经云∶诸病喘满，皆属于热。盖寒则息微而气缓，热则息粗而气急也。由是观之，喘之
属火无疑矣。然而外感寒邪，以及脾肾虚寒，皆能令喘，未便概以火断也。假如风寒外客而
喘者，散之；直中于寒而喘者，温之；热邪传里，便闭而喘者，攻之；暑热伤气而喘者，清而
补之；湿痰壅遏而喘者，消之；燥火入肺而喘者，润之。此外感之治法也。各详本门。
若夫七情气结，郁火上冲者，疏而达之，加味逍遥散。肾水虚而火上炎者，壮水制之，
知柏八味丸。肾经真阳不足而火上泛者，引火归根，桂附八味丸。若因脾虚不能生肺而喘者
五味异功散加桔梗，补土生金。此内伤之治法也。
夫外感之喘，多出于肺，内伤之喘，未有不由于肾者。经云∶诸痿喘呕，皆属于下。定
喘之法，当于肾经责其真水、真火之不足而主之。如或脾气大虚，则以人参、白术为主。参
、术补脾土以生肺金，金旺则能生水，乃隔二、隔三之治也。更有哮症与喘相似，呀呷不已
喘息有音，此表寒束其内热，致成斯疾，加味甘桔汤主之，止嗽散亦佳。古今治喘哮症
方论甚繁，大意总不出此。
加味逍遥散 （见类中。
知柏八味丸 （即六味丸加知母，黄柏。
桂附八味丸 （俱见类中）
五味异功散 （见虚证。
《黄帝内经》说：各种疾病出现喘息和胀满，大多属于热证。这是因为寒邪致病则呼吸微弱且气机舒缓，热邪致病则呼吸粗重且气机急促。由此看来，喘证属于火（热）证是毫无疑问的。然而，外感寒邪，以及脾肾阳虚寒盛，都能导致喘息，不能一概断定为火证。假如是风寒之邪客于体表而致喘的，用发散法治疗；寒邪直中脏腑而致喘的，用温里法治疗；热邪传入体内，导致大便闭塞而致喘的，用攻下法治疗；暑热之邪损伤元气而致喘的，用清热兼补益的方法治疗；湿痰壅塞阻滞气道而致喘的，用消导化痰法治疗；燥火侵入肺脏而致喘的，用润燥法治疗。这些是外感喘证的治法。详细内容见各相关门类。
至于因七情（喜、怒、忧、思、悲、恐、惊）导致气机郁结，郁火向上冲逆而致喘的，用疏肝解郁、引火下行的方法治疗，方用加味逍遥散（Modified Xiaoyao Powder）。肾阴亏虚导致虚火上炎而致喘的，用壮水制火（滋补肾阴以制约虚火）的方法治疗，方用知柏八味丸（Zhibai Bawei Wan, Eight-Ingredient Pill with Anemarrhena and Phellodendron）。肾经真阳不足导致虚火上泛而致喘的，用引火归原的方法治疗，方用桂附八味丸（Guifu Bawei Wan, Eight-Ingredient Pill with Cinnamon Twig and Aconite Root）。如果是因脾虚不能滋养肺脏而致喘的，用五味异功散加桔梗，通过补益脾胃（补土）来滋养肺脏（生金）。这些是内伤喘证的治法。
大凡外感引起的喘证，多病位在肺；内伤引起的喘证，没有不根源于肾的。《黄帝内经》说：各种痿证、喘证和呕吐，病本多在下焦（肾与膀胱等）。确定治疗喘证的方法，应当从肾经的真阴（真水）、真阳（真火）是否不足入手进行主导治疗。如果脾气极度虚弱，则以人参、白术为主药。人参、白术补益脾土以滋生肺金，肺气旺盛则能生水，这是“隔二”、“隔三”的治疗策略（即间接调理相关脏腑）。另外还有哮证，症状与喘证相似，表现为呼吸时喉间有呀呷声不止，喘息伴有声音，这是由于表寒束缚体内郁热，从而形成此疾，主方用加味甘桔汤（Modified Ganjie Decoction），止嗽散（Zhise San, Cough-Stopping Powder）效果也很好。古今治疗喘证和哮证的方论非常多，但大意总不出上述原则。
加味逍遥散 （详见中风类中篇）
知柏八味丸 （即六味地黄丸加入知母、黄柏）
桂附八味丸 （均详见中风类中篇）
五味异功散 （详见虚损证篇）
The *Huangdi Neijing* (Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon) states: "All diseases manifesting with panting and fullness belong to heat." This is because when pathogenic cold is present, respiration is faint and qi movement is slow; when pathogenic heat is present, respiration is coarse and qi movement is urgent. From this perspective, it is undoubtedly that panting belongs to fire (heat). However, external contraction of cold evil, as well as deficiency-cold of the Spleen and Kidney, can all cause panting; therefore, one cannot generally conclude that it is solely due to fire. If panting is caused by wind-cold invading the exterior, disperse it; if panting is caused by cold directly striking the interior, warm it; if panting is caused by heat transmitting inward leading to constipation, purge it; if panting is caused by summerheat damaging qi, clear the heat and tonify; if panting is caused by damp-phlegm obstructing and blocking, resolve and transform it; if panting is caused by dry-fire entering the Lung, moisten it. These are the treatment methods for exogenous panting. For details, refer to the respective sections.
