（附汤例）
夫〔木〕火土金水，此制方相生相克之法也，老于医者能之。
风 制法∶肝、木、酸，春生之道也，失常则病矣。风淫于内，治以辛凉，佐以苦
辛，以甘缓之，以辛散之。
暑 制法∶心、火、苦，〔夏〕长之道也，失常则病矣。热淫于内，治以
咸寒，佐以甘苦，以酸收之，以苦发之。
湿 制法∶脾、土、甘，中〔央〕化〔成〕之道也，失常则病矣。湿淫于内，治以
苦热，佐以咸淡，以苦燥之，以淡泄之。
燥 制法∶肺、金、〔辛〕，秋收之道也，失常则病矣。燥淫于内，治以苦温，
佐以甘辛，以辛润之，以苦下之。
寒 制法∶肾、水、咸，冬藏之道也，失常则病矣。寒淫于内，治以甘热，佐以苦
辛，以辛散之，以苦坚之。
注云∶酸苦甘辛咸，即肝木、心火、脾土、肺金、肾水之本也。四时之变，五行化
生，各顺其道，违则病生。圣人设法以制其变，谓如风淫于内，即是肝木失常也，火随
而炽，治以辛凉，是为辛金克其木，凉水沃其火，其治法例皆如此。下之二方，非
为治〔病而〕设，〔此乃〕教人〔比证〕立方之〔道〕，容易〔通晓〕也。
当归拈痛汤∶
〔治〕湿〔热〕为病，肢节烦痛，〔肩背〕沉重，胸膈不利，遍身疼，下注于胫，
肿痛不可忍。经云∶湿淫于内，治以苦温，羌活苦辛，透关利节〔而〕胜〔湿〕；防
风甘辛，温散经络中留湿，故以为〔君〕。水性润下，升麻、葛根苦辛平，味之薄
〔者〕，阴中之阳，引而上行，以苦发之也。白术苦甘温，和中除湿；苍术体轻浮，
气力〔雄〕壮，能去皮肤腠理〔之湿〕，故以为臣。〔血〕壅而不流则痛，当
归身〔辛〕，温以散之，使气血各有所归。人参、甘草甘温，补脾养正气，使苦药不
能伤胃。仲景云∶湿热相合，肢节烦痛，苦〔参〕、黄芩、知母、茵陈者，乃苦〔以〕
泄之〔也〕。凡酒制〔药〕，以为因用。治湿不利小便，非其治也，猪苓甘温平，
泽泻咸平，淡以渗之，又能导其留饮，故以为佐。气味相合，上下分消，其〔湿〕气得
〔以〕宣通〔矣〕。
羌活（半两） 防风（三钱，二味为〔君〕） 升麻（一钱） 葛根（二钱） 白术（一钱）
苍术（三钱） 当归〔身〕（三钱） 人参（二钱） 甘草（五钱）
苦参（酒浸二钱） 黄芩（一钱炒） 知母（三钱酒洗） 茵陈（五钱酒炒）
猪苓（三钱） 泽泻（三钱）
上锉如麻豆大，每服一两，水二盏半，先以水拌湿，候少时，煎至一盏，去滓温
服，待少时，美膳压之。
天麻半夏汤∶
治风痰内作，胸膈不利，头眩目黑，兀兀欲吐，上热下寒，不得安卧，遂〔处此〕
方云眼黑头眩，虚风内作，非天麻不能治，〔故以为君〕。〔偏头痛乃少阳也，
非柴胡不能治〕；黄芩苦寒酒制炒，佐柴胡治上热，又为引用，故以为臣。橘皮苦
辛温，炙甘草〔甘温〕，补〔中〕益气为佐。生姜、半夏辛温，以治风痰；白茯
苓甘〔平〕，利小便，导湿〔热〕，引而下行，故以为使。不数服而〔见〕愈。
天麻（一钱君） 柴胡（七分） 黄芩（五分酒制） 橘皮（七分去白）
半夏（一钱） 白茯苓（五分） 甘草（五分）
上锉碎如麻豆大，都作一服，水二盏，生姜三片，煎至一盏，去滓温服。
（附方剂示例）
木、火、土、金、水五行，这是制定方剂时运用相生相克规律的方法，只有经验丰富的医生才能掌握。
风邪致病制法：肝属木，味酸，对应春季生发的规律，若失常则会导致疾病。风邪淫溢于体内，治疗用辛凉之品，辅以苦辛之品，用甘味药来缓和它，用辛味药来发散它。
暑邪致病制法：心属火，味苦，对应夏季生长的规律，若失常则会导致疾病。热邪淫溢于体内，治疗用咸寒之品，辅以甘苦之品，用酸味药来收敛它，用苦味药来发散它。
