书云∶善养生者，先渴而饮，饮不过多。冬则损气，渴则伤血。先饥而食，食不过饱。饱则
伤神，饥则伤胃。饮食务益人者，仍节俭为佳。若过多，觉彭亨短气，便成疾。饮食于露天，飞
丝堕其中，食之咽喉生泡。饮食收器中，宜下小而上大。若覆之不密，虫鼠欲盗食而不可得，环
器随涎入食。有误食，通身如蝎，针药不疗。饮食以铜器盖之，汗若入内，食者发恶疮肉疽。饮
食生冷，北人土浓水深，禀赋坚实，不损脾胃，久居南方宜忌之。土薄水浅，禀赋多虚，不宜脾
胃，久居北方者尤宜忌之。切忌空心茶，宜戒卯时酒，申后饭欲减。极饥而食且过饱，多结积聚；
渴而饮且过多，必成痰癖。日没后讫，便勿饮酒，不干呕。
太宗谓宰相曰∶朕每日所为，必有常节，饮食不过度，行之已久，甚觉有力。老子云∶我命
在我不在天，全在人之调摄。卿等亦当加意，毋自轻摄养也。
陶隐居云∶何必餐霞服大药，妄意延年等龟鹤。但于饮食嗜欲中，去其甚者将安乐。甚于酒
色者多夭寿，甚于浓味者生奇疾。浆水，按《本草》味甘酸微温无毒，调中引气，开胃止渴，强
力通络，治霍乱泻利，消宿
食，解烦去睡，调理脏腑，治呕哕，白人肌体如缯帛。为人常用，故不齿其功。世之所用熟水，
品目甚多。贵如沉香则燥脾，木犀则耗气，蜜则滞胃，麦门冬则体寒。如此之类，皆有所损。紫
苏汤令人朝暮饮之，无益也。芳草致豪贵之疾，此有一焉。
宋仁宗命翰林院定熟水。奏曰∶紫苏第一，沉香第二，麦门冬第三。以苏能下胸膈浮味。
殊不知久则泄人气，令人不觉。
《本草》云∶酒，饮之软件神昏，是其有毒也，损益兼行。扁鹊云∶久饮常过，腐肠烂胃，
溃髓蒸筋，伤神损寿。有客访周 ， 出美色酒两石。 饮八斗，次明起无所苦，酒量惯也。客
已死矣。观之，客肠已出。肠已出，非量过而犯扁鹊之戒欤？
饮白酒，食牛肉，生虫。酒浆照人无影，不可饮，不可合乳汁饮，令人气结。祭酒白耗者
杀人。酒后食辛辣物多，则暖人筋骨。卧黍穣，食猪肉，患大风。
凡中药毒，及大毒从酒得者难治。酒性行血脉，流遍身体也。饮酒醉未醒，大渴饮冷水，
又茶被酒引入肾脏，为停毒之水，腰脚腿重膀胱冷痛，兼患水肿，消渴挛痹。酒醉当风，以扇扇
之成风。又醉酒吐罢，便饮水，作消渴。
神仙不禁酒，以能行气壮神，然不过饮也。
《本草》茶饮者宜热宜少，不饮尤佳。多食去人脂，令人瘦，下焦虚冷，惟饱食后一二盏
不妨。消渴与饥，尤不宜，令人不眠。同韭食，重身。将盐点茶，引贼入家，恐伤肾也。
东坡茶说∶烦去腻，世固不可无茶，然暗中损人不少。吾有一法，常自修之。辄以浓茶漱
口于食后，烦腻既少，而脾胃自和。凡肉之在齿者，得茶漱涤，乃不觉脱，不烦挑剔也。盖齿性
便缘此渐牢，而齿蠹且日去矣。饮多则肺布叶举，气逆上。有阴池流泉，六月行路，勿饮之，发疟。
饮宴于圣像之侧，魂魄不安。饮水勿急下咽，久成气病。形寒饮冷则伤肺，上气咳嗽鼻鸣。
粥后饮白汤，为淋为停湿。
陶隐居云∶食戒欲粗并欲速，宁可少餐相接续；莫教一饱频充肠，损气伤心非尔福。又云∶
食炙爆，宜待冷。不然伤血脉，损齿。又云∶食毕漱口数通，齿不龋，口不臭。漱口忌热汤，损牙。
食茅屋漏水堕脯肉，成 瘕，生恶疮。
人汗入肉，食之作疔疮。食诸兽自死肉，生疔疮。六甲日，勿食鳞甲之肉。
隐居云∶生冷粘腻筋韧物，自死生牢皆勿食。馒头闭气莫过多，生脍偏招脾胃疾。鲜酱胎卵
无油腻，陈臭淹藏尽阴类。老人朝暮更餐之，是借寇兵无以异。（《琐碎录》云∶馒头闭气，羊
血汤以开之。包子闭气，好醋以破之。）
食物以象牙金银为匙箸，可以试毒。
《周礼》云∶乐以消食。盖脾喜音声，夜食则脾不磨，为音响绝也。夏月夜短，尤宜忌之。
物之无益而有损者，常人犹不可多食，况病患当避忌者乎？此书所载，凡物之有益而无损者
不书，或损益相半者，则书其损而不书益。
古籍记载：善于养生的人，在感到口渴之前先饮水，但饮用量不超过适量。冬天如果过度饮水会损伤阳气，口渴时饮水过多会耗伤阴血。在感到饥饿之前先进食，但进食量不过饱。过饱会损伤心神，饥饿（指空腹时间过长或饮食不规律导致的胃气受损）会伤害脾胃。饮食应当以有益身体健康为原则，节俭适度为佳。如果吃得过多，会感觉腹部胀满、呼吸短促，从而形成疾病。如果在露天饮食，飞丝落入食物中，食用后咽喉会长泡。食物存放在容器中，容器宜下小上大。如果覆盖不严密，虫鼠想要偷吃却吃不到，就会环绕容器随唾液进入食物中。如果误食了被污染的食物，全身会出现像被蝎子蜇一样的症状，用针药无法治疗。如果用铜器盖住食物，汗水若渗入其中，食用者会引发恶疮和肉疽。食用生冷食物，北方人土地深厚、水质浓郁，体质坚实，不会损伤脾胃；长期居住在南方的人则应该忌讳这一点。南方土地浅薄、水质清淡，人的体质多虚弱，不适合食用生冷以保护脾胃，长期居住在北方的人也尤其应该忌讳这一点。切忌空腹饮茶，应当戒除卯时（早晨5-7点）饮酒，申时（下午3-5点）后的饭菜应当减量。极度饥饿时进食且过饱，容易形成积聚病；极度口渴时饮水且过多，必然形成痰癖。日落之后不要再饮酒，否则会导致干呕。
