夫疮疽疖肿，其名甚多，载之纷纭，方书百绪，及之临疾，治之无据，不知所以。《内
曰∶知其要者，一言而终；不知其要者，流散无穷。愚虽不才，姑揣其要而言之。热发于皮
肤之间，是以浮肿根小，至大不过二三寸者疖也；六腑积热，腾出于外，肌肉之间，其发
甚，肿反光软，侵展广大者痈也；五脏风积热攻， 于肌骨，风毒猛暴，初生一头如 白
焦枯，触之应心者疽也。夫痈疽发于六腑，若燎原之火，外溃肤肉。疽生五脏，沉涩难疗，
若陶室之燧，内消骨髓。痈则易疗，惟难将息而迟瘥；疽则难疗，易得痊复。夫疖与疮，初
生并宜灸之，谓其气本浮达，以导其热，令速畅也；疽则烙不宜灸，谓其气本深沉，须达其
原也。凡疮疽生于外，皆由热毒蕴于内。明乎三者，肿毒丹疹，可以类推矣。盖皮肤微高起
而肌浓，或痛或痒，移走无常者，谓之肿。有因风而得之者，有因风热相搏而得之者。肿硬
色白，因热而得之者，肿 色赤；因风热相搏而得之者，久久而不消。热胜于风，若不即治
，血不流通，与气乘之以成脓也。又曰∶风多则痒，热多则痛，此为验也。又有丹毒者，谓
人身忽然变赤，如涂丹之状，故谓之丹毒，世俗有云赤瘤；或因有疮，误而相触，四畔 赤
，谓之疮瘤。凡丹毒之疾，皆游走不定，状如云气者是也，小儿得之，最忌百日之内，谓之
胎瘤，以其气血嫩弱，脏腑柔脆，难任镰针，所以忌也。又颈腋之间而生结核，初如豆粒，
或如梅李核，累累相连，历历三五枚，久久不消，以渐长大，或发寒热者，谓之瘰 。有风
毒者得之于风，热毒者得之于热，气毒者得之于气，悉由风热邪气蕴经所成，证候不同，治
之者亦各异矣。
疮、疽、疖、肿，名称繁多，记载杂乱，医书方剂众多，但等到面对疾病时，治疗却缺乏依据，让人不知如何是好。《内经》说：懂得关键要点的人，一句话就能概括；不懂关键要点的人，知识就会散乱无穷。我虽然不才，姑且揣测其关键要点来阐述。热邪发于皮肤之间，因此浮肿而根部小，最大不过二三寸的，称为疖；六腑积热，腾涌向外，在肌肉之间，发病急骤，肿胀光亮柔软，蔓延范围广大的，称为痈；五脏风热积毒攻冲，深入肌骨，风毒猛烈暴烈，初生时顶端如白点焦枯，触碰时痛彻心骨的，称为疽。痈生于六腑，像燎原大火，向外溃烂肌肤肌肉；疽生于五脏，深沉涩滞难以治疗，像陶窑中的火种，向内消蚀骨髓。痈容易治疗，只是调养不当则痊愈缓慢；疽难以治疗，却容易获得痊愈。疖与疮，初生时都适宜用灸法，因为它们的病气本来浮浅表达，通过灸法引导热邪，使其迅速通畅；疽则适宜烙法而不宜灸法，因为它的病气本来深沉，需要直达病所根源。凡是疮疽生于体表，都是由热毒蕴结于体内所致。明白这三者的区别，对于肿毒、丹疹等病症，就可以类推了。大概皮肤微微高起而肌肉厚实，或痛或痒，位置游走不定的，称为肿。有因风邪引起的，有因风热相搏引起的。肿硬色白，是因热邪引起的；肿色赤红，是因风热相搏引起的，久久不能消退。热邪胜过风邪，如果不立即治疗，血液不流通，与气邪结合而成脓。又说：风邪多则痒，热邪多则痛，这是验证的方法。又有丹毒这一病，指人身突然变红，像涂了朱砂的样子，所以叫丹毒，世俗称之为赤瘤；或者因为有疮，误触传染，四周发红，称为疮瘤。凡是丹毒这类疾病，都是游走不定，形状像云气一样的，小儿得了这种病，最忌讳在百日之内，称为胎瘤，因为小儿气血嫩弱，脏腑柔脆，难以承受镰针切割，所以忌讳使用。又在颈腋之间生出结核，初起像豆粒，或者像梅李核，累累相连，清晰可见三五枚，久久不消退，逐渐长大，有时伴有寒热的，称为瘰疬。有风毒的得之于风邪，有热毒的得之于热邪，有气毒的得之于气邪，全是由风热邪气蕴结经络所形成，证候不同，治疗方法也各异。
Carbuncles, ulcers, furuncles, and swellings have numerous names, recorded in a chaotic manner, with hundreds of threads in medical texts. When facing diseases clinically, treatment lacks basis, leaving one at a loss. The *Neijing* (Inner Canon) states: "He who knows the essentials can summarize it in one word; he who does not know the essentials will be scattered infinitely." Although I am untalented, I shall tentatively expound upon its essentials. Heat erupting between the skin and flesh causes swelling with a small root, not exceeding two or three cun in size, which is called a **furuncle** (Jie). Accumulated heat in the six fu organs surges outward into the muscle layer, appearing suddenly, with swelling that is bright, soft, and spreading widely, which is called an **abscess** (Yong). Wind-heat accumulation attacking the five zang organs penetrates to the muscles and bones; the wind-toxin is fierce and violent. Initially presenting as a single head like a white point, scorched and dry, causing heart-piercing pain upon touch, this is called a **deep ulcer** (Ju). Abscesses arise from the six fu organs, resembling a prairie