病患呕吐难纳药者，须徐徐一匙而下，不可太急。（《医学入门》）
补肺之药，必须五更初，未言语前服，盖人五更肺开，才一
言语咳唾，肺即合，当肺开时静默进药，功效殊胜。（《仁斋直指》）
病之愈不愈，不但方必中病，方虽中病，而服之不得其法，则非特无功，而反有害，此不可不知也。如发
散之剂，欲其驱风寒出外，必须热服，而暖覆其体，令药气行于营卫，热气周遍，挟其风寒，而从汗解。若半
温而饮，当风坐立，或寂然安卧，则药留肠胃，不能得汗，风寒无暗消之理，而营气反为风药伤矣。如通利之
药，欲其化滞达下，必须空腹顿服，使药性鼓动，推其垢浊而从便解。若与饮食杂投，则新旧混杂，而药气与
食物相乱，则气性不专，而食积愈顽矣。故《伤寒论》等书，服药之法，宜热宜温，宜凉宜冷，宜缓宜急，宜
多宜少，宜早宜晚，宜饱宜饥，更有宜汤不宜散，宜散不宜丸，宜膏不宜丸，其轻重大小，上下表里，各有至
理。深思其义，必有得于心也。（徐灵胎）
伤寒、伤暑、温、凉诸证，皆邪气欺正气也。用药如对敌，药入则邪渐退，药力尽则邪复炽。必一服周时，
详势诊脉，药对，则日夜连进三、五服，以邪退病安为主。此法惟张长沙《伤寒论》、孙思邈《千金方》中载
之。孙云∶夏日五夜三服，冬日三夜五服，必期病退而止。如御敌者，愈驱逐，愈精锐，荡平而后班师。（周禹载）
药引
汤之有引，如舟之有楫。古人用汤，必须置引，如仲景桂枝汤，生姜三两、大枣十二枚，与药等分同用，
良可取汗。又如东垣补中益气汤，亦用姜、枣，并无发汗之说。乃姜、枣少用而力薄，故不致渍形以为汗也。
即此两汤类推，药引不可不考。古今汤方莫尽，药引无穷，临机取用，各有所宜。如发表用鲜姜；温中用煨姜；
解胀用姜皮；消痰用姜汁。调营益卫用大枣；泻火疏风用红枣。补气益肺用龙眼；泻火安神用灯心。表皮用葱
叶；表肌用葱白；表里用葱茎。健脾用湖莲；止痢用石莲。治风用桑叶；治湿用桑枝。固肾用莲蕊；涩精用莲
须。保胎用陈苎根；安胎用
鲜苎根。抑脾用青荷叶；疏土用枯荷梗。补心用新小麦；止汗用浮小麦。清热解烦用青竹叶；利水泻火用淡竹
叶。消淤通经用赤糖；止痛温中用饴糖。安中益脾用陈壁土；止呕和胃用新黄土。消淤用藕节；止血用侧柏叶。
止呃用柿蒂；凉大肠用柿霜。消热痰用竹沥；泻实火用竹茹。导虚火用童便；益真阴用秋石。延年祛病用松黄、
松脂；去风舒筋用黄松节。定喘用白葵花；疗痢用赤、白扁豆花。壮阳用胡桃、蜀椒；暖子宫用艾叶。虚烦用
粳米；热渴用芦根。止消用兰叶；定嗽用梨汁。止血用金墨；疗崩用陈棕。治肠风用石榴皮；治红痢用红曲。
治白痢用煨姜；治赤白带浊用韭子、白果。止呕、定嗽用枇杷叶；止鼻衄用白茅花。行淤用百草霜；达生用黄
杨脑。探吐用瓜蒂；速产用弩牙。下噎用杵糠；定喘用铅汞。疗黄用铁屎；镇心用辰砂。辟邪用雄黄；润肠
用松子仁。治疝用荔、橘核；催浆用笋尖、樱桃萼。拔毒用蒲公英；通乳用通草。发麻用紫背浮萍。治心烦不
眠用鸡子黄。药引多端，指难遍屈。今以常用之引，聊录数则。举一反三，其惟良工乎？（《医学阶梯》）
时医药引中，生姜常写几片，灯心常写几根，竹叶、橘叶常
写几瓣，葱管、荷梗常写几寸。余谓片有浓薄，
根有短长，瓣有大小，寸有粗细。诸如此类，皆须以分两为准。（《吴医汇讲》）
是集编辑，始于乾隆五十七年，成于道光六年。删繁补遗，数易其稿。所辑古今医书三百二十余家，经史
子集四十余种。通集计述经义六百五十余条，先哲名论五千余款，选案二百八十四首，附方一百九十一道，图
五、序四，自识二，凡例十二则。书分一十六卷，凡一百三十门，五百七十类。鉴阅二十八人，校录二十三人，
剞劂氏二人，工价六百余金，书版八百余片。道光十年八月开雕，十三年三月告竣。共一千五百九十二页，六
十五万四千零七十七字。观泉氏自识。
如果病患呕吐严重，难以吞咽药物，必须慢慢地、一匙一匙地喂服，不可太急。（《医学入门》）
补肺的药物，必须在五更天初、尚未说话之前服用。因为人在五更时肺气开启，一旦开口说话或咳嗽吐痰，肺气就会闭合。在肺气开启时保持静默进药，功效特别显著。（《仁斋直指》）
疾病能否痊愈，不仅在于方剂是否对症，即使方剂对症，如果服药方法不得当，不仅没有功效，反而会有害处，这是不可不知道的。例如发散风寒的药剂，目的是驱赶风寒邪气外出，必须热服，并用暖物覆盖身体，使药气运行于营卫之间，热气周遍全身，挟带风寒邪气，通过出汗而解除。如果半温饮用，坐在风口或站立，或者安静地躺着不动，那么药液会停留在肠胃中，无法发汗，风寒邪气也没有暗中消散的道理，反而营气会被风药所伤。又如通利二便的药物，目的是化解积滞并引导下行，必须空腹一次性顿服，使药性鼓动，推动体内的垢浊之物从大便排出。如果与饮食混合服用，则新旧混杂，药气与食物相互干扰，导致药性不专一，食积反而会更加顽固。所以《伤寒论》等书中关于服药的方法，有的宜热、有的宜温、有的宜凉、有的宜冷；有的宜缓、有的宜急；有的宜多、有的宜少；有的宜早、有的宜晚；有的宜饱后服、有的宜饥时服；更有宜汤剂不宜散剂、宜散剂不宜丸剂、宜膏剂不宜丸剂的讲究。其轻重、大小、上下、表里之分，各有深奥的道理。深思其中的义理，必定会有心得。（徐灵胎）
伤寒、伤暑、温病、凉病等各种证候，都是邪气欺侮正气所致。用药如同对敌作战，药物进入体内则邪气逐渐退却，药力耗尽则邪气重新炽盛。必须在一服药后的一个时辰内，详细观察病情、诊察脉象，如果药证相符，则日夜连续服用三到五剂，以邪气退去、病情安定为主要目标。这种方法只在张仲景的《伤寒论》和孙思邈的《千金方》中有记载。孙思邈说：夏天五更天服用三次，冬天三更天服用五次，必须以病愈为止。这就像抵御敌人一样，越驱逐，敌军越精锐，直到荡平敌人后才班师回朝。（周禹载）
药引