唐太宗对宰相说：“我每天的行为，都有固定的节律，饮食不过度，坚持了很久，觉得非常有力量。”老子说：“我的命运掌握在自己手中，而不在于天意，完全取决于人的调养。”你们也应当多加注意，不要轻视对自己的保养。
陶隐居说：“何必去吞服云霞和大药，妄图延长寿命像龟鹤一样长寿？只要在饮食和嗜欲中，去除那些过度的部分，就能安乐长寿。沉溺于酒色的人大多短命，沉溺于浓味厚腻食物的人会生出奇异的疾病。”浆水，根据《本草》记载，味甘酸微温，无毒，能调和中焦、引导气机运行，开胃止渴，增强体力、通络脉，治疗霍乱腹泻，消除宿食，解除烦闷和困倦，调理脏腑，治疗呕吐呃逆，使人的肌肤像丝绸一样洁白。因为人们常用它，所以往往忽略了它的功效。世间所用的熟水（煮开的水或药茶），品种很多。贵重的如沉香则燥脾，木犀（桂花）则耗气，蜂蜜则滞胃，麦门冬则性寒。像这样的事物，都有一定的损害。紫苏汤让人早晚饮用，也没有益处。芳草类饮品会导致豪贵之人患病，这里就有一个例子。
宋仁宗命令翰林院审定熟水的等级。奏报说：紫苏排第一，沉香第二，麦门冬第三。因为紫苏能降胸膈的浮气。却不知道久喝会泄人气，让人不知不觉地受损。
《本草》记载：酒，饮用后会让身体柔软、精神昏沉，这是因为它有毒性，既有好处也有坏处。扁鹊说：长期饮酒且过量，会腐蚀肠胃，溃烂骨髓，蒸灼筋脉，损伤心神，折损寿命。有客人拜访周，拿出两石美酒。喝了八斗，第二天早上起来没有痛苦，是因为酒量习惯了。但客人已经死了。观察他的尸体，肠子已经脱出。肠子脱出，难道不是酒量过大而违背了扁鹊的告诫吗？
饮用白酒，食用牛肉，体内会生虫。酒浆照人没有影子，不可饮用，也不可混合乳汁饮用，会让人气机郁结。祭祀用的白色浑浊的酒会杀人。酒后多吃辛辣食物，会温暖人的筋骨。睡在黍穣（黍的秸秆）上，食用猪肉，会患上大风病（麻风病）。
凡是中药毒，以及由大毒之物通过酒吸收的毒性，都难以治疗。酒的性质能通行血脉，流遍全身。饮酒醉而未醒，因大渴喝冷水，加上茶被酒引入肾脏，成为停滞的毒水，导致腰脚腿沉重、膀胱冷痛，兼患水肿、消渴、挛痹。醉酒当风，用扇子扇风，会形成风邪。又比如醉酒呕吐完毕后，立即喝水，会引发消渴病。
《本草》记载：茶饮应该热饮、少饮，不喝更好。多喝会使人消瘦，导致下焦虚冷，只有在吃饱饭后喝一两杯不妨碍。患有消渴症和饥饿时，尤其不宜喝茶，会让人失眠。与韭菜同食，对于孕妇不利。用盐点茶，如同引贼入室，恐怕会损伤肾脏。
东坡谈茶说：“茶能去烦解腻，世间确实不可无茶，然而在不知不觉中损害人的地方不少。我有一法，经常自己修习。就在饭后用浓茶漱口，烦腻感减少，脾胃自然调和。凡是有肉卡在牙齿间的，用茶漱口洗涤，就不觉得难剔除了，不用麻烦牙签。大概牙齿坚固缘于此，而且蛀牙也会一天天去除。喝多了则肺气散布扩张，气逆向上。有阴池流泉，六月走路时，不要喝那里的水，否则会引发疟疾。在圣像旁边宴饮，魂魄会不安稳。喝水不要急着咽下，久了会形成气病。形体受寒、饮用冷饮则会伤肺，导致上气咳嗽、鼻鸣。粥后喝白开水，会导致淋证和停湿。
陶隐居说：“饮食忌讳粗糙并且忌讳过快，宁可少吃几餐接连着吃；不要让一顿吃得太饱频繁地充塞肠道，损伤气机和心神并不是你的福气。”又说：“食用烤炸食物，应该等凉了再吃。不然会损伤血脉，损害牙齿。”又说：“吃完饭后漱口几次，牙齿不会龋坏，口不会臭。漱口忌讳用热汤，会损伤牙齿。”茅屋漏下的水滴落在干肉上，食用后会形成瘕块，生恶疮。
人汗混入肉中，食用后会生疔疮。食用各种野兽自死的肉，会生疔疮。六甲日（道教认为的凶日），不要吃鳞甲类的肉。
隐居说：“生冷、粘腻、筋韧之物，自死或刚宰杀的生牢肉都不要吃。馒头闭气，不要多吃，生脍（生鱼片）特别容易招致脾胃疾病。鲜酱、胎卵没有油腻，陈旧发臭的腌藏物都是阴类。老人早晚更替食用这些，无异于借给寇兵武器。（《琐碎录》说：馒头闭气，可以用羊血汤来化解；包子闭气，用好醋来破除。）”
食物用象牙或金银做的匙箸，可以试毒。
《周礼》说：音乐可以消食。因为脾喜欢声音，晚上吃东西则脾不磨化，需要音响来绝断这种状态（注：此处原文逻辑较晦涩，通常解释为夜间安静不利于脾运，或反之，依原文直译）。夏天夜晚短，尤其应该忌讳夜间进食。
事物中无益而有损害的，普通人尚且不可以多吃，何况是病患应当避忌的呢？这本书所载的内容，凡是有益而无损害的事物不记录，或者损益各半的，则只记录其损害而不记录其益处。