fire, ulcerating the skin and muscles externally. Ulcers arise from the five zang organs, being deep, stagnant, and difficult to treat, resembling the fire in a pottery kiln, consuming the bone marrow internally. Abscesses are easy to treat but heal slowly if nursing is improper; ulcers are difficult to treat but tend to recover easily. For furuncles and sores, moxibustion is suitable at the onset because their pathogenic qi is superficial and ascending, guiding the heat to allow rapid unblocking. For ulcers, cauterization is suitable rather than moxibustion, because their pathogenic qi is deep-seated, requiring penetration to the root. All sores and ulcers occurring on the exterior are caused by heat-toxin accumulating internally. Understanding these three types allows for analogical reasoning regarding other swellings, toxins, and erysipelas. Generally, slight elevation of the skin with thickened muscle, accompanied by pain or itching, and moving unpredictably, is called a **swelling**. Some result from wind pathogens, others from the struggle between wind and heat. Swellings that are hard and white result from heat; those that are red result from the struggle between wind and heat, persisting without resolution. If heat exceeds wind and immediate treatment is not administered, blood circulation stagnates, combining with qi to form pus. It is also said: excessive wind causes itching, excessive heat causes pain, which serves as verification. There is also **erysipelas** (Dan Du), where the body suddenly turns red, resembling applied vermilion, hence the name. In common parlance, it is called a red tumor; or if caused by touching an existing sore, with redness around the edges, it is called a sore-tumor. All cases of erysipelas wander不定ly, resembling cloud formations. When infants contract this, it is strictly contraindicated within the first hundred days, termed a fetal tumor, because their qi and blood are tender and weak, and their zang-fu organs are fragile, making them unable to withstand lancet needling, hence the contraindication. Additionally, nodules arising between the neck and axilla, initially like bean grains or plum pits, linked together, clearly visible as three to five units, persisting without resolution and gradually enlarging, sometimes accompanied by chills and fever, are called **scrofula** (Luo Li). Those with wind-toxin arise from wind pathogens; those with heat-toxin arise from heat pathogens; those with qi-toxin arise from qi pathogens. All are formed by the accumulation of wind-heat evil qi in the meridians. The syndromes differ, and thus the treatments vary accordingly.