汤剂中的药引，就像船上的船桨。古人使用汤剂，必须加入药引。例如张仲景的桂枝汤，使用生姜三两、大枣十二枚，与主药等量同用，确实能够取得汗效。又如李东垣的补中益气汤，也使用姜、枣，但并没有发汗的说法。这是因为姜、枣用量少且药力薄弱，所以不会导致身体浸渍出汗。由此两方类推，药引的作用不可不考察。古今汤方不尽相同，药引无穷无尽，临证时需灵活取用，各有所宜。例如发表用鲜姜；温中用煨姜；消胀用姜皮；化痰用姜汁。调和营卫用大枣；泻火疏风用红枣。补气益肺用龙眼肉；泻火安神用灯心草。解表浅层用葱叶；解肌表用葱白；表里双解用葱茎。健脾用湖莲；止痢用石莲。治风用桑叶；祛湿用桑枝。固肾用莲蕊；涩精用莲须。保胎用陈年苎根；安胎用新鲜苎根。抑制脾土壅滞用青荷叶；疏通脾土用枯荷梗。补心用新小麦；止汗用浮小麦。清热除烦用青竹叶；利水泻火用淡竹叶。化瘀通经用红糖；止痛温中用饴糖。安中益脾用陈壁土；止呕和胃用新黄土。化瘀用藕节；止血用侧柏叶。止呃逆用柿蒂；清大肠热用柿霜。消热痰用竹沥；泻实火用竹茹。导虚火下行用童便；补真阴用秋石。延年祛病用松黄、松脂；祛风舒筋用黄松节。定喘用白葵花；疗痢疾用赤、白扁豆花。壮阳用胡桃、蜀椒；暖子宫用艾叶。虚烦用粳米；热渴用芦根。止消渴用兰叶；定咳嗽用梨汁。止血用金墨；治疗崩漏用陈棕。治疗肠风用石榴皮；治疗红痢用红曲。治疗白痢用煨姜；治疗赤白带下浑浊用韭子、白果。止呕、定咳用枇杷叶；止鼻出血用白茅花。行瘀用百草霜；助产用黄杨脑。催吐用瓜蒂；速产用弩牙（指某些促进分娩的药物或部位）。治疗噎膈用杵糠；定喘用铅汞（注：此处原文可能有误或为特定古法，通常铅汞有毒，现代慎用，但依原文翻译）。治疗黄疸用铁屎；镇心安神用辰砂。辟邪用雄黄；润肠用松子仁。治疗疝气用荔枝核、橘核；催乳用笋尖、樱桃萼。拔毒用蒲公英；通乳用通草。诱发麻疹用紫背浮萍。治疗心烦失眠用鸡蛋黄。药引种类繁多，手指数不过来。现在仅记录常用的几种药引。举一反三，只有高明的医生才能做到。（《医学阶梯》）
当代医生在药引中，生姜常写几片，灯心草常写几根，竹叶、橘叶常写几瓣，葱管、荷梗常写几寸。我认为片有厚薄，根有长短，瓣有大小，寸有粗细。诸如此类，都必须以重量为准。（《吴医汇讲》）
本集的编辑，始于乾隆五十七年，完成于道光六年。删减繁冗，补充遗漏，多次修改稿子。所辑录的古今医书三百二十余家，经史子集四十余种。全书共记述经义六百五十余条，先哲名言五千余款，选录医案二百八十四首，附方一百九十一道，图五幅，序四篇，自识二篇，凡例十二则。全书分为十六卷，共一百三十门，五百七十类。参与审阅者二十八人，校录者二十三人，刻工二人，工价六百多两银子，书版八百多片。道光十年八月开始雕版，十三年三月完工。共一千五百九十二页，六十五万四千零七十七字。观泉氏自识。
If a patient suffers from severe vomiting and finds it difficult to swallow medicine, it must be administered slowly, one spoonful at a time, and not too hastily. (*Medical Beginner*)
Medicines for tonifying the Lung should be taken in the early hours of Wugeng (around 3-5 AM), before speaking. This is because the Lung Qi opens during Wugeng; once speech or coughing/sputtering begins, the Lung Qi closes. Taking medicine in silence when the Lung Qi is open yields particularly potent effects. (*Ren Zhi Zhi Zhi*)
Whether a disease is cured depends not only on whether the prescription matches the syndrome, but even if the prescription is correct, improper administration methods can result in no efficacy and even harm. This is something that cannot be ignored. For example, with dispersing agents intended to drive out Wind-Cold, they must be taken hot, and the body covered warmly to allow the medicinal qi to circulate through Ying and Wei (Nutritive and Defensive levels), ensuring heat permeates the whole body, carrying the Wind-Cold out through sweating. If taken lukewarm, while sitting in drafts or standing, or lying quietly still, the medicine will remain in the stomach and intestines without inducing sweat; there is no mechanism for the Wind-Cold to dissipate secretly, and the Ying Qi may instead be damaged by the wind-dispersing drugs. Similarly, with purgative/diuretic agents intended to resolve stagnation and guide downward, they must be taken on an empty stomach in one dose to stimulate the medicinal properties, pushing turbid waste out via defecation. If mixed with food, old and new contents mix, medicinal qi interferes with food, the medicinal nature becomes