《巢氏病源》大人、小儿久疟候∶夫疟，皆由伤暑及伤风所为。热盛之时，发汗、吐下过度，腑脏空虚，荣
卫伤损，邪气伏藏，所以引日不瘥，乃休作也。夫疟岁岁发，至三岁发，连日发不解，胁下有痞。治之不得攻
其痞，但得虚其津液，先其时发其汗。服汤先小寒，寒者引衣自温，复汗出，小便自引利即愈也。
《仙人水鉴》∶小儿患疟经年不瘥者，宜服此方。
水蛭 狗虫（各一枚） 雄黄 阿魏（各少许）
上同研细末，以马汗为膏，涂于手中心，立瘥。（狗虫既与水蛭同用，恐是虻虫。）
《外台》∶《救急》疗疟连绵积日不瘥。常山散方
常山 羚羊角（炙令焦） 乌梅肉（炙令燥。各三两） 黄芩（二两） 甘草（一两半，炙）
上五味捣为散，以竹叶煮，欲取六、七合饮，及再用调常山散三方寸匕，未发前一服。若瘥，停。不瘥，
临欲发又进二方寸匕。老小以意量之。忌海藻、菘菜、生葱、生菜。
《圣惠》小儿疟，累发不定。砒霜丸方
砒霜（醋熬三遍，细研） 朱砂（细研。各一分） 相思子 巴豆（去皮、心，研，纸裹压去油。各
七枚） 母丁香（四枚） 阿魏（半钱，面裹煨，面熟为度） 常山（一钱）
上件药捣，罗为末，入研了药令匀，炼蜜和丸如黍米大。每于未发前以冷水下一丸。每一岁加一丸。
《圣惠》治小儿久疟不断，胸胁下痞坚。蜀漆丸方
蜀漆 杏仁（汤浸，去皮尖、双仁，麸炒微黄） 黄连（去须） 桂心 甜葶苈（隔纸炒
令紫色。各一分） 川芒硝 川大黄（锉碎微炒。各半两）
上件药捣，罗为末，炼蜜和丸如麻子大。每服以粥饮下五丸，日三服。量儿大小以意加减。
《圣惠》治久疟不瘥。神效方
蜘蛛（五枚，大者去脚，研如膏） 蝙蝠（炙令微焦） 鳖甲（涂醋、炙令黄，取去裙 。各
一枚） 麝香（半两，细研） 蛇蜕皮（一条，全者烧灰）
上件药捣，罗为末，入研了药令匀，于五月五日午时以蜘蛛膏入，炼了蜜同和如麻子大。每服空心，以温
酒下五丸。小儿以茶下二丸。
《婴孺》治小儿结痰积寒，热久缠困。常山汤方
常山 甘草（炙） 前胡（各六分） 大黄（七分，蒸三升米下）
上以水七升，煮三升三合后令冷。八、九岁儿第一服六合；第二服七合；第三服八合。四岁初服三合；中
四合；后五合。危笃者，差增至发时三服毕。
《婴孺》治少小久疟不断，胸胁下有坚痞。蜀漆丸方
蜀漆（炒） 黄连 桂心（各三分） 杏仁 葶苈（炒。各六分）
上为末，蜜丸。六岁儿服小豆大四丸。十岁，梧桐子大三丸，日进三服。得快利为度，节饮食将息。
《婴孺》治小儿患癖、疟发无时。服三棱子饮后，宜服牡蛎散
牡蛎 知母 常山 乌梅肉（炒） 人参（各三两） 鳖甲（四分，炙） 升麻 甘
草（炙） 盐豉（各三分） 桃仁（二十一个，去皮尖，别研）
上为末，空心酒下一钱。日再服，不吐利。
《婴孺》又方三棱饮子
三棱根 鳖甲 大黄（各三分）
上以水八合，煮二合半，为三服。乳母忌苋菜、油腻。
张涣万金丹 治小儿痰盛挟积，寒热往来，疟疾久不瘥。
阿魏（面裹，慢火煨、面熟为度） 真砒霜（醋半盏，慢火熬醋尽为度。各一钱） 朱砂（一分） 巴
豆（去心膜，纸裹压出油七枚以上，并各细研） 丁香 木香（各半两） 相思子（二七个，各捣罗为细末）
上件都一处研细，炼蜜和丸如黍米大。每于未发前新水下一粒至二粒。每一岁加一粒，十岁至十四岁止十粒。
《活人书》治大人、小儿久疟不愈，结为 瘕，寒热。
蜣 （炙，六分） 乌扇（烧存性） 黄芩 鼠妇（炒） 干姜（炮） 大黄 肉桂（去皮） 浓
朴（炙） 紫葳（各三分） 芍药 牡丹皮 虫
（炒。各五分） 葶苈（炒） 石韦（去毛） 瞿麦 桃仁（去皮尖、双仁，炒。各二分） 人
参半夏（汤洗。各一分） 阿胶（炒） 蜂窠（各四分，炒）
鳖甲（炙） 赤硝（各二十分） 柴胡（六两，去苗）
上捣，罗为末，锻灶下灰一斗，清酒一斗五升浸灰，候酒尽一半，着鳖甲于中煮，令泛烂如胶漆，绞取汁，
纳诸药，煎成为丸如梧桐子大。空心服七丸，日三服。有一方无鼠妇、赤硝；加海藻三分、大戟一分。小儿
服粟米大一粒，日二。
《圣惠》灸法∶小儿疟久不愈者，灸足大指、次指外间陷者中各一壮，炷如小麦大。内庭穴也。
《巢氏病源》中关于成人和儿童久疟的论述：疟疾，都是由伤暑或伤风引起的。在热势旺盛的时候，如果发汗、催吐、泻下过度，导致腑脏空虚，营卫之气受损，邪气潜伏藏匿，所以病程迁延不愈，时好时坏。疟疾每年发作，甚至到第三年才发作，或者连续几天发作不停止，胁下有痞块。治疗时不能直接攻伐痞块，只能使津液虚耗（注：此处原文“虚其津液”结合上下文及中医理论，通常指通过发汗等方法使邪气随津液外泄，或指正气虚弱状态下的特定治法，但根据后文“先其时发其汗”，此处应理解为通过发汗祛邪，而非单纯耗伤津液，故译为“通过发汗使邪气随津液外泄”或保留原意“使津液流通以祛邪”，鉴于原文“但得虚其津液”较为晦涩且可能有传抄错误，结合“先其时发其汗”，此处意译为“应当在其发作前发汗”），应在发作前先进行发汗治疗。服药后先感到轻微寒冷，此时患者应裹衣保暖，随后再次出汗，小便自然通利，病即可痊愈。
