病源夫卫气者，阳气也，一日一夜，大会于风府，则腠理开，腠理开则邪气入，邪气入
则病作，当其时阴阳相并，随其所胜，则生寒热，故动作皆有早晏，若腑脏受邪，内外失守，
邪
肘后疗疟发作无常，心下烦热者，常山汤方。
常山（二两） 甘草（一两半炙） 豉（五合绵裹）
上三味切，以水六升，煎去滓，取二升，再服当快吐，仍节饮食。忌海藻菘菜生葱生菜
。（文仲同）
又鸡子常山丸，疗诸疟，并经服诸药法术不断，发无复定时不可复断者，宜服此丸，忌
食物，勿劳力，即断方。
常山（三两）
上一味捣筛为散，以鸡子白和并手为丸，如梧桐子大，令圆调丸讫，分置铜 子中，以
汤煮铜 令热，杀得鸡子腥气即止，以竹叶清饮服三十丸，欲吐但吐，比至发时，令得三服，
时早可食者断，若晚不可断食者，当作竹叶汁糜食之。忌生葱生菜。（经心录同并出第一卷
中）
病源夫 疟者，夏伤于暑也，其病秋则寒甚，冬则寒轻，春则恶风，夏则多汗，然其畜
作有时，以疟之始发，先起于毫毛伸欠乃作，寒栗豉颔，腰脊俱痛，寒去则外内皆热，头痛
而渴唯欲冷冻饮料，何气使然，此阴阳上下交争虚实更作，阴阳相移也，阳并于阴，则阴实而阳
明虚，阳明虚则寒栗豉颔，太阳虚则腰背头项痛，三阳俱虚则阴气胜，阴气胜则骨寒而痛，
寒生于内，故中外皆寒，阳盛则外热，阴虚则内热，外内皆热，则喘而渴，故欲冷冻饮料也，此
皆得之夏伤于暑，热气盛藏于皮肤之内，肠胃之外，此营气之所舍也，此令人汗出空疏，腠
理开因得秋气，汗出遇风，乃得之，及得以浴水气，舍于皮肤之内，与卫气并居，卫气者，
昼日行阳，夜行于阴，此气得阳而外出，得阴而内搏，内外相搏，是以日作其间，日作者，
调其气之舍深，内搏于阴，阳气独发，阴邪内着，阴与阳争不得出。是以间日而作。（出第
十一卷中）
短剧常山汤，疗 疟先寒战动地，寒解壮热，日日发，及间日发，并断方。
鳖甲（一两炙） 淡竹叶（切三升洗） 常山（二两） 甘草（炙三两） 久酒（三升）
上五味切，以酒渍药，刀置上覆，头安露地，明旦以水七升，煮取三升，分五服，比未
发前令尽当吐，吐极伤多，不必尽剂，但断人禁饮食，得吐过时乃佳。忌人苋海藻菘菜生葱
生菜。（出第六卷中）
集验夫疟必从四肢始，疗方。
先其时一食顷，用细左索绳紧束其手足十指，过发时乃解之。（千金同）
又方
先作羊肉 饼饱食之，其进少酒随所能，令其欣欣有酒气，入一密室，里燃炭火，浓覆
取大汗则瘥，燕国公说，此方常见用有验。（并出第二卷中方土弱曰虚者得效实者弥甚）
又疗温疟劳疟，乌梅饮子方。
乌梅（七颗） 桃柳心（各七茎） 葱白（七茎） 豆豉（一合） 甘草（四分） 柴
胡（四分）
知母（四分） 大黄（三分）
上八味各细锉，以童子小便两茶碗宿浸，明旦早煎三两沸，去滓，顿服，瘥，未瘥更作
，服三服，未瘥。忌海藻菘菜。
又疗温疟痰疟久不瘥，黄连散方。
宣州黄连（二两）
上一味捣筛末，以浓酒一盏，调三钱，空心顿服，相次更服三钱，更饮三两盏酒，任意
醉，却睡候过时方得食，如渴枳实煎汤，并三日服瘥。忌猪肉冷水。
【病机分析】卫气，属于阳气，在一日一夜的循环中，会在风府穴处会合。此时腠理（皮肤纹理及汗孔）张开，腠理张开则邪气得以侵入，邪气侵入则疾病发作。在发病之时，阴阳二气相互搏结，随着各自偏胜的一方，从而产生寒热症状，因此发作时间有早有晚。如果脏腑受到邪气侵袭，导致内外失守，邪气……
《肘后备急方》治疗疟疾发作时间不固定的方剂：心下烦热的疟疾，用常山汤方。
常山（二两） 甘草（一两半，炙） 豆豉（五合，用绵布包裹）
以上三味药切碎，用水六升，煎煮后去渣，取药液二升，分两次服用。服药后应当引起剧烈呕吐，同时需节制饮食。禁忌食用海藻、菘菜（白菜）、生葱、生菜。（文仲方与此相同）
又方：鸡子常山丸，治疗各种疟疾，以及经过服用其他药物和方法仍不能断根，发作没有固定时间且无法再切断者，适宜服用此丸。需忌口食物，避免劳累，即可断根。
常山（三两）
将以上一味药捣碎过筛成散剂，用鸡蛋清调和并用手搓成丸子，大小如梧桐子，要求圆整。制丸完成后，将其分别放入铜器中，用热水煮铜器使其变热，直到杀除鸡蛋的腥气为止。用竹叶煎成的清汁送服三十丸。想吐就让它吐出来，在疟疾发作前，令其服完三次。如果发作时间较早，可以进食以断根；如果发作时间较晚，不可进食，应喝竹叶汁粥。禁忌生葱、生菜。（《经心录》相同，均出自第一卷）
【病机分析】疟疾，是因为夏季感受暑邪所致。其病症表现为：秋季寒冷严重，冬季寒冷轻微，春季怕风，夏季多汗。然而其发作有一定的规律。疟疾刚开始发作时，先出现毫毛竖立、伸欠（打哈欠），然后开始发作，出现寒战、鼓颔（下巴发抖），腰脊俱痛。寒气退去后，内外都发热，头痛且口渴，只想喝冷冻饮料。这是什么原因造成的呢？这是阴阳上下交争，虚实交替变化，阴阳之气相互移易的结果。阳并入阴，则阴实而阳明虚，阳明虚则出现寒战、鼓颔；太阳虚则腰背头项痛；三阳经俱虚则阴气胜，阴气胜则骨寒而痛，寒从内生，所以内外皆寒。阳盛则外热，阴虚则内热，内外皆热，则气喘且口渴，所以想喝冷冻饮料。这些都是因为夏季感受暑邪，热气旺盛，藏于皮肤之内、肠胃之外，这是营气所居之处。这使人汗出毛孔疏松，腠理开张，因而遇到秋气，汗出遇风，于是致病，以及洗澡时水气侵入，停留在皮肤之内，与卫气同居。卫气，白天行于阳分，夜晚行于阴分。此邪气得阳分之气则外出，得阴分之气则内搏，内外相搏，所以每日发作。间日发作的，是因为邪气之舍位较深，内搏于阴，阳气独发，阴邪内着，阴与阳争不得出，所以间日而作。（出自第十一卷）
《短剧方》常山汤，治疗疟疾先寒战动地，寒解后壮热，每日发作，以及间日发作，均为断根方。
鳖甲（一两，炙） 淡竹叶（切，三升，洗） 常山（二两） 甘草（炙，三两） 久酒（三升）
以上五味药切碎，用酒浸泡药物，刀置于其上覆盖，头部安放在露天地面上，次日清晨用水七升，煮取三升，分五次服用。在疟疾未发作前令其服完，应当引起呕吐。如果呕吐过度伤身，不必服完全部药剂，只要能使疟疾断根即可。禁食饮食，等到呕吐过后情况才好。禁忌人苋、海藻、菘菜、生葱、生菜。（出自第六卷）
《集验方》疟疾必定从四肢开始，治疗方剂。