湿邪致病制法：脾属土，味甘，对应中央化育万物的规律，若失常则会导致疾病。湿邪淫溢于体内，治疗用苦热之品，辅以咸淡之品，用苦味药来燥湿，用淡味药来渗泄它。
燥邪致病制法：肺属金，味辛，对应秋季收敛的规律，若失常则会导致疾病。燥邪淫溢于体内，治疗用苦温之品，辅以甘辛之品，用辛味药来润燥，用苦味药来通下它。
寒邪致病制法：肾属水，味咸，对应冬季闭藏的规律，若失常则会导致疾病。寒邪淫溢于体内，治疗用甘热之品，辅以苦辛之品，用辛味药来发散它，用苦味药来坚阴固本。
注释说：酸、苦、甘、辛、咸五味，分别是肝木、心火、脾土、肺金、肾水的根本属性。四季的变化，五行的化生，各自顺应其规律，违背规律就会产生疾病。圣人设立治法以制约这些变化，比如风邪淫溢于内，就是肝木失常，火势随之炽盛，治疗用辛凉之法，这体现了辛金克制木气，凉水浇灭火气的道理，其他治法原则皆如此。下面这两个方子，并非专为治疗某种特定疾病而设，而是为了教导人们如何根据证候比较来组方的道理，以便容易理解。
当归拈痛汤：
治疗湿热引起的疾病，肢体关节烦扰疼痛，肩背沉重，胸膈部气机不畅，全身疼痛，湿气下行注于小腿，肿痛难以忍受。经书云：湿邪淫溢于内，治疗用苦温之品。羌活味苦辛，能透达关窍、利通关节且胜湿；防风味甘辛，性温，能发散经络中滞留的湿气，所以作为君药。水性润下，升麻、葛根味苦辛平，气味轻薄，属于阴中之阳，能引导药力上行，用苦味来发越郁滞。白术味苦甘温，能调和脾胃、除湿；苍术质地轻浮，药力雄壮，能去除皮肤腠理间的湿气，所以作为臣药。血行壅滞不通则痛，当归身味辛，性温，能散瘀活血，使气血各有所归。人参、甘草味甘温，能补益脾气、养护正气，防止苦寒药物损伤胃气。张仲景说：湿热相合导致肢体关节烦痛，需用苦参、黄芩、知母、茵陈等药，这是用苦味来泄降湿热。凡是用酒炮制的药物，都是利用酒的效用。治疗湿病如果不通利小便，就不是正确的治法，猪苓味甘温平，泽泻味咸平，用淡味来渗湿利尿，又能引导停留的水饮下行，所以作为佐药。各种药物的气味相互配合，上下分消，湿气得以宣通。
羌活（半两） 防风（三钱，这两味作为君药） 升麻（一钱） 葛根（二钱） 白术（一钱）
苍术（三钱） 当归身（三钱） 人参（二钱） 甘草（五钱）
苦参（酒浸二钱） 黄芩（一钱，炒） 知母（三钱，酒洗） 茵陈（五钱，酒炒）
猪苓（三钱） 泽泻（三钱）
以上药材锉碎如麻豆大小，每次服用一两，加水二盏半，先用水拌湿药材，等待片刻，煎煮至一盏，去渣温服，服药后稍待片刻，吃些美味食物压住药气。
天麻半夏汤：
治疗风痰在体内作祟，胸膈部气机不畅，头晕目眩，眼前发黑，恶心欲吐，上热下寒，无法安卧，于是设立此方。认为眼黑头眩，是虚风在体内作祟，非天麻不能治愈，所以作为君药。偏头痛属于少阳经病变，非柴胡不能治愈；黄芩味苦寒，经酒制炒后，辅助柴胡治疗上焦热邪，又作为引经药，所以作为臣药。橘皮味苦辛温，炙甘草味甘温，能补中益气作为佐药。生姜、半夏味辛温，用来治疗风痰；白茯苓味甘平，能利小便，导泄湿热，引导药力下行，所以作为使药。服用几剂即可痊愈。
(Attached Examples of Decoctions)
Wood, Fire, Earth, Metal, and Water constitute the method of formulating prescriptions based on the generating (Sheng) and controlling (Ke) cycles. This is a skill mastered only by experienced physicians.
