治阳明病, 潮热, 手足濈然汗出,?? 语汗出多, 胃
燥独语, 如见鬼状, 喘冒不能卧, 腹满痛, 脉滑实. 又目中不了了,
睛不和. 又少阴病初得之, 口燥咽干者. 自痢清水, 色纯青, 心下痛
,口燥舌干者. 六, 七日, 腹胀不大便者.
大黄 ( 酒洗 ) 四两 厚朴半斤 枳实 ( 炙 ) 五枚 芒硝三合, 右
四味, 以水一斗, 先煮二物, 取五升, 纳大黄, 煮取二升, 去滓; 纳
芒硝, 再上火微煮一, 二沸, 分温再服. 得下即停后服.
大黄四两 厚朴 ( 炙, 去皮 ) 二两 枳实三枚 , 右三味, 以水四
升,煮取一升二合, 去滓, 分温三服. 初服汤当大便, 不尔再服, 以
利为度. 得便即止服.
【集注】柯琴曰: 诸病皆因于气, 秽物之不去, 由于气之不顺也. 故
攻积之剂, 必用气分之药, 因以承气名汤. 方分大, 小者, 有二义焉
:厚朴倍大黄, 是气药为君, 名大承气; 大黄倍厚朴, 是气药为臣,
名小承气. 味多性猛, 制大其服 , 欲令大泄下也, 因名曰大; 味寡
性缓, 制小其服, 欲微和胃气也, 因名曰小. 且煎法更有妙义, 大承
气用水一斗, 煮枳朴, 取五升, 去滓, 纳大黄, 再煮取二升, 纳芒硝
,何哉? 盖生者气锐而先行, 熟者气纯而和缓, 仲景欲使芒硝先化燥
屎,大黄继通地道, 而后枳, 朴除其痞满. 若小承气以三味同煎, 不
分次第, 同一大黄, 而煎法不同, 此可见仲景微和之意也. 喻昌曰:
『金匮』治痉为病, 胸满口噤, 卧不着席, 脚挛急必齘齿, 可与大承
气汤, 乃死中求生之法也. 『灵枢』谓热而痉者死, 腰折, 瘛瘲, 齿
齘也. 兹所云卧不着席, 即腰折之变文. 脚挛急, 即瘛瘲之变文. 且
齘齿加以胸满口噤, 上, 中, 下三焦热邪充斥, 死不旋踵矣. 在伤寒
证腹满可下, 胸满则不可下然投是汤者, 须知所谓胸满, 谓其邪尚在
表, 故不可下. 此证入里之热, 极深极重, 匪可比伦, 况阳热深极,
阴血立至消亡, 即稍稍下之, 尚不足以胜其阳救其阴. 故取此汤以承
领其一线之阴气, 阴气不尽为阳热所劫, 因而得生者多矣. 「可与」
二字甚活, 临证酌而用之, 初非定法也. 既有下之重伤其阴之大戒,
复有下之急救其阴之活法, 学者欲为深造, 端在此矣.
治疗阳明病,出现定时发热(潮热),手脚持续出汗,神志不清说胡话且汗出较多,胃中干燥而独自自言自语,仿佛看见鬼怪一样,气喘且头昏目眩无法躺卧,腹部胀满疼痛,脉象滑而有力。又有眼睛视物模糊不清,眼球转动不灵活的情况。又有少阴病刚得病时,口燥咽干的。还有自利清水,颜色纯青,心下疼痛,口燥舌干的情况。以及发病六七天,腹胀且不大便的情况。
大黄(用酒洗)四两,厚朴半斤,枳实(炙烤)五枚,芒硝三合。以上四味药,用水一斗,先煮厚朴和枳实,取五升药液,加入大黄,再煮取二升药液,去掉药渣;加入芒硝,再次上火微煮一至二沸,分两次温服。如果大便通下就停止后面的服药。
大黄四两,厚朴(炙烤,去皮)二两,枳实三枚。以上三味药,用水四升,煮取一升二合药液,去掉药渣,分三次温服。第一次服药后应当大便通畅,如果不通再服,以大便通畅为度。大便通后就停止服药。
【集注】柯琴说:各种疾病都因气机失调而起,秽浊之物排不出去,是由于气机不顺。所以攻逐积滞的药剂,必须使用调理气分的药物,因此以“承气”命名汤剂。方剂分为大、小两种,有两层含义:厚朴用量是大黄的两倍,是以理气药为主药,命名为大承气汤;大黄用量是厚朴的两倍,是以理气药为辅药,命名为小承气汤。药味多且药性猛烈,加大服用剂量,是为了使其大力泻下,所以称为“大”;药味少且药性缓和,减小服用剂量,是为了轻微调和胃气,所以称为“小”。而且煎煮方法更有奥妙,大承气汤用水一斗,先煮枳实、厚朴,取五升,去渣,加入大黄,再煮取二升,加入芒硝,为什么呢?大概是因为生药气味锐利而先行发挥作用,熟药气味纯正而作用缓和,张仲景希望让芒硝先化解燥结的大便,大黄接着疏通肠道,然后由枳实、厚朴消除痞满。如果小承气汤将三味药一起煎煮,不分先后次序,同样是使用大黄,但煎法不同,这可以看出张仲景轻微调和的意图。喻昌说:《金匮要略》治疗痉病,表现为胸满、牙关紧闭、睡觉时背部反折不能着席、脚部拘挛紧急甚至磨牙,可以使用大承气汤,这是死中求生的方法。《灵枢》说热盛导致痉病会死亡,表现为腰背反折、抽搐、磨牙等。这里所说的“卧不着席”,就是腰背反折的另一种说法。“脚挛急”就是抽搐的另一种说法。况且磨牙加上胸满牙关紧闭,说明上、中、下三焦的热邪充斥全身,死亡就在眼前了。在伤寒证中,腹满可以攻下,但胸满则不可攻下。然而使用此汤时,需要知道所谓的“胸满”,是指邪气还在体表,所以不可攻下。此证是入里之热,极深极重,不可与前者相比。何况阳热极盛,阴血立刻就会消亡,即使稍微攻下,还不足以战胜阳热、挽救阴液。所以选用此汤来承接并保全一线阴气,如果阴气不被阳热劫夺,因而得以生存的人就多了。“可与”二字非常灵活,临证时要斟酌使用,并非固定不变的方法。既有攻下重伤阴液的严厉禁忌,又有攻下急救阴液的灵活法则,学者想要达到高深造诣,关键在于此。
Treat Yangming disease (Yangming syndrome), presenting with tidal fever (periodic afternoon fever), continuous sweating of the hands and feet, delirious speech with excessive sweating, dryness in the stomach leading to muttering alone as if seeing ghosts, panting and dizziness preventing lying down, abdominal fullness and pain, and a slippery and solid pulse. Also indicated for cases where vision is blurred and the eyes are unresponsive. Additionally indicated for Shaoyin disease (Shaoyin syndrome) at its onset, characterized by dry mouth and throat. Also for spontaneous diarrhea of clear water, purely green in color, with pain in the epigastrium, dry mouth and tongue. And for cases lasting six or seven days, featuring abdominal distension and constipation.
