《内经》曰∶诸脉者，皆属于目，目得血而能视。《针经》曰∶五脏六腑精气，皆上注
于目而为之精。精之窠为眼，骨之精为黑眼，血之精为络，其窠气之精为白眼，肌肉之精则
为约束，裹撷筋骨，血气之精而与脉并为系，上属于脑，后出于项中。故邪中于项，因逢其
身之虚，其入深，则随眼系入于脑则脑转，脑转则引目系急，目系急则目眩以转矣。邪中其
精，其精所中，不相比也。则精散，精散则视岐，故见两物。目者，五脏六腑之精，荣卫魂
魄之所常营也，神气之所生也。故神劳则魂魄散，志意乱。是故瞳子黑眼发于阴，白眼赤脉
发于阳，故阴阳合传而为精明也。目者，心之使也；心者，神之舍也。故神精乱而不转，卒
然见非常之处，精神魂魄，散不相得，故曰惑也。东垣曰∶夫十二经脉，三百六十五络，其
血气皆上走于面而走空窍，其清阳气上散于目而为精，其气走于耳而为听。因心烦事冗，饮
食失节，劳役过度，致脾胃虚弱，心火太盛，则百脉沸腾，血脉逆行，邪害空窍，失明则日
月不明矣。夫五脏六腑之精气，皆禀受于脾，上贯于目。脾者，诸阴之首也；目者，血脉之
宗也。故脾虚则五脏之精气皆失所司，不能归明于目矣。心者，君火也，主人之神，宜静而
安，相火化行其令。相火者，包络也，主百病，皆荣于目。既劳役运动，势乃妄行，又因邪
气所并而损血脉，故诸病生焉。凡医者，不理脾胃，及养血安神，治标不治本，是不明正理
也。
按∶此论目为脏腑血脉精气之宗，至为详悉。岂但世俗拘之于五轮八廓而已也。
《黄帝内经》说：所有的脉络，都归属于眼睛，眼睛得到血液的滋养才能看见事物。《针经》说：五脏六腑的精气，都向上灌注到眼睛，从而形成视觉的精华。精气的汇聚之处是眼珠，骨之精气表现为黑眼球（瞳孔及虹膜部分），血之精气表现为眼络（眼表血管），气之精气的汇聚处是白眼（巩膜部分），肌肉之精气则表现为眼睑（约束眼睑开合的组织），包裹并摄取筋骨，血气之精气与脉络结合成为目系，向上连接于脑，向后出于项部中间。所以邪气侵袭项部，如果恰逢身体虚弱，邪气深入，就会随着目系进入脑部，导致头脑旋转，头脑旋转就会牵引目系紧张，目系紧张就会导致眼睛眩晕、视物转动。邪气侵入眼的精气之中，被邪气所中的精气，不能相互协调配合。那么精气就会散乱，精气散乱就会导致视物成双，所以看到两个物体。眼睛，是五脏六腑精气的汇聚，是营气、卫气、魂、魄经常营运的地方，也是神气产生的地方。所以精神劳累会导致魂魄散乱，意志混乱。因此，瞳子和黑眼球发源于阴，白眼球和赤色血脉发源于阳，阴阳结合传递而形成明亮的视力。眼睛，是心的使者；心，是神的居所。所以如果神志精气紊乱而不正常运作，突然看到不寻常的景象，精神、魂、魄分散而不能相互协调，这就叫做“惑”（迷惑、幻觉）。李东垣说：十二经脉，三百六十五络，它们的血气都向上运行到面部并通达各个孔窍，其中清阳之气向上散布到眼睛而形成视觉精华，其气运行到耳朵而形成听觉。因为心烦意乱、事务繁杂，饮食没有节制，劳役过度，导致脾胃虚弱，心火过盛，那么全身血脉沸腾，血脉逆行，邪气侵害孔窍，失明就看不见日月了。五脏六腑的精气，都禀受于脾，向上贯通到眼睛。脾，是诸阴经的首领；眼睛，是血脉的宗主。所以脾虚则五脏的精气都失去主管，不能使目光清明。心，是君火，是主人的神志所在，应当安静平和，相火执行其命令。相火，就是心包络，主管各种疾病，都使眼睛得到荣养。既然因为劳役运动，气势妄行，又因为邪气侵犯而损伤血脉，所以各种疾病产生了。凡是医生，如果不调理脾胃，以及养血安神，只治疗表象而不治根本，这是不明白正确的医理啊。
The *Huangdi Neijing* (Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon) states: All meridians belong to the eyes; the eyes can see only when nourished by blood. The *Zhenjing* (Classic of Acupuncture) states: The essence and qi of the five zang organs and six fu organs all ascend and pour into the eyes, forming the essence of vision. The gathering place of essence is the eyeball; the essence of bone manifests as the black eye (pupil and iris); the essence of blood manifests as the collaterals (ocular vessels); the gathering place of the essence of qi is the white eye (sclera); the essence of muscle manifests as the constraints (eyelids that control opening and closing), which wrap and gather the sinews and bones. The essence of blood and qi, combined with the meridians, forms the optic nerve system, which ascends to connect with the brain and emerges posteriorly from the middle of the neck. Therefore, if pathogenic factors attack the neck, especially when accompanied by bodily deficiency, and penetrate deeply, they follow the optic nerve system into the brain, causing dizziness or a sensation of rotation. This rotation pulls on the optic nerve system, causing tension, which in turn leads to vertigo and visual spinning. If pathogenic factors invade the essence within the eye, the affected essences