**Wind Pathogen Formulation Method:** The Liver corresponds to Wood, the Sour taste, and the Spring season's principle of growth; when this balance is disrupted, disease arises. When Wind pathogen overflows internally, treat with Pungent-Cool substances, assist with Bitter-Pungent substances, use Sweet substances to moderate it, and use Pungent substances to disperse it.
**Summer-Heat Pathogen Formulation Method:** The Heart corresponds to Fire, the Bitter taste, and the Summer season's principle of flourishing; when this balance is disrupted, disease arises. When Heat pathogen overflows internally, treat with Salty-Cold substances, assist with Sweet-Bitter substances, use Sour substances to astringe it, and use Bitter substances to vent it.
**Dampness Pathogen Formulation Method:** The Spleen corresponds to Earth, the Sweet taste, and the Central principle of transformation and completion; when this balance is disrupted, disease arises. When Dampness pathogen overflows internally, treat with Bitter-Hot substances, assist with Salty-Light substances, use Bitter substances to dry it, and use Light substances to drain it.
**Dryness Pathogen Formulation Method:** The Lungs correspond to Metal, the Pungent taste, and the Autumn season's principle of harvesting/gathering; when this balance is disrupted, disease arises. When Dryness pathogen overflows internally, treat with Bitter-Warm substances, assist with Sweet-Pungent substances, use Pungent substances to moisten it, and use Bitter substances to purge it downward.
**Cold Pathogen Formulation Method:** The Kidneys correspond to Water, the Salty taste, and the Winter season's principle of storage; when this balance is disrupted, disease arises. When Cold pathogen overflows internally, treat with Sweet-Hot substances, assist with Bitter-Pungent substances, use Pungent substances to disperse it, and use Bitter substances to consolidate it.
*Note:* The Sour, Bitter, Sweet, Pungent, and Salty tastes are the fundamental attributes of Liver-Wood, Heart-Fire, Spleen-Earth, Lung-Metal, and Kidney-Water, respectively. The changes of the four seasons and the transformations of the Five Elements each follow their own paths; deviation from these paths generates disease. The Sages established methods to control these changes. For instance, "Wind pathogen overflowing internally" indicates Liver-Wood dysfunction, causing Fire to blaze subsequently. Treating with Pungent-Cool reflects Metal (Pungent) controlling Wood, and Cool water extinguishing Fire. All treatment principles follow such logic. The following two formulas are not specifically designed for treating a single disease but are intended to teach the methodology of comparing syndromes and formulating prescriptions, making them easy to understand.