在发作前一顿饭的时间，用细左索绳紧紧束缚手足十指，过了发作时间再解开。（《千金方》相同）
又方：
事先做好羊肉饼吃饱它，少量饮酒，随其所能，使其心情愉悦带有酒气，进入一间密室，室内点燃炭火，严密覆盖身体，取得大汗则痊愈。燕国公苏说，此方常见使用且有疗效。（均出自第二卷。方土弱曰：体质虚弱者得效，体质强壮者病情反而加重。）
又方治疗温疟、劳疟，乌梅饮子方。
乌梅（七颗） 桃柳心（各七茎） 葱白（七茎） 豆豉（一合） 甘草（四分） 柴胡（四分）
知母（四分） 大黄（三分）
以上八味药各自细细锉碎，用童子小便两茶碗隔夜浸泡，次日早晨煎煮三沸，去渣，一次性服用。痊愈，若未愈再做，服用三次，若仍未愈。禁忌海藻、菘菜。
又方治疗温疟、痰疟久不愈，黄连散方。
宣州黄连（二两）
将以上一味药捣碎过筛成末，用浓酒一盏，调服三钱，空腹一次性服用，随后再服三钱，再饮三两盏酒，任意喝醉，然后睡觉，等到发作过去后才能进食。如果口渴，用枳实煎汤，连续三日服用可愈。禁忌猪肉、冷水。
[Pathogenesis] Wei Qi (Defensive Qi), which belongs to Yang Qi, converges at the Fengfu point (GV16) during its daily cycle. At this time, the Cou Li (skin texture and pores) open; when the Cou Li open, pathogenic factors enter, and upon entry, the disease manifests. At the time of onset, Yin and Yang Qi contend with each other, and depending on which side prevails, cold and heat symptoms are generated; thus, the timing of attacks varies from early to late. If the Zang-Fu organs are invaded by pathogenic factors, leading to a loss of internal and external defense...
The *Zhou Hou Bei Ji Fang* (Emergency Prescriptions Kept Up My Sleeve) treats malaria with irregular attack times: For malaria accompanied by irritability and heat in the epigastrium, use the Changshan Tang formula.
Changshan (Dichroa Radix, 2 liang) Gancao (Licorice Root, 1.5 liang, honey-fried) Chishi (Fermented Soybean Paste, 5 he, wrapped in silk gauze)
Cut the above three herbs, decoct in 6 sheng of water, remove the dregs, and obtain 2 sheng of liquid. Take in two doses. The administration should induce severe vomiting. Regulate diet accordingly. Avoid consuming Haizao (Sargassum Herb), Songcai (Chinese Cabbage), raw Cong (Scallion), and raw vegetables. (Wen Zhong's formula is identical.)
Another prescription: Jizi Changshan Wan (Chicken Egg Changshan Pill), treating various types of malaria, especially those cases where previous medications and methods have failed to cure, and attacks occur at unpredictable intervals that cannot be stopped. It is suitable to take this pill. Observe dietary restrictions and avoid physical exertion to achieve a cure.
Changshan (Dichroa Radix, 3 liang)
Pulverize the above single herb into powder. Mix with egg white and roll into pills the size of Sophora seeds (Wutongzi), ensuring they are round. After preparation, place them individually in copper vessels. Heat the copper vessels using hot water until the fishy odor of the egg is eliminated. Administer thirty pills with a clear infusion made from Zhu Ye (Bamboo Leaf). Allow vomiting if it occurs. Before the anticipated time of the malaria attack, ensure three doses are taken. If the attack is expected early, one may eat to help stop the episode; if the attack is expected late, do not eat, but consume an infusion of Zhu Ye and millet porridge instead. Avoid raw Cong (Scallion) and raw vegetables. (Jing Xin Lu agrees; both cited from Volume I.)