fail to coordinate with each other. Consequently, the essence scatters, leading to diplopia (double vision), so that two objects are seen. The eyes are the gathering place of the essence of the five zang and six fu organs, the site where Ying (Nutritive) Qi, Wei (Defensive) Qi, Hun (Ethereal Soul), and Po (Corporeal Soul) constantly circulate, and the source of Shen (Spirit). Thus, mental exertion causes Hun and Po to scatter and will to become chaotic. Therefore, the pupil and black eye originate from Yin, while the white eye and red vessels originate from Yang; the interaction of Yin and Yang produces clear vision. The eyes are the messengers of the Heart; the Heart is the residence of Shen. Hence, if Shen and Jing (Essence) become disordered and cease to function normally, sudden perception of unusual phenomena occurs; when Spirit, Essence, Hun, and Po scatter and fail to harmonize, it is called "Huo" (delusion or confusion). Li Dongyuan stated: The twelve primary meridians and three hundred sixty-five collaterals all carry their blood and qi upward to the face and through the orifices. The clear Yang Qi ascends to the eyes to form visual essence, while its qi flows to the ears to enable hearing. Due to mental agitation, excessive workload, irregular diet, and overexertion, Spleen and Stomach weakness arises, and Heart Fire becomes excessive. This causes the blood vessels to boil and flow retrograde, allowing pathogenic factors to harm the orifices, resulting in blindness where one cannot perceive day and night. The essence and qi of the five zang and six fu organs are derived from the Spleen and ascend to penetrate the eyes. The Spleen is the head of all Yin meridians; the eyes are the master of all blood vessels. Therefore, Spleen deficiency causes the essence and qi of the five zang organs to lose their governance, preventing clear vision. The Heart is the Ministerial Fire (Jun Huo), the residence of the master's spirit, which should be calm and peaceful, whereas the Ministerial Fire (Xiang Huo) executes its commands. The Ministerial Fire refers to the Pericardium, which governs various diseases and ensures the eyes are nourished. However, due to overexertion and movement, this force acts recklessly; further damaged by pathogenic invasion affecting the blood vessels, various diseases arise. Physicians who fail to regulate the Spleen and Stomach, nourish the blood, and calm the spirit, treating symptoms rather than the root cause, do not understand the correct principles.
Note: This discussion regards the eyes as the master of the zang-fu organs, blood vessels, and essence/qi, providing a highly detailed explanation. It goes far beyond the secular limitations of merely adhering to the Five Wheels and Eight Palaces theories.