《仙人水鉴》记载：小儿患疟疾一年不愈的，适宜服用此方。
水蛭、狗虫（各一枚）、雄黄、阿魏（各少许）。
以上药物共同研成细末，用马汗制成膏状，涂抹在手心中央，立刻痊愈。（注：狗虫既与水蛭同用，恐怕是虻虫之误。）
《外台秘要》引用《救急方》治疗疟疾连绵数日不愈。常山散方：
常山、羚羊角（炙至焦黑）、乌梅肉（炙至干燥，各三两）、黄芩（二两）、甘草（一两半，炙）。
以上五味药捣碎过筛成散剂，用竹叶煮汤，取六、七合饮用，并在发作前三次服用三方寸匕的常山散，在发作前一小时服用一次。如果痊愈，停药；如果未愈，临发作时再进服三方寸匕。老人和儿童酌情减量。忌食海藻、菘菜（白菜）、生葱、生菜。
《圣惠方》治疗小儿疟疾，反复发作不定。砒霜丸方：
砒霜（醋熬三遍，细研）、朱砂（细研，各一分）、相思子、巴豆（去皮、心，研，纸包裹压去油，各七枚）、母丁香（四枚）、阿魏（半钱，面粉包裹煨至面熟）、常山（一钱）。
以上药物捣碎，过筛成末，加入已研匀的药物混合均匀，用炼蜜调和做成如黍米大小的丸剂。每次在发作前用冷水送服一丸。每岁加一丸。
《圣惠方》治疗小儿久疟不断，胸胁下有坚硬痞块。蜀漆丸方：
蜀漆、杏仁（热水浸泡，去皮尖及双仁，麸炒微黄）、黄连（去须）、桂心、甜葶苈（隔纸炒至紫色，各一分）、川芒硝、川大黄（锉碎微炒，各半两）。
以上药物捣碎，过筛成末，用炼蜜调和做成如麻子大小的丸剂。每次用粥饮送服五丸，每日三次。根据患儿大小酌情加减。
《圣惠方》治疗久疟不愈。神效方：
蜘蛛（五枚，大的去掉脚，研如膏状）、蝙蝠（炙至微焦）、鳖甲（涂醋炙至黄色，去除裙边，各一枚）、麝香（半两，细研）、蛇蜕皮（一条，完整的烧成灰）。
以上药物捣碎，过筛成末，加入已研匀的药物混合均匀，在五月五日午时加入蜘蛛膏，与炼蜜混合做成如麻子大小的丸剂。每次空腹用温酒送服五丸。小儿用茶送服二丸。
《婴孺书》治疗小儿结痰积寒，热邪久缠困顿。常山汤方：
常山、甘草（炙）、前胡（各六分）、大黄（七分，在三升米下蒸制）。
以上用水七升，煮取三升三合，待冷却。八、九岁儿童第一次服六合；第二次服七合；第三次服八合。四岁儿童初次服三合；中间服四合；最后服五合。病情危重者，症状缓解后增至发作时服完三次。
《婴孺书》治疗少小久疟不断，胸胁下有坚硬痞块。蜀漆丸方：
蜀漆（炒）、黄连、桂心（各三分）、杏仁、葶苈（炒，各六分）。
以上制成末，蜜丸。六岁儿童服用如小豆大小的四丸。十岁儿童服用如梧桐子大小的三丸，每日三次。以大便通畅为度，注意饮食调养。
《婴孺书》治疗小儿患癖积、疟疾发作无定时。服用三棱子饮后，宜服用牡蛎散。
牡蛎、知母、常山、乌梅肉（炒）、人参（各三两）、鳖甲（四分，炙）、升麻、甘草（炙）、盐豉（各三分）、桃仁（二十一个，去皮尖，另研）。
以上制成末，空腹用酒送服一钱。每日两次，不引起呕吐腹泻。
《婴孺书》又方：三棱饮子
三棱根、鳖甲、大黄（各三分）。
以上用水八合，煮取二合半，分三次服用。乳母忌食苋菜、油腻食物。
张涣万金丹：治疗小儿痰盛挟积，寒热往来，疟疾久不愈。
阿魏（面粉包裹，慢火煨至面熟）、真砒霜（醋半盏，慢火熬至醋尽，各一钱）、朱砂（一分）、巴豆（去心膜，纸包裹压出油七枚以上，并各细研）、丁香、木香（各半两）、相思子（二十七个，各捣罗为细末）。
以上药物在一处研细，用炼蜜调和做成如黍米大小的丸剂。每次在发作前用新水送服一粒至二粒。每岁加一粒，十岁至十四岁止服十粒。
《活人书》治疗成人、小儿久疟不愈，结为瘕积，寒热往来。
蜣螂（炙，六分）、乌扇（烧存性）、黄芩、鼠妇（炒）、干姜（炮）、大黄、肉桂（去皮）、浓朴（炙）、紫葳（各三分）、芍药、牡丹皮、䗪虫（炒，各五分）、葶苈（炒）、石韦（去毛）、瞿麦、桃仁（去皮尖、双仁，炒，各二分）、人参、半夏（热水洗，各一分）、阿胶（炒）、蜂窠（各四分，炒）、鳖甲（炙）、赤硝（各二十分）、柴胡（六两，去苗）。
以上捣碎，过筛成末，取锻灶下的灰一斗，用清酒一斗五升浸泡灰，待酒剩一半时，放入鳖甲在其中煮，使其烂如胶漆，绞取汁液，纳入诸药，煎成为丸如梧桐子大小。空腹服七丸，每日三次。有一方无鼠妇、赤硝，加海藻三分、大戟一分。小儿服用如粟米大一粒，每日两次。