According to ancient texts: Those who are good at preserving health should drink before feeling thirsty, but the amount should not be excessive. Drinking too much in winter damages Qi (vital energy), and drinking excessively when thirsty injures Blood. One should eat before feeling hungry, but not to the point of fullness. Overeating injures the Shen (Spirit/Mind), while hunger (specifically prolonged fasting or irregular eating damaging stomach Qi) injures the Stomach. Diet should aim to benefit the body, with moderation being the best approach. If one eats too much, one will feel bloated and short of breath, leading to illness. If flying debris falls into food eaten outdoors, consuming it can cause blisters in the throat. Food stored in containers should be in vessels that are smaller at the bottom and larger at the top. If not covered tightly, insects and rodents may try to steal food and leave saliva around the vessel, contaminating the food. Accidental consumption of such contaminated food can cause symptoms resembling scorpion stings all over the body, which cannot be treated with acupuncture or herbs. If food is covered with copper vessels, sweat entering the food can cause malignant sores and flesh abscesses in the consumer. Eating raw and cold foods: Northerners have thick soil and rich water sources, and their constitutions are solid, so they do not damage the Spleen and Stomach; however, those living long-term in the South should avoid this. Southerners have thin soil and shallow water, and their constitutions are often deficient, making them unsuitable for raw/cold foods to protect the Spleen and Stomach; those living long-term in the North should also especially avoid this. One must avoid drinking tea on an empty stomach, abstain from drinking alcohol during the Mao hour (5-7 AM), and reduce food intake after the Shen hour (3-5 PM). Eating excessively when extremely hungry leads to accumulation disorders; drinking excessively when extremely thirsty leads to phlegm-pi disorders. Do not drink alcohol after sunset, as it causes dry retching.
Emperor Taizong said to his chancellors: "My daily activities follow a regular rhythm, and my diet is moderate. Having practiced this for a long time, I feel very energetic." Laozi said: "My fate is in my own hands, not in Heaven's; it depends entirely on human regulation." You should also pay attention and not neglect self-care.