Da Huang (Rhubarb Root and Rhizome, washed with wine) 4 liang, Hou Po (Magnolia Bark) 8 liang, Zhi Shi (Immature Bitter Orange, roasted) 5 pieces, Mang Xiao (Mirabilite) 3 he. The above four ingredients: use one dou of water, first decoct Hou Po and Zhi Shi to obtain five sheng of liquid, add Da Huang, decoct to obtain two sheng of liquid, remove the dregs; add Mang Xiao, heat again briefly for one or two boils, divide into two doses and take warm. Stop subsequent dosing once bowel movement occurs.
Da Huang (Rhubarb Root and Rhizome) 4 liang, Hou Po (Magnolia Bark, roasted, peeled) 2 liang, Zhi Shi (Immature Bitter Orange) 3 pieces. The above three ingredients: use four sheng of water, decoct to obtain one sheng and two he of liquid, remove the dregs, divide into three doses and take warm. After the first dose, bowel movement should occur; if not, administer the next dose. Use until bowel movement is achieved. Stop administration once bowel movement occurs.
[Collected Annotations] Ke Qin stated: All diseases arise from Qi dysfunction; the inability to expel turbid matter is due to the obstruction of Qi flow. Therefore, purgative agents must utilize herbs that regulate Qi, hence the name "Chengqi" (Inheriting Qi). There are two reasons for dividing the formula into Da Chengqi Tang (Major Inheriting Qi Decoction) and Xiao Chengqi Tang (Minor Inheriting Qi Decoction): When Hou Po is double the amount of Da Huang, the Qi-regulating herb is the sovereign drug, named Da Chengqi Tang; when Da Huang is double the amount of Hou Po, the Qi-regulating herb is the minister drug, named Xiao Chengqi Tang. The former has many ingredients and potent properties, with larger dosage intended for strong purgation, thus called "Major"; the latter has fewer ingredients and milder properties, with smaller dosage intended for mild harmonization of Stomach Qi, thus called "Minor." Furthermore, the decoction method holds profound meaning. For Da Chengqi Tang, one dou of water is used to decoct Zhi Shi and Hou Po to obtain five sheng, dregs removed, then Da Huang is added and decocted to obtain two sheng, followed by adding Mang Xiao. Why? Raw herbs have sharp Qi and act quickly, while cooked herbs have pure Qi and act gently. Zhang Zhongjing intended for Mang Xiao to first dissolve dry feces, Da Huang to subsequently unblock the intestinal tract, and finally Zhi Shi and Hou Po to eliminate痞满 (fullness and stuffiness). In contrast, Xiao Chengqi Tang decocts all three ingredients together without sequence. Although using the same Da Huang, the different decoction methods reveal Zhang Zhongjing's intent for mild harmonization. Yu Chang stated: "Jin Gui Yao Lue" treats spasm disease characterized by chest fullness, trismus (lockjaw), inability to lie flat with back arching, leg cramps, and teeth grinding, suggesting the use of Da Chengqi Tang, which is a method of seeking life amidst death. "Ling Shu" states that heat-induced spasm leads to death, manifesting as opisthotonos (back arching), clonic spasms, and teeth grinding. Here, "inability to lie flat" is a variation of opisthotonos, and "leg cramps" is a variation of clonic spasms. Moreover, with teeth grinding combined with chest fullness and trismus, heat pathogens fill the Upper, Middle, and Lower Jiao (Triple Burners), leading to imminent death. In Taiyang disease (Taiyang syndrome), abdominal fullness can be purged, but chest fullness cannot. However, when using this formula, one must understand that "chest fullness" refers to pathogenic factors still on the exterior, hence purging is contraindicated. This condition involves interior heat that is extremely deep and severe, incomparable to the former. Since extreme Yang heat causes immediate consumption of Yin blood, even slight purging may not suffice to overcome Yang heat and rescue Yin. Thus, this formula is chosen to inherit and preserve the remaining thread of Yin Qi. If Yin Qi is not robbed by Yang heat, many patients survive. The phrase "may be given" is flexible; it requires clinical judgment and is not a fixed rule. There is both a strict prohibition against purging which severely damages Yin, and a flexible method of purging to urgently rescue Yin. Scholars aiming for profound mastery must focus on this aspect.