According to *Chao Shi Bing Yuan* (Source of Diseases by Master Chao) regarding the condition of chronic malaria in adults and children: Malaria is caused by injury from summer-heat or wind-cold. When the heat is severe, if sweating, vomiting, or purging are excessive, the fu-organs become empty, and Ying (Nutritive) and Wei (Defensive) Qi are damaged. Pathogenic factors lie dormant, causing the disease to linger without recovery, alternating between remission and exacerbation. If malaria recurs annually, even up to the third year, or continues daily without resolution, a mass may form under the hypochondrium. Treatment should not directly attack the mass; instead, one should induce sweating before the onset of the fever. After taking the decoction, the patient may initially feel slightly cold; they should wrap themselves to keep warm, then sweat again. Once urination becomes smooth and free, the disease will be cured.
*Xian Ren Shui Jian* (Water Mirror of the Immortal) states: For children suffering from malaria that has not resolved after a year, this formula is suitable.
Leech (Shuizhi), Dog-fly (Gouchong - likely Tabanus/Mangchong) (one each), Realgar (Xionghuang), Asafoetida (Awei) (a small amount).
Grind all ingredients into a fine powder. Mix with horse sweat to make a paste, apply to the center of the palm. The disease will be cured immediately. (Note: Since Gouchong is used with Leech, it is likely Mangchong/Tabanus).
*Waitai Miyao* (Essential Prescriptions Worth a Thousand Gold for Emergencies) cites *Jiuji Fang* (Emergency Rescue Formula) for treating continuous malaria lasting several days. Changshan San (Dichroa Powder):
Dichroa Root (Changshan), Antelope Horn (Lingyangjiao, roasted until charred), Dark Plum Flesh (Wumei Rou, roasted until dry) (3 liang each), Scutellaria Root (Huangqin) (2 liang), Licorice Root (Gancao, roasted) (1.5 liang).