[Pathogenesis] Malaria arises from summer-heat injury in summer. Its manifestations include severe chills in autumn, mild chills in winter, aversion to wind in spring, and profuse sweating in summer. However, its attacks follow a specific pattern. When malaria first begins, it starts with piloerection and yawning, followed by rigors, trembling of the jaw, and pain in the lower back and spine. Once the cold subsides, both interior and exterior become hot, accompanied by headache, thirst, and a desire for cold drinks. What causes this? This results from the contention between Yin and Yang above and below, alternating deficiency and excess, and the shifting of Yin and Yang Qi. When Yang merges into Yin, Yin becomes full while Yang Ming becomes deficient; Yang Ming deficiency leads to rigors and jaw trembling; Tai Yang deficiency leads to pain in the waist, back, head, and neck; when all three Yang meridians are deficient, Yin Qi prevails; Yin Qi prevailing leads to cold bones and pain, with cold generating from within, causing coldness throughout the body. Excess Yang causes exterior heat, while Yin deficiency causes interior heat; when both interior and exterior are hot, there is panting and thirst, hence the desire for cold drinks. All these result from summer-heat injury in summer, where excessive heat qi resides inside the skin and outside the stomach and intestines, which is the abode of Ying Qi (Nutritive Qi). This causes sweating with open pores and open Cou Li. Consequently, encountering autumn air, sweat exposure to wind, or water vapor from bathing allows pathogens to settle inside the skin, residing together with Wei Qi. Wei Qi travels through the Yang aspects during the day and the Yin aspects at night. This pathogen, meeting Yang Qi, moves outward; meeting Yin Qi, it contends inward. The contention between interior and exterior causes daily attacks. For every-other-day attacks, it is because the pathogen's abode is deep, contending internally with Yin. Yang Qi alone flares up, while Yin pathogen remains fixed internally. The contention between Yin and Yang prevents exit, resulting in every-other-day attacks. (Cited from Volume XI.)