unfocused, and food stagnation becomes more stubborn. Therefore, books like *Shanghan Lun* discuss various administration methods: some suitable for hot, warm, cool, or cold temperatures; some for slow or rapid intake; some for large or small doses; some for early or late timing; some after meals or on an empty stomach; and distinctions between decoctions vs. powders, powders vs. pills, pastes vs. pills. The principles of light/heavy, large/small, upper/lower, and exterior/interior are all profound. Deep contemplation of these meanings will surely yield insights. (Xu Lingtai)
Syndrome patterns such as Cold Damage, Summerheat Injury, Warm diseases, and Cool diseases all involve pathogenic factors bullying healthy Qi. Using medicine is like fighting an enemy: as medicine enters, pathogens gradually retreat; when medicinal power fades, pathogens flare up again. Within one shichen (two-hour period) after a dose, one must carefully observe the condition and palpate the pulse. If the medicine matches the syndrome, administer three to five doses continuously day and night, aiming primarily for the retreat of pathogens and stabilization of the illness. This method is recorded only in Zhang Changsha's *Shanghan Lun* and Sun Simiao's *Qianjin Fang*. Sun said: In summer, take three doses at Wugeng; in winter, take five doses at San Ye (midnight). Continue until the disease recedes. It is like driving away enemies: the more you drive them, the more elite they become; only after total pacification do you return. (Zhou Yuzai)
Medicine Guides (Yin)
A decoction without a guide is like a boat without an oar. Ancients used decoctions with guides. For instance, Zhang Zhongjing's Guizhi Tang uses 3 liang of Shengjiang (Fresh Ginger) and 12 pieces of Dazao (Jujube), equal parts to the main herbs, which effectively induces sweating. Conversely, Li Dongyuan's Buzhong Yiqi Tang also uses Ginger and Jujube but does not induce sweating. This is because the dosage of Ginger and Jujube is small and their strength is weak, so they do not cause profuse sweating. Inferring from these two prescriptions, the role of medicine guides cannot be overlooked. Ancient and modern decoctions are countless, and medicine guides are infinite; one must choose appropriately according to circumstances. For example: use Fresh Ginger for releasing the exterior; baked Ginger for warming the middle; Ginger peel for reducing distension; Ginger juice for resolving phlegm. Use Dazao (Jujube) to harmonize Ying and Wei; Hongzao (Red Jujube) to clear fire and disperse wind. Use Longyan Rou (Longan Flesh) to tonify