Pulverize the five ingredients. Decoct with bamboo leaves, take 6-7 he (ancient unit) as a drink. Take 3 square-inch scoops (fangcunbi) of Dichroa Powder three times before the attack. Take one dose one hour before the fever starts. If cured, stop. If not cured, take another 3 square-inch scoops just before the next attack. Adjust dosage for elderly and children according to their condition. Avoid kelp, Chinese cabbage, raw green onions, and raw vegetables.
*Shenghui Fang* (Holy Healing Formulas) treats pediatric malaria with irregular recurrences. Pishuang Wan (Arsenic Pill):
Arsenic Trioxide (Pishuang, boiled in vinegar three times, finely ground), Cinnabar (Zhusha, finely ground) (1 fen each), Love-in-idleness Seed (Xiangsizi), Croton Seed (Badou, peeled, heart removed, ground, oil pressed out with paper) (7 seeds each), Mother Clove (Mudingxiang) (4 cloves), Asafoetida (Awei, half qian, wrapped in flour and roasted until flour is cooked), Dichroa Root (Changshan) (1 qian).
Pulverize the ingredients, sieve into powder, mix thoroughly with previously ground ingredients. Blend with refined honey to make pills the size of millet seeds. Take one pill with cold water before the fever starts. Add one pill per year of age.
*Shenghui Fang* treats persistent pediatric malaria with hard masses in the chest and hypochondrium. Shuqi Wan (Patrinia Pill):
Patrinia Rhizome (Shuqi), Apricot Kernel (Xingren, soaked in hot water, peeled, tips removed, double-kernels removed, bran-roasted until slightly yellow), Coptis Rhizome (Huanglian, remove roots), Cinnamon Bark (Guixin), Sweet Descurainia Seed (Tiantingli, stir-fried between papers until purple) (1 fen each), Sichuan Mirabilite (Chuan Mangxiao), Sichuan Rhubarb (Chuan Dahuang, sliced and lightly stir-fried) (0.5 liang each).
Pulverize, sieve, and blend with refined honey to make pills the size of sesame seeds. Take five pills with gruel broth, three times a day. Adjust dosage based on the child's size.
*Shenghui Fang* treats chronic malaria unresolving. Divine Efficacy Formula:
Spider (5 pieces, large ones de-legged and ground into paste), Bat (roasted until slightly charred), Softshell Turtle Shell (Biejia, coated with vinegar and roasted until yellow, skirt removed) (one each), Musk (Shexiang, half liang, finely ground), Snake Slough (Shetuipi, whole, burned to ash).
Pulverize, sieve, and mix thoroughly with previously ground ingredients. On the noon of the fifth day of the fifth lunar month, add spider paste and blend with refined honey to make pills the size of sesame seeds. Take five pills on an empty stomach with warm wine. Children take two pills with tea.
*Yingru Shu* (Book for Infants and Children) treats pediatric phlegm accumulation and cold, with lingering heat. Changshan Tang (Dichroa Decoction):
Dichroa Root (Changshan), Licorice Root (Gancao, roasted), Peucedanum Root (Qianhu) (6 fen each), Rhubarb (Dahuang, 7 fen, steamed under 3 sheng of rice).
Decoct in 7 sheng of water until 3.3 sheng remains. Let cool. For 8-9 year olds: first dose 6 he, second 7 he, third 8 he. For 4 year olds: first 3 he, middle 4 he, last 5 he. For critical cases, increase dosage so that three doses are completed by the time of the fever attack once symptoms improve.
*Yingru Shu* treats persistent pediatric malaria with hard masses in the chest and hypochondrium. Shuqi Wan (Patrinia Pill):
Patrinia Rhizome (Shuqi, stir-fried), Coptis Rhizome (Huanglian), Cinnamon Bark (Guixin) (3 fen each), Apricot Kernel (Xingren), Descurainia Seed (Tingli, stir-fried) (6 fen each).
Make into powder, blend with honey into pills. For 6-year-olds: four pills the size of mung beans. For 10-year-olds: three pills the size of lucerne seeds. Take three times a day. Stop when loose stools occur. Regulate diet and rest.
*Yingru Shu* treats pediatric masses and irregular malaria attacks. After taking Sanlengzi Yin (Sparganium Drink), take Muli San (Oyster Shell Powder).
Oyster Shell (Muli), Anemarrhena Rhizome (Zhimu), Dichroa Root (Changshan), Dark Plum Flesh (Wumei Rou, stir-fried), Ginseng Root (Renshen) (3 liang each), Softshell Turtle Shell (Biejia, roasted) (4 fen), Cimicifuga Rhizome (Shengma), Licorice Root (Gancao, roasted), Salted Fermented Soybeans (Yanchi) (3 fen each), Peach Kernel (Taoren, peeled, tips removed, separate grinding) (21 kernels).
Make into powder. Take one qian on an empty stomach with wine. Take twice a day. Do not cause vomiting or diarrhea.
*Yingru Shu* another formula: Sanleng Yinzi (Sparganium Drink)
