微弱的，可以治疗。秋季肺气旺盛，脉象多浮涩而短，称为平脉；反之则为病。如果反而洪大且长，是火刑金，也不可治；如果反而得到沉而软滑的脉，是肾气乘袭肺脏，不治也能自愈；如果反而浮大而缓，是脾气来生肺，不治也能痊愈；如果反而弦而长，是肺被肝气横逆克制，属于轻微邪气，虽然生病也无妨。
肺虚则不能呼吸，身体沉重；肺实则咽喉干燥，气喘咳嗽气逆，肩背疼痛。如果有积滞，胁下胀满疼痛。中风则口燥气喘，身体眩晕沉重，外形似冒昧不清且浮肿，脉象按之虚弱如葱叶，下部无根的，主死。中热则唾血，脉象细紧浮数芤的，都主失血，这是由于烦躁恼怒劳伤所致，气机壅结造成的。肺胀则病人气喘咳嗽，眼睛突出如脱出状，脉象浮大的就是这样。另外肺痿则吐涎沫，咽喉干燥想喝水的，想要痊愈；不想喝水的，病未好。另外咳嗽且遗尿的，是因为上焦虚不能制约下焦的缘故。脉象沉涩的，病在内；浮滑的，病在外。肺脏死亡则鼻孔张开且黑枯，气喘且眼睛直视。肺气绝则十二日死，症状是腹部胀满，泄利不觉流出，面色白而目青，这是经络紊乱，即使是天命所定也不可治。另外饮酒当风，邪气中于肺，咳嗽气喘胸闷，见血的，不可治；面色黄而目白的，也不可治。肺病两颊发红的，主死。又说胡言乱语，喘急气短，喜欢吐唾沫，这是真鬼相害，十死十，百死百，是大逆的征兆。另外阳气上升而不降，焚烧于肺，肺自结邪气，胀满喘急，狂言闭目，这不是前面所说的情况，而是口鼻张开，大小便都胀，饮水没有限度，这是因为热邪伤了肺，肺化为血，半年后死。另外肺疟使人心里寒冷，寒甚则发热，寒热往来，发作时间不定，多惊恐，咳嗽气喘好像看到了什么似的。其脉象浮而紧，又滑而数，又迟而涩小，都是肺疟的脉象。另外那个人平时声音清脆雄壮，突然不响亮，噎塞气短，用力说话难出，视物眼球不转动，虽然还没成为疾病，这个人不久也会死。肺病实证，则上气喘闷，咳嗽身热，脉大就是实证。虚证则乏力喘促，右胁胀，说话气短就是虚证。忽冷忽热，鼻塞、颐部红、面色白，都是肺病的征象。以上讲的是肺脏虚实寒热、生死逆顺的脉证法则。
《主治备要》说：经脉变动则病肺胀满，膨膨胀满而喘咳，缺盆中疼痛严重，则交叉双手而昏眩，这叫做臂厥。主管肺所生的疾病，包括咳嗽气逆，喘息口渴心烦，胸满，手臂内侧前缘疼痛厥冷，掌心发热。气盛有余，则肩背痛，风寒，汗出中风，小便频数且欠伸；气虚则肩背痛怕冷，气少不足以呼吸，尿液颜色改变，大便失禁无度。肺苦于气上逆，用黄芩。肺欲收敛，用酸味药，白芍药是其中之一，用五味子的酸味来补，用桑白皮的辛味来泻。虚证用五味子补它，实证用桑白皮泻它，如果没有其他证候，钱乙的泻白散，虚证则用阿胶散。虚证补其母，则以甘草补脾土；实证泻其子，以泽泻泻肾水。
[The Classic states]: The Lung is the residence of the Po (Corporeal Soul) and the source of Sheng Qi (Vital Energy). It is called "Xiang Fu" (the Prime Minister who assists the ruler) and is the Hu Gai (Canopy over the Five Viscera), being the highest among them. Externally, it nourishes the skin and hair; internally, it enriches the stomach and intestines. It forms an exterior-interior relationship with the Large Intestine, and the Hand-Taiyin Meridian (along with its paired Yangming Meridian) is its channel. Lung Qi connects to the nose; when harmonious, one can distinguish odors. When diseased, one tends to cough and have a runny clear nose. Any deficiency, excess, cold, or heat pathogenic factors will cause wheezing and coughing. In cases of excess, one may dream of weapons, war, and fear, breathe with raised shoulders (Jian Xi), and feel chest fullness. In cases of deficiency, there are alternating cold and fever, wheezing, diarrhea, shortness of breath, lack of strength, and excessive sadness. The pulse is vigorous in Autumn. A pulse that is floating and light like hair indicates a normal state. If it is both floating and short and choppy, it is the Lung pulse. If the pulse comes feeling like hair but is firm in the center and deficient at both ends, it is termed "Tai Guo" (Excessive), which causes Qi rebellion, chest fullness, and back pain. If it is "Bu Ji" (Deficient), it causes wheezing, calling out, coughing, rebellious Qi, and hemoptysis.