Qi and benefit the Lung; Dengxincao (Juncus Effusus) to clear fire and calm the mind. Congye (Scallion Leaf) for superficial release; Congbai (Scallion White) for releasing the muscle layer; Congjing (Scallion Stem) for releasing both interior and exterior. Huling (Lake Lotus Rhizome) for strengthening the Spleen; Shilian (Punica Granatum Seed) for stopping dysentery. Sangye (Mulberry Leaf) for treating Wind; Sangzhi (Mulberry Twig) for treating Dampness. Lianrui (Lotus Plumule) for securing the Kidney; Lianxu (Lotus Stamen) for astringing essence. Chenzhugen (Old Ramie Root) for protecting the fetus; Xianzhugen (Fresh Ramie Root) for calming the fetus. Qingheyeh (Green Lotus Leaf) to suppress Spleen stagnation; Kuhegeng (Withered Lotus Stem) to unblock Earth. Xin Xiaomai (New Wheat) to tonify the Heart; Fuxiaomai (Floating Wheat) to stop sweating. Qingzhuye (Young Bamboo Leaf) to clear heat and relieve vexation; Danzhuye (Light Bamboo Leaf) to promote urination and drain fire. Chitang (Brown Sugar) to resolve stasis and unblock menses; Yitang (Maltose) to relieve pain and warm the middle. Chenbitu (Old Wall Soil) to stabilize the middle and benefit the Spleen; Xinhuangtu (Fresh Yellow Earth) to stop vomiting and harmonize the Stomach. Oujie (Lotus Node) to resolve stasis; Cebaiye (Platycladi Cacumen) to stop bleeding. Shidi (Persimmon Calyx) to stop hiccups; Shishuang (Persimmon Frost) to cool the Large Intestine. Zhuli (Bamboo Juice) to resolve hot phlegm; Zhuru (Bamboo Shavings) to drain excess fire. Tongbian (Child's Urine) to guide deficient fire downward; Qiushi (Mineral Salt) to nourish True Yin. Songhuang (Pine Pollen) and Songzhi (Pine Resin) for longevity and disease prevention; Huangsongjie (Yellow Pine Joint) for dispelling Wind and relaxing sinews. Bai Kuihua (White Sunflower Flower) for stabilizing asthma; Chi/Bai Biandouhua (Red/White Lablab Flower) for treating dysentery. Hutao (Walnut) and Shujiao (Sichuan Pepper) for strengthening Yang; Aye (Donkey-hide Gelatin) for warming the Uterus. Jingmi (Rice) for deficiency vexation; Lugeng (Reed Rhizome) for heat and thirst. Lanye (Orchid Leaf) for stopping polydipsia; Lizhi (Pear Juice) for settling cough. Jinmo (Gold Ink) for stopping bleeding; Chen Zong (Old Palm Fiber) for treating metrorrhagia. Shiliupi (Pomegranate Rind) for treating intestinal wind; Hongqu (Red Yeast Rice) for red dysentery. Weijiang (Baked Ginger) for white dysentery; Jiuzi (Allium Tuberosum Seed) and Baiguo (Ginkgo Nut) for red-and-white leukorrhea. Pipaye (Loquat Leaf) for stopping vomiting and coughing; Baimaohua (White