少阳篇,有三阳并病之证,提纲中详其病状而未列治法,此或有所遗失欤?抑待后人遇此证自为拟方欤?
愚不揣固陋,本欲拟一方以补之,犹恐所拟者未必有效,今试即其所载病状以研究其病情,再印征以生平所
治之验案,或于三阳合病之治法,可得其仿佛欤。
《伤寒论》原文∶三阳合病,脉浮大,上关上,但欲眠睡,目合则汗。
陶华氏谓,此节所言之病,当治以小柴胡加葛根、芍药。而愚对于此证有治验之案二则,又不拘拘于
小柴胡汤中加葛根、芍药也。试详录二案于下,以质诸医界。
一人年过三旬,于初春患伤寒证,经医调治不愈。七八日间延为诊视。头疼,周身发热,恶心欲吐,心
中时或烦躁,头即有汗而身上无汗,左右脉象皆弦,右脉尤弦而有力,重按甚实,关前且甚浮。即此脉论,其
左右皆弦者,少阳也,右脉重按甚实者,阳明也,关前之脉浮甚者,太阳也,此为三阳合病无疑。其既有
少阳病而无寒热往来者,缘与太阳、阳明相并,无所为往无所为来也。遂为疏方∶生石膏、玄参各一两,连
翘三钱,茵陈、甘草各二钱,俾共煎汤一大盅顿服之,将药服后,俄顷汗出遍体,近一点钟,其汗始竭,从
此诸病皆愈。其兄颇通医学,疑而问曰∶此次所服药中分毫无发表之品,而服后竟由汗解而愈者何也?答
曰∶出汗之道,在调剂其阴阳,听其自汗,非可强发其汗也,若强发其汗,则汗后恒不能愈,且转至增剧者
多矣。如此证之三阳相并,其病机本欲借径于手太阴之络而外达于皮毛,是以右脉之关前独浮也,乃因其重
按有力,知其阳明之积热,犹团结不散,故用石膏、玄参之凉润者,调剂其燥热,凉热化合,自能作汗,
又少加连翘、茵陈(可代柴胡)以宣通之,遂得尽随病机之外越者,达于皮毛而为汗解矣,此其病之所以愈也。
又治一人,年近三旬,因长途劳役,感冒甚重,匆匆归家,卧床不起。经医延医,半月病益加剧。及愚
视之,见其精神昏愦。 语不休,肢体有时惕动不安,其两目直视,似无所见,其周身微热,而间有发潮热
之时,心中如何,询之不能自言,其大便每日下行皆系溏粪,其脉左右皆弦细而浮,数逾六至,重按即
无。根据此证之肢体惕动、两目直视,且间发潮热者,少阳也;精神昏愦、 语不休者,阳明也;其脉弦
而甚浮者,乃自少阳还
太阳也,是以谓之三阳合病也。《伤寒论》少阳篇所谓三阳合病,然《伤寒论》中所言者,是三阳合病之实
证,而此症乃三阳合病之虚证,且为极虚之证。凡三阳合病以病已还表,原当由汗而解,此病虽虚,亦当由
汗而解也。特以脉数无根,真阴大亏,阳升而阴不能应,是以不能化合而为汗耳。治此证者,当先置外感于不
问,而以滋培其真阴为主,连服数剂,俾阴分充足,自能与阳气化合而为汗,汗出而病即愈矣。若但知病须
汗解,当其脉数无根之时,即用药强发其汗,无论其汗不易出也,即服后将汗发出,其人几何不虚脱也。
愚遂为开生地黄、熟地黄、生山药、大枸杞各一两,玄参、沙参、净萸肉各五钱,煎汤一大碗,分
两次温饮下。此药一日夜间连进两剂。翌晨再诊其脉,不足六至,精神亦见明了,自服药后大便未行,遂
于原方中去萸肉,加青连翘二钱,服后周身得汗,病若失。
少阳篇中,记载了三阳并病的证候,在提纲部分详细描述了病症表现,却没有列出治疗方法。这或许是原文有所遗失呢?还是说等待后世医家遇到这种证候时自行拟定方剂呢?