Tao Hongjing said: "Why consume clouds and take great medicines, vainly hoping to extend life like turtles and cranes? As long as you remove excesses in diet and desires, you can live in peace and longevity. Those indulging in wine and sex often die young; those indulging in rich flavors develop strange diseases." Jiangshui (fermented grain water), according to *Bencao* (Materia Medica), has a sweet, sour, and slightly warm taste, is non-toxic, harmonizes the Middle Jiao, guides Qi movement, opens the appetite, quenches thirst, strengthens the body, unblocks collaterals, treats cholera and diarrhea, eliminates retained food, relieves vexation and drowsiness, regulates Zang-Fu organs, treats vomiting and hiccups, and makes the skin white like silk. Because it is commonly used, its merits are often overlooked. There are many types of "cooked water" (herbal teas/decoctions) used in the world. Expensive ones like Agarwood dry the Spleen, Osmanthus consumes Qi, Honey stagnates the Stomach, and Ophiopogon is cold in nature. Such substances all have detrimental effects. Drinking Perilla soup morning and night is of no benefit. Aromatic herbs can cause diseases in the wealthy; here is one example.
Emperor Renzong of Song ordered the Hanlin Academy to rank these herbal waters. They reported: Perilla is first, Agarwood second, Ophiopogon third, because Perilla can descend floating Qi in the chest and diaphragm. However, they did not realize that long-term use leaks Qi, causing unnoticed damage.
*Bencao* states: Wine makes the body soft and the spirit confused, indicating it has toxicity, offering both benefits and harms. Bian Que said: Long-term excessive drinking rots the intestines and stomach, ulcerates marrow, steams the sinews, injures the Spirit, and shortens lifespan. A guest visited Zhou, bringing two shi of fine wine. He drank eight dou, felt fine the next morning due to his tolerance, but the guest had already died. Upon examination, his intestines had prolapsed. Was this not due to exceeding capacity and violating Bian Que's warning?