Furthermore, if the Lung pulse comes gently and softly, like stroking elm seeds, it is normal. If it feels like stroking chicken feathers, it indicates disease. If it floats like an object or like wind blowing the feathers on a bird's back, it indicates death. A true Lung pulse arriving large and empty, like feathers piercing the skin, with a complexion that is white-red and lusterless, and with brittle hair, indicates death. A pulse slightly showing the hair quality is normal; too much hair quality indicates disease; hair quality combined with wiry indicates spring illness, and severe wiriness indicates immediate illness. Additionally, in Lung disease, if there is vomiting blood or epistaxis, hot skin, rapid pulse, and red cheeks, it indicates death. If there is chronic cough with blood, fever, and shortness of breath, and the pulse should be choppy but is instead floating and large, and the color should be white but is instead red, this represents Fire overcoming Metal, which is fatal. In Lung disease with wheezing, coughing, and cold body, if the pulse is slow and faint, it is treatable. In Autumn, Lung Qi is vigorous, and the pulse is often floating, choppy, and short, which is normal; the reverse indicates disease. If it is instead flooding and long, it is Fire punishing Metal, also untreatable. If it is instead sinking, soft, and slippery, it is Kidney Qi invading the Lung, which will heal spontaneously without treatment. If it is instead floating, large, and moderate, it is Spleen Qi generating the Lung, which will also heal spontaneously. If it is instead wiry and long, the Lung is constrained by Liver Qi, representing a minor pathogen; although ill, it is not harmful.
Deficiency leads to inability to breathe and heavy body. Excess leads to dry throat and pharynx, wheezing, coughing, rebellious Qi, and shoulder/back pain. If there is accumulation, there is distension and pain in the hypochondrium. Wind-stroke leads to dry mouth, wheezing, dizziness, heaviness, swelling resembling stupor, and a pulse that feels weak like a scallion leaf upon pressure; if the root is absent below, it indicates death. Heat-strike leads to spitting blood; pulses that are fine, tight, floating, rapid, or vacuous all indicate blood loss, caused by restlessness, anger, and labor injury, resulting in Qi stagnation and knotting. Lung distension causes wheezing, coughing, and eyes protruding as if falling out, corresponding to a floating and large pulse. Lung萎 (Lung Withering) causes spitting of saliva and foam, with dry throat and desire to drink; if they desire to drink, recovery is expected; if not, the disease persists. Coughing with urinary incontinence occurs because upper deficiency fails to control the lower. A sinking and choppy pulse indicates internal disease; a floating and slippery pulse indicates external disease. Death of the Lung manifests as open nostrils that are black and withered, wheezing, and fixed staring eyes. Extinction of Lung Qi leads to death in twelve days, with symptoms of abdominal fullness, involuntary fecal incontinence, white face, and blue-green eyes; this is disorder of the meridians, and even if destined, it is untreatable. Drinking alcohol while exposed to wind, with pathogens striking the Lung, causing cough, wheezing, chest oppression, and blood, is untreatable. Yellow face and white eyes are also untreatable. Red cheeks in Lung disease indicate death. Delirium, urgent wheezing, shortness of breath, and frequent spitting of saliva indicate harm from true ghosts; ten deaths for ten, hundred deaths for hundred, signifying great reversal. When Yang Qi rises and does not descend, burning in the Lung, and Lung Qi knots with evil, causing distension, urgent wheezing, delirium, and closed eyes, this is different from the previously described condition. Instead, with open mouth and nose, distension of bowel and bladder, and unquenchable thirst, this is due to Heat injuring the Lung, transforming into blood, leading to death in half a year. Lung Malaria causes coldness in the heart; when cold is severe, fever follows, with alternating cold and heat, irregular onset, frequent fright, and coughing/wheezing as if seeing things. Pulses that are floating and tight, or slippery and rapid, or slow and small/choppy are all pulses of Lung Malaria. If a person whose voice is normally clear and resonant suddenly loses resonance, has choking, shortness of breath, difficulty speaking loudly, and fixed gaze, although not yet diseased, death is near. Lung excess presents as upper body wheezing and oppression, coughing, fever, and large pulse. Deficiency presents as lack of strength, urgent wheezing, right hypochondriac distension, and short speech. Alternating cold and heat, nasal congestion, red chin, and white face are all signs of Lung disease. These are the methods for determining the deficiency/excess, cold/heat, life/death, and reversal/normalcy of Lung diseases via pulse and symptoms.
*Zhu Zhi Bei Yao* states: Movement of the meridian causes Lung distension and fullness, bloating with wheezing and coughing, severe pain in the suprasternal fossa (Que Pen), crossing hands leading to vertigo, known as Bi Jue (Arm Jue). The Lung governs diseases generated within itself: coughing, rebellious Qi, wheezing, thirst, vexation, chest fullness, pain and Jue in the anterior medial aspect of the arm, and heat in the palm. With excess Qi, there is shoulder/back pain, susceptibility to wind-cold, sweating, wind-stroke, frequent urination with yawns. With deficient Qi, there is shoulder/back pain with cold sensation, shortness of breath insufficient for respiration, change in urine color, and uncontrolled defecation. The Lung dislikes rebellious Qi; Huang Qin (Scutellariae Radix) is used. The Lung desires astringency; Bai Shao Yao (Paeoniae Radix Alba) is used. Tonification is achieved with the sour taste of Wu Wei Zi (Schisandrae Fructus); purging is achieved with the acrid taste of Sang Bai Pi (Mori Cortex). For deficiency, tonify with Wu Wei Zi; for excess, purge with Sang Bai Pi. If no other syndromes exist, Qian Shi's Xie Bai San (Drain White Powder) is used; for deficiency, use E Jiao San (Donkey-Hide Gelatin Powder). To tonify the mother, tonify Earth with Gan Cao (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma); to purge the child, purge Water with Ze Xie (Alismatis Rhizoma).