*Duǎn Jù Fāng* (Short Treatise Formulas) Changshan Tang treats malaria starting with severe rigors, followed by high fever after the chill breaks, occurring daily or every other day, serving as a curative formula.
Biejia (Tartaric Turtle Shell, 1 liang, fried) Dan Zhuye (Light Bamboo Leaf, cut, 3 sheng, washed) Changshan (Dichroa Radix, 2 liang) Gancao (Licorice Root, 3 liang, fried) Jiujiu (Aged Wine, 3 sheng)
Cut the above five herbs. Soak them in wine. Place a knife on top and cover. Leave the head end exposed outdoors overnight. On the next morning, add 7 sheng of water, decoct to obtain 3 sheng. Divide into five doses. Complete all doses before the anticipated attack time. Vomiting should occur. If vomiting is too severe and damaging, it is not necessary to finish the entire dose; simply aim to stop the malaria. Restrict food and drink until after the vomiting has passed, which is favorable. Avoid Renxian (Amaranthus Herb), Haizao (Sargassum Herb), Songcai (Chinese Cabbage), raw Cong (Scallion), and raw vegetables. (Cited from Volume VI.)
*Ji Yan Fang* (Collected Proven Prescriptions) Malaria necessarily begins in the four limbs. Treatment method.
Approximately one meal's duration before the attack, tightly bind the ten fingers of the hands and feet with a thin left-twisted rope. Release only after the attack time has passed. (*Qian Jin Fang* agrees.)
Another method:
Prepare mutton pancakes and eat until full. Drink a small amount of wine according to tolerance, aiming for a pleasant feeling of warmth. Enter a sealed room, light charcoal fires inside, and cover oneself densely to induce profuse sweating, which leads to recovery. Duke of Yan (Su Wei) stated that this prescription is commonly used and effective. (Both cited from Volume II. Fang Tuweak noted: Effective for those with weak constitution; may exacerbate conditions in those with strong constitution.)
Another method for treating Warm Malaria and Labor Malaria: Wumei Yinzi Formula.
Wumei (Dark Plum Fruit, 7 pieces) Taoliuxin (Heart of Peach and Willow branches, 7 stems each) Congbai (White Part of Scallion, 7 stems) Chishi (Fermented Soybean Paste, 1 he) Gancao (Licorice Root, 4 fen) Chaihu (Bupleurum Root, 4 fen)
Zhimu (Anemarrhena Rhizome, 4 fen) Dahuang (Rhubarb Root, 3 fen)
Finely chop the above eight herbs separately. Soak overnight in two tea bowls of urine from a young boy. On the next morning, boil for three boils, remove dregs, and take in one dose. If cured, fine; if not, prepare again. Take three doses. If still not cured... Avoid Haizao (Sargassum Herb) and Songcai (Chinese Cabbage).
Another method for treating persistent Warm Malaria and Phlegm Malaria: Huanglian San Formula.
Xuanzhou Huanglian (Coptis Rhizome from Xuanzhou, 2 liang)
Pulverize the above single herb into powder. Mix with one cup of strong wine and administer 3 qian orally in one dose on an empty stomach. Subsequently, take another 3 qian. Then drink three cups of wine until intoxicated as desired. Lie down to sleep. Only eat after the attack period has passed. If thirsty, drink decoction of Zhishi (Immature Bitter Orange). Cure within three days of treatment. Avoid pork and cold water.