**Danggui Niantong Tang (Angelica Joint-Pain Relieving Decoction):**
Treats diseases caused by Damp-Heat, characterized by vexing pain in limbs and joints, heaviness in the shoulders and back, stagnation in the chest and diaphragm, generalized body pain, dampness descending into the shins, and unbearable swelling and pain. The Classics state: "When Dampness overflows internally, treat with Bitter-Warm." Qianghuo (Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix) is Bitter-Pungent, penetrating acupoints and benefiting joints while overcoming Dampness; Fangfeng (Saposhnikoviae Radix) is Sweet-Pungent and Warm, dispersing retained Dampness in the meridians; thus, they serve as the Sovereign (Jun) herbs. Water naturally flows downward; Shengma (Cimicifugae Rhizoma) and Gegen (Puerariae Radix) are Bitter-Pungent and Neutral, with thin flavors, representing Yang within Yin, guiding the action upward, using Bitter flavor to vent stagnation. Baizhu (Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma) is Bitter-Sweet and Warm, harmonizing the Middle and eliminating Dampness; Cangzhu (Atractylodis Rhizoma) is light and floating, with potent energy, capable of removing Dampness from the skin and interstices; thus, they serve as the Minister (Chen) herbs. Blood stasis causes pain; Dangguishen (Angelicae Sinensis Radix) is Pungent and Warm, dispersing stasis so that Qi and Blood may return to their proper sources. Renshen (Ginseng Radix) and Gancao (Glycyrrhizae Radix) are Sweet and Warm, tonifying Spleen Qi and nourishing Righteous Qi, preventing Bitter drugs from damaging the Stomach. Zhang Zhongjing stated: "When Damp-Heat combine, causing vexing joint pain," one uses Kushen (Sophorae Flavescentis Radix), Huangqin (Scutellariae Radix), Zhimu (Anemarrhenae Rhizoma), and Ychen (Artemisiae Scopariae Herba); this employs Bitter flavor to drain Damp-Heat. Any drug processed with wine utilizes its properties. To treat Dampness without promoting urination is incorrect therapy; Zhuling (Polypori Porria) is Sweet-Warm and Neutral, Zexie (Alismatis Rhizoma) is Salty and Neutral; their Light flavor drains Dampness via urination and guides retained fluid downward, serving as Assistant (Zuo) herbs. The combination of flavors and aromas allows for simultaneous resolution from above and below, allowing Dampness to be ventilated and unblocked.
Qianghuo (Half tael), Fangfeng (3 qian, these two as Sovereign), Shengma (1 qian), Gegen (2 qian), Baizhu (1 qian), Cangzhu (3 qian), Dangguishen (3 qian), Renshen (2 qian), Gancao (5 qian).
Kushen (2 qian, soaked in wine), Huangqin (1 qian, stir-fried), Zhimu (3 qian, washed in wine), Ychen (5 qian, stir-fried with wine).
Zhuling (3 qian), Zexie (3 qian).
Crush all ingredients to the size of hemp seeds. Take 1 liang per dose, add 2.5 cups of water. Moisten the herbs with water first, let sit briefly, then decoct until 1 cup remains. Strain and take warm. Afterward, consume a nice meal to settle the stomach.
**Tianma Banxia Tang (Gastrodia and Pinellia Decoction):**
Treats internal disturbance by Wind-Phlegm, manifesting as stagnation in the chest and diaphragm, dizziness and blurred vision, nausea, upper Heat and lower Cold, and inability to lie down comfortably. Therefore, this formula was created. It holds that blurred vision and dizziness result from internal deficiency-Wind, which cannot be treated effectively without Tianma (Gastrodiae Rhizoma); thus, it serves as the Sovereign (Jun). Migraine belongs to the Shaoyang channel; Chaihu (Bupleuri Radix) is essential for its treatment. Huangqin (Scutellariae Radix) is Bitter-Cold, processed with wine and stir-fried, assisting Chaihu to treat Upper Heat and serving as a guide herb; thus, it serves as the Minister (Chen). Jupi (Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium) is Bitter-Pungent and Warm; Zhigancao (Prepared Glycyrrhizae Radix) is Sweet and Warm; together they tonify the Middle and benefit Qi, serving as Assistants (Zuo). Shengjiang (Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens) and Banxia (Pinelliae Rhizoma) are Pungent and Warm, treating Wind-Phlegm; BaiFuling (Poria) is Sweet and Neutral, promoting urination, draining Damp-Heat, and guiding action downward; thus, it serves as the Envoy (Shi). Recovery is seen after a few doses.
Tianma (1 qian, Sovereign), Chaihu (7 fen), Huangqin (5 fen, wine-processed), Jupi (7 fen, pith removed).
Banxia (1 qian), BaiFuling (5 fen), Gancao (5 fen).
Crush all ingredients to the size of hemp seeds. Combine as one dose, add 2 cups of water and 3 slices of Shengjiang. Decoct until 1 cup remains. Strain and take warm.