Drinking white wine and eating beef generates parasites. Wine that does not reflect a person's shadow should not be drunk, nor mixed with milk, as it causes Qi stagnation. White turbid sacrificial wine is lethal. Eating spicy foods after drinking warms the sinews and bones. Sleeping on millet stalks and eating pork can lead to Feng disease (leprosy).
Poison from Chinese herbs, and toxins absorbed via wine from highly toxic substances, are difficult to treat. Wine circulates through the blood vessels throughout the body. Drinking cold water when extremely thirsty while still drunk from wine, combined with tea being drawn by the wine into the Kidneys, creates stagnant toxic water, causing heaviness in the waist, legs, and feet, cold pain in the bladder, edema, Xiao Ke (wasting-thirst syndrome), spasms, and bi-syndrome. Getting wind while drunk and fanning oneself induces Wind pathogen. Vomiting after drunkenness followed immediately by drinking water causes Xiao Ke.
Immortals do not forbid wine because it moves Qi and strengthens the Spirit, but they do not exceed moderation.
*Bencao* advises that tea should be drunk hot and in small amounts; abstaining is even better. Excessive consumption wastes body fat, causes emaciation, and leads to lower Jiao deficiency-cold. It is only acceptable to drink one or two cups after a full meal. It is particularly unsuitable for those with Xiao Ke or when hungry, as it causes insomnia. Consuming it with leeks is harmful to pregnant women. Adding salt to tea is like inviting thieves home, potentially damaging the Kidneys.
Dongpo on Tea: "Tea removes vexation and grease; the world indeed cannot do without tea, but it harms people unknowingly. I have a method I practice regularly: rinsing the mouth with strong tea after meals. This reduces vexation and grease, harmonizing the Spleen and Stomach naturally. Meat stuck in teeth is easily removed by tea rinsing, avoiding the need for toothpicks. Teeth become firmer due to this, and dental caries decrease daily. Drinking too much causes Lung Qi to disperse and rise reversely. Water from Yin pools and flowing springs should not be drunk in June while traveling, as it triggers Malaria. Dining near sacred statues unsettles the Hun and Po spirits. Drinking water should not be swallowed hastily; doing so long-term leads to Qi disorders. Cold exposure and cold drinks injure the Lungs, causing upper Qi rebellion, coughing, and nasal congestion. Drinking plain water after porridge leads to Lin syndrome and damp retention.
Tao Hongjing said: "Food should not be coarse or eaten quickly. Better to eat small meals frequently than to stuff oneself until full, which injures Qi and Heart Spirit and is not a blessing." He also said: "Wait for roasted and fried foods to cool down. Otherwise, they injure blood vessels and teeth." And: "Rinse your mouth several times after eating to prevent cavities and bad breath. Avoid rinsing with hot water, as it damages teeth." Moldy water dripping onto dried meat causes Jia masses (abdominal lumps) and malignant sores. Human sweat mixed into meat causes Ding sores (furuncles). Eating dead animals causes Ding sores. On Liu Jia days, avoid eating scaled or shelled meats.
Hongjing said: "Avoid raw, cold, sticky, tough foods, and meats from dead or freshly slaughtered animals. Mantou (steamed buns) obstruct Qi, so do not eat too many. Raw fish slices (Kuai) easily invite Spleen and Stomach diseases. Fresh sauces, embryos, and eggs are not greasy; old, smelly preserved items are Yin-type. For the elderly, alternating these is like lending weapons to bandits. (*Suosui Lu* says: Mantou obstructs Qi, resolved by sheep blood soup; Baozi obstructs Qi, resolved by good vinegar.)"
Ivory or silver spoons/chopsticks can test for poison in food.
*Rites of Zhou* states: Music aids digestion. The Spleen enjoys sound; if one eats at night, the Spleen fails to grind/transform food, requiring sound to counteract this state. Summer nights are short, so nighttime eating should be especially avoided.
Things that are harmful rather than beneficial should not be eaten in excess by ordinary people, let alone patients who must observe taboos. This book records only things with harm and no benefit, or those with equal pros and cons, recording only the harms and omitting the benefits.