皇甫谧帝王世纪曰黄帝命雷公岐伯教制九针着内外经素问之书咸出焉黄帝内传曰帝升为
天子针经脉诀无不备也故金匮甲乙之类皆祖黄帝
黄帝御极坐明堂之上临观八极考建五常以谓人生负阴而抱阳食味而被色寒暑相荡喜怒交
侵乃
与岐伯上穷天纪下极地理远取诸物近取诸身更相问难雷公之伦授业传之而内经作矣苍周之兴
秦和述六气之论具明于左史厥后越人得其一二演述难经西汉仓公传其旧学东汉仲景撰其遗论
晋皇甫谧刺为甲乙隋扬上善纂为太素唐王冰笃好之大为次注(林亿素问序)
班固曰内经十八卷素问即其经之九卷兼灵枢九篇乃其数焉虽年代移革而授学犹存惧非其
人时
有所隐故第七一卷师氏藏之今之奉行惟八卷尔周有和缓汉有淳于魏有张公华公皆得斯道妙者
也(王冰素问序)
帝王世纪曰黄帝使岐伯主典医疾以疗众疾说文曰巫彭初作医吕氏春秋亦曰巫彭作医
世诸方书药法虽损益随时大抵祖述黄帝如脉诀之出于晋王叔和病源之出于隋巢元方汤液
经之出于商伊芳尹伤寒论于汉张机千金备急出于唐孙思邈外台秘要出于唐王
皇朝太平集天下名方为太平圣惠其余纷纷无代无之高氏小史曰炎帝作药方以救时疾(事
物纪原)
帝王世纪曰黄帝命雷公岐伯论经脉旁通问难八十一为难经杨元操难经序曰黄帝八十一难
经者秦越人所作按黄帝内经一秩秩九卷其义难究越人乃采精要八十一章为难经(同上)
皇甫谧在《帝王世纪》中说：黄帝命令雷公、岐伯教导制作九针，撰写了《内外经》和《素问》等书籍，这些都出自黄帝。《黄帝内传》记载：黄帝升为天子后，针刺经脉的诀要无不完备。因此，《金匮》《甲乙》之类的医书都尊奉黄帝为祖师。
黄帝登基后，坐在明堂之上，观察八方极远之地，考定五常（仁、义、礼、智、信），认为人生背负阴气而怀抱阳气，品尝五味而享受美色，寒暑相互激荡，喜怒交替侵袭，于是与岐伯向上穷究天道的纪纲，向下极尽地理的变化，远处取法万物，近处取法人体，互相问答疑难。雷公等人接受学业并传承下来，于是《内经》便产生了。周朝兴起时，秦和阐述了六气（风、寒、暑、湿、燥、火）的理论，清楚地记载于左史之中。后来，扁鹊（越人）得到了其中的一二精髓，演绎阐述成《难经》。西汉的仓公（淳于意）传承了他的旧学，东汉的张仲景（张机）撰写了其遗留的论述。晋代的皇甫谧将其刺选编为《甲乙经》，隋代的杨上善编纂为《太素》，唐代的王冰非常喜好它，为之做了详细的次注。（林亿《素问序》）
班固说：《内经》共十八卷，《素问》就是其中的九卷，加上《灵枢》九篇，合起来正好是这个数目。虽然年代更替，但传授的学问依然存在，担心不是本人所述，时代有所隐晦，所以第七一卷由师氏收藏，现在奉行的只有八卷罢了。周朝有和、缓，汉朝有淳于意，魏国有张平和华佗，都是深得此道妙处的人。（王冰《素问序》）
《帝王世纪》说：黄帝让岐伯主管医学典章，以治疗各种疾病。《说文解字》说：巫彭最初创造了“医”这个概念。《吕氏春秋》也说：巫彭创造了医。
世间各种方书药法，虽然随着时代有所增减损益，但大体上都尊述黄帝。如《脉诀》出于晋代王叔和，《病源》出于隋代巢元方，《汤液经》出于商代伊尹，《伤寒论》出于汉代张机，《千金备急》出于唐代孙思邈，《外台秘要》出于唐代王焘。本朝（宋朝）太平兴国年间集天下名方为《太平圣惠方》。其余纷繁杂多，无代没有。高氏《小史》说：炎帝制作药方以救治当时的瘟疫。（《事物纪原》）
《帝王世纪》说：黄帝命令雷公、岐伯讨论经脉旁通之理，问答八十一条，称为《难经》。杨元操在《难经序》中说：《黄帝八十一难经》是秦越人所作。按《黄帝内经》一秩九卷，其义难以穷究，越人于是采摘精要，分为八十一章，写成《难经》。（同上）
Huangfu Mi stated in *Diwang Shiji* (Chronicles of the Emperors): The Yellow Emperor ordered Leigong and Qibo to teach the making of the Nine Needles, composing the *Neiwaijing* (Classic of Internal and External Medicine) and the *Suwen* (Basic Questions), all originating from the Yellow Emperor. The *Huangdi Neizhuan* (Inner Biography of the Yellow Emperor) records: After ascending the throne as Son of Heaven, the Yellow Emperor’s techniques for puncturing meridians were complete. Therefore, medical texts such as the *Jingui* (Golden Cabinet) and *Jia Yi* (A B C) all revere the Yellow Emperor as their ancestral master.
Upon assuming power, the Yellow Emperor sat in the Mingtang (Bright Hall), observing the eight extreme directions and establishing the Five Constants (benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, and trustworthiness). He reasoned that human beings carry Yin and embrace Yang, taste flavors, and indulge in beauty; cold and heat interact violently, while anger and joy invade alternately. Thus, he engaged in mutual questioning with Qibo, tracing heaven’s principles to their source, exploring geography to its depths, drawing analogies from distant things, and referencing the human body itself. Leigong and others received instruction and transmitted this knowledge, leading to the creation of the *Neijing* (Inner Canon). When the Zhou dynasty rose, Qin He expounded on the theory of the Six Qi (Wind, Cold, Summer-heat, Dampness, Dryness, and Fire), which was clearly recorded by the Left Historian. Later, Bian Que (Yue Ren) grasped its essence, elaborating it into the *Nanjing* (Classic of Difficult Issues). Cang Gong (Chunyu Yi) of the Western Han inherited his teachings, and Zhang Zhongjing (Zhang Ji) of the Eastern Han compiled his remaining discussions. Huangfu Mi of the Jin Dynasty selected and edited these into the *Jiayi Jing* (Systematic Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion); Yang Shangshan of the Sui Dynasty compiled them into the *Taisu* (Grand Simplicity); Wang Bing of the Tang Dynasty cherished them greatly and provided detailed annotations. (Lin Yi, Preface to *Suwen*)
Ban Gu stated: The *Neijing* consists of eighteen volumes. The *Suwen* comprises nine of these volumes, combined with the nine chapters of the *Lingshu* (Spiritual Pivot), totaling this number. Although dynasties have changed, the transmission of learning remains. Fearing that later interpolations might obscure the original text, the seventh volume was kept by the Shi family; currently, only eight volumes are in circulation. The Zhou Dynasty had He and Huan; the Han Dynasty had Chunyu Yi; the Wei Dynasty had Zhang Ping and Hua Tuo; all were adept in the profound mysteries of this path. (Wang Bing, Preface to *Suwen*)
*Diwang Shiji* states: The Yellow Emperor appointed Qibo to oversee medical practices to treat various diseases. The *Shuowen Jiezi* states: Wu Peng was the first to create the concept of "medicine." The *Lüshi Chunqiu* also states: Wu Peng created medicine.
Although prescriptions and pharmacological methods in various books have been added or omitted over time, they generally follow the teachings of the Yellow Emperor. For instance, the *Maijue* (Pulse Secrets) originated from Wang Shuhe of the Jin Dynasty; the *Bingyuan* (Source of Diseases) from Chao Yuanfang of the Sui Dynasty; the *Tangye Jing* (Decoction Classic) from Yi Yin of the Shang Dynasty; the *Shanghan Lun* (Treatise on Cold Damage) from Zhang Ji of the Han Dynasty; the *Qianjin Yaofang* (Essential Prescriptions Worth a Thousand Gold) from Sun Simiao of the Tang Dynasty; and the *Waitai Miyao* (Secret Essentials from the Outer Cabinet) from Wang Tao of the Tang Dynasty. Our dynasty (Song) collected famous prescriptions from across the realm into the *Taiping Shenghui Fang* (Holy Benefit Formulas of the Taiping Era). Other miscellaneous works exist in every era. Gao’s *Xiaoshi* states: The Flame Emperor (Yandi) created medicinal formulas to cure contemporary epidemics. (*Shiwu Jiyuan*)
*Diwang Shiji* states: The Yellow Emperor ordered Leigong and Qibo to discuss the lateral connections of meridians through eighty-one questions and answers, known as the *Nanjing*. Yang Yuancuo, in his preface to the *Nanjing*, stated: The *Yellow Emperor’s Eighty-One Difficult Issues* was authored by Qin Yue Ren. According to the *Yellow Emperor’s Neijing*, there are nine volumes whose meanings are difficult to fully explore. Yue Ren therefore extracted the essentials, dividing them into eighty-one chapters to compose the *Nanjing*. (Ibid.)