Regarding panting caused by emotional stagnation where qi knots and constrained fire rushes upward, soothe and guide it downward using Jia Wei Xiao Yao San (Modified Xiaoyao Powder). When Kidney water is deficient and fire flares upward, strengthen water to control fire using Zhi Bai Ba Wei Wan (Zhibai Bawei Wan, Eight-Ingredient Pill with Anemarrhena and Phellodendron). When true Yang of the Kidney channel is insufficient and fire floats upward, guide fire back to its source using Gui Fu Ba Wei Wan (Guifu Bawei Wan, Eight-Ingredient Pill with Cinnamon Twig and Aconite Root). If panting is due to Spleen deficiency failing to generate Lung qi, use Wu Wei Yi Gong San (Wuwei Yigong San, Five-Ingredient Miracle Working Powder) with Jie Geng (Platycodonis Radix), tonifying Earth to generate Metal. These are the treatment methods for endogenous panting.
Generally, exogenous panting originates from the Lung, while endogenous panting invariably stems from the Kidney. The Classic states: "All atrophy syndromes, panting, and vomiting belong to the lower [Jiao]." To determine the method for calming panting, one should focus on the insufficiency of true Yin (true Water) and true Yang (true Fire) in the Kidney channel. If Spleen Qi is severely deficient, use Ren Shen (Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma) and Bai Zhu (Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma) as the main herbs. Ren Shen and Bai Zhu tonify Spleen Earth to generate Lung Metal; when Metal is prosperous, it generates Water. This is a treatment strategy involving "separated two" and "separated three" organs (indirect regulation of related Zang-Fu organs). Furthermore, there is the asthma syndrome (Xiao Zheng), which resembles panting but is characterized by continuous wheezing sounds (ya-xia) and audible breathing. This condition arises when exterior cold binds internal heat, forming this disease. It is primarily treated with Jia Wei Gan Jie Tang (Modified Ganjie Decoction); Zhi Sou San (Zhise San, Cough-Stopping Powder) is also excellent. Ancient and modern treatises on formulas for panting and asthma are numerous, but their general principles do not exceed the aforementioned concepts.
Jia Wei Xiao Yao San (See Stroke Syndromes section)
Zhi Bai Ba Wei Wan (i.e., Liu Wei Di Huang Wan plus Zhi Mu and Huang Bai)
Gui Fu Ba Wei Wan (See Stroke Syndromes section)
Wu Wei Yi Gong San (See Deficiency Syndromes section)