Imperata Flower) for epistaxis. Baicaoshuang (Herb Ash) for moving stasis; Huayangnao (Hongyang Brain) for facilitating birth. Gouti (Momordica Charantia Fruit) for inducing vomiting; Nuya (likely referring to specific part of plant for labor induction) for rapid delivery. Chukang (Rice Husk Ash) for treating dysphagia; Qianmeng (Lead and Mercury compound - *Note: Toxic, historical context only*) for asthma. Tieshi (Iron Slag) for jaundice; Chensha (Cinnabar) for calming the Heart. Xionghuang (Realgar) for warding off evil; Songziren (Pine Kernel) for moistening the intestines. Lizi (Lychee Seed) and Juzhe (Tangerine Seed) for treating hernia; Sunjian (Bamboo Shoot Tip) and Yingtao'e (Cherry Calyx) for promoting lactation. Pugongying (Dandelion) for extracting toxins; Tongcao (Tetrapanax Papyriferus Stem) for unblocking milk. Zi Bei Fu Ping (Purple-backed Duckweed) for inducing measles. Jizihuang (Egg Yolk) for treating restlessness and insomnia. There are many types of medicine guides, impossible to list completely. Here are merely a few common ones. Infer the rest from these examples; only skilled practitioners can master this. (*Medical Ladder*)
Contemporary physicians often write "a few slices" for Shengjiang (Fresh Ginger), "a few roots" for Dengxincao (Juncus Effusus), "a few petals" for Zhuye (Bamboo Leaf) and Juye (Tangerine Leaf), and "a few inches" for Congguan (Scallion Tube) and Hegeng (Lotus Stem). I argue that slices vary in thickness, roots in length, petals in size, and inches in coarseness. All such vague measurements must be standardized by weight. (*Collected Discussions of Wu Physicians*)
The editing of this collection began in the 57th year of Qianlong and was completed in the 6th year of Daoguang. Redundancies were deleted, omissions filled, and the manuscript revised multiple times. It compiled over 320 ancient and modern medical texts, and over 40 classics, histories, and philosophical works. The collection records over 650 interpretations of canonical meanings, over 5,000 famous sayings of sages, selects 284 medical cases, attaches 191 formulas, includes 5 diagrams, 4 prefaces, 2 self-identifications, and 12 general rules. The book is divided into 16 volumes, comprising 130 categories and 570 classes. 28 people reviewed it, 23 proofread and recorded it, 2 engravers worked on it, the labor cost exceeded 600 taels of silver, and there were over 800 woodblocks. Carving began in the 8th month of the 10th year of Daoguang and was completed in the 3rd month of the 13th year. It totals 1,592 pages and 654,077 characters. Signed by Guanquan.