我不自量力,本想拟一方来补充这一缺失,但又担心所拟之方未必有效。如今试着根据书中记载的病状来研究其病情,再结合我生平治疗的验证案例加以印证,或许对于三阳合病的治疗方法,能得其大概吧。
《伤寒论》原文记载:三阳合病,脉象浮大,且关部脉象明显,患者只想睡觉闭目,眼睛一闭合就会出汗。
陶华氏认为,本节所述的病证,应当用小柴胡汤加葛根、芍药治疗。而我对此证有两个治愈的案例,并不拘泥于在小柴胡汤中加入葛根和芍药。现详细记录这两个案例如下,以请教医学界同仁。
有一位三十多岁的患者,在初春时节患伤寒证,经过医生调理治疗未愈。七八天后请我诊治。症状表现为头痛,全身发热,恶心欲吐,心中时常烦躁,头部有汗而身体无汗,左右手脉象皆呈弦象,右脉尤其弦而有力,重按时感觉非常坚实,关前部位脉象尤为浮起。仅从脉象分析,左右脉皆弦,这是少阳病;右脉重按坚实,这是阳明病;关前脉象浮起明显,这是太阳病。这无疑是三阳合病。既然已有少阳病却无寒热往来的症状,是因为与太阳、阳明两经病邪相并,没有所谓的“往”也没有所谓的“来”。于是我为他开具处方:生石膏一两,玄参一两,连翘三钱,茵陈二钱,甘草二钱,共煎成一大碗汤剂,一次性顿服。服药后不久,全身出汗,大约一个小时后,汗才止住,从此所有病症都痊愈了。他的哥哥颇通医学,怀疑地问:“这次服用的药物中完全没有发表(解表)的药物,为什么服药后竟然通过出汗而痊愈呢?”我回答说:“出汗的道理,在于调和阴阳,听任其自然出汗,不可以强行发汗。如果强行发汗,汗出后往往不能痊愈,而且大多会加重病情。像这样的三阳相并之证,病机本来想要借道手太阴肺经的络脉向外通达于皮毛,所以右脉关前独显浮象。但因为重按有力,可知阳明经的积热仍然郁结不散,所以使用石膏、玄参这类凉润的药物,来调和燥热,凉热化合,自然能够产生汗液。又少量加入连翘、茵陈(可以代替柴胡)来宣通气机,于是病邪便能随着病机向外透发,到达皮毛而通过出汗解除。这就是病愈的原因。”
我又治疗过一位近三十岁的患者,因为长途劳累,感受风寒很重,匆匆回家,卧床不起。经过多位医生诊治,半个月病情反而加剧。等我诊视时,见其精神昏沉糊涂,胡言乱语不停,肢体有时惊恐颤动不安,两眼直视,好像看不见东西,全身微热,间或有定时发热的情况,心中感觉如何,询问他却无法自己说出,每天大便排出的都是稀便。其脉象左右皆弦细而浮,脉搏频率超过六至(每分钟跳动次数),重按时则无脉。根据此证的肢体惊恐颤动、两眼直视,且间或发潮热,判断为少阳病;精神昏沉、胡言乱语不停,判断为阳明病;脉象弦而特别浮起,说明病邪自少阳还归于太阳,因此称为三阳合病。这正是《伤寒论》少阳篇所说的三阳合病。然而,《伤寒论》中所说的是三阳合病的实证,而此症乃是三阳合病的虚证,且是极度的虚证。凡是三阳合病,既然病邪已回归体表,原本应当通过出汗而解。此病虽然虚弱,也应当通过出汗而解。只是由于脉数而无根,真阴严重亏损,阳气上升而阴液不能相应配合,所以不能化生为汗。治疗此证,应当先把外感病放在一边不问,而以滋培真阴为主。连续服用几剂,使阴分充足,自然能与阳气化合而生汗,汗出后病即痊愈。如果只知道病须通过汗解,在其脉数无根之时,就用药物强行发汗,无论汗是否容易出来,即使服药后汗被发出来了,这个人又怎么会不出现虚脱呢?
于是我为他开具处方:生地黄一两,熟地黄一两,生山药一两,大枸杞子一两,玄参五钱,沙参五钱,净山茱萸五钱,煎汤一大碗,分两次温服。这一天夜里连续进服了两剂。第二天早晨再诊脉,脉搏不足六至,精神也显得清醒明了。自从服药后大便未行,于是我在原方中去掉山茱萸,加入青连翘二钱,服药后全身得汗,病如失。
In the Shaoyang Chapter, there is a syndrome of concurrent diseases of the three Yang meridians. The outline details the pathological manifestations but does not list treatment methods. Was this perhaps lost in transmission? Or was it left for later generations to prescribe formulas when encountering such syndromes?
Presuming my own ignorance and narrowness, I originally intended to draft a formula to supplement this omission, yet feared that my prescription might not be effective. Now, attempting to study the pathology based on the recorded symptoms, and verifying them against clinical cases I have treated throughout my life, perhaps I can grasp the approximate principles of treating concurrent diseases of the three Yang meridians.
The original text of *Shanghan Lun* states: "Concurrent disease of the three Yang meridians presents with a floating and large pulse, prominent at the Guan position; the patient desires sleep, and sweats upon closing the eyes."
Mr. Tao Hua stated that the disease described in this section should be treated with Xiao Chai Hu Tang (Minor Bupleurum Decoction) added with Gegen (Kudzu Root) and Baishao (White Peony Root). However, regarding this syndrome, I have two verified clinical cases, and I do not rigidly adhere to adding Gegen and Baishao to Xiao Chai Hu Tang. I will record these two cases in detail below for discussion within the medical community.
One patient, over thirty years old, contracted a Shanghan (Cold Damage) syndrome in early spring. After medical treatment failed to cure him, I consulted him after seven or eight days. Symptoms included headache, generalized fever, nausea with desire to vomit, occasional irritability, sweating only on the head but not on the body, and wiry pulses on both wrists. The right pulse was particularly wiry and forceful, feeling very solid upon heavy pressure, and notably floating anterior to the Guan position. Based on this pulse analysis: wiry pulses on both sides indicate Shaoyang disease; the right pulse being solid upon heavy pressure indicates Yangming disease; the pronounced floating anterior to the Guan position indicates Taiyang disease. This is undoubtedly a concurrent disease of the three Yang meridians. Although Shaoyang disease is present, there are no alternating chills and fever because the pathogen has merged with Taiyang and Yangming, leaving no room for the typical "going" and "coming" dynamics. Therefore, I prescribed: Sheng Shigao (Raw Gypsum) 1 liang, Xuanshen (Scrophularia Root) 1 liang, Lianqiao (Forsythia Fruit) 3 qian, Yichen (Capillaris Herba) 2 qian, and Gancao (Licorice Root) 2 qian. These were decocted together into one large cup and taken in one dose. Shortly after taking the medicine, profuse sweating occurred all over the body. After about an hour, the sweating ceased, and all symptoms resolved. His brother, who had some medical knowledge, questioned doubtfully: "There was not a single herb in this prescription designed to release the exterior (induce sweating), so why did the patient recover through sweating?" I replied: "The mechanism of sweating lies in harmonizing Yin and Yang, allowing natural sweating, rather than forcibly inducing it. If sweating is forced, recovery is often incomplete, and the condition frequently worsens. In this case of concurrent three-Yang disease, the pathological mechanism intended to reach the skin and hair via the collaterals of the Hand-Taiyin Lung meridian, which is why the pulse anterior to the Guan on the right was uniquely floating. However, due to its forcefulness upon heavy pressure, we knew that accumulated heat in the Yangming meridian was still consolidated. Thus, we used the cooling and moistening properties of Shigao and Xuanshen to regulate dryness and heat. The combination of cooling and resolving heat naturally generated sweat. Additionally, small amounts of Lianqiao and Yichen (which can substitute for Chaihu) were added to promote circulation. Consequently, the pathogen followed the pathological mechanism outward to the skin and hair, resolving through sweating. This is how the disease healed."
I also treated another patient, nearly thirty years old, who suffered severe wind-cold contraction after long-distance labor. He returned home hastily and became bedridden. Despite consultations with multiple doctors, his condition worsened over half a month. When I examined him, he exhibited mental confusion, incessant delirious speech, occasional tremors and restlessness of the limbs, fixed staring gaze as if unable to see, slight generalized fever with intermittent tidal fevers, inability to describe his internal sensations, and daily passage of loose stools. His pulses on both wrists were wiry, thin, and floating, exceeding six beats per cycle (rapid), disappearing upon heavy pressure. Based on the limb tremors, fixed gaze, and intermittent tidal fevers, this indicated Shaoyang disease; the mental confusion and delirious speech indicated Yangming disease; the wiry and markedly floating pulse indicated the pathogen returning from Shaoyang to Taiyang. Hence, it was called concurrent disease of the three Yang meridians. This corresponds to the concurrent disease of the three Yang meridians mentioned in the Shaoyang chapter of *Shanghan Lun*. However, what *Shanghan Lun* describes is the excess type of this syndrome, whereas this case was the deficiency type, specifically a severe deficiency. Generally, when concurrent disease of the three Yang meridians involves the pathogen returning to the exterior, it should resolve through sweating. Although this patient was deficient, it should still resolve through sweating. However, due to the rapid and rootless pulse indicating severe depletion of True Yin, the rising Yang could not be matched by Yin, preventing the formation of sweat. Treatment for this syndrome should first disregard the external contraction and focus primarily on nourishing and tonifying True Yin. After several doses, once the Yin aspect is sufficient, it can naturally combine with Yang Qi to generate sweat, leading to recovery upon sweating. If one only knows that the disease must resolve through sweating and uses drugs to forcibly induce sweating while the pulse is rapid and rootless, regardless of whether sweat is easily produced, even if sweat is induced, the patient would inevitably suffer collapse from deficiency.
Therefore, I prescribed: Sheng Dihuang (Rehmannia Root) 1 liang, Shu Dihuang (Prepared Rehmannia Root) 1 liang, Sheng Shanyao (Chinese Yam Rhizome) 1 liang, Da Gouqi (Wolfberry Fruit) 1 liang, Xuanshen (Scrophularia Root) 5 qian, Shashen (Glehnia Root) 5 qian, and Jing Yurou (Processed Cornus Fruit) 5 qian. These were decocted into one large bowl and taken warm in two divided doses. Two doses were administered continuously during the night. Upon re-examination the next morning, the pulse had slowed to less than six beats per cycle, and the spirit had become clearer. Since taking the medicine, no bowel movement had occurred. Therefore, I removed Yurou from the original formula and added Qing Lianqiao (Green Forsythia Fruit) 2 qian. After administration, the patient sweated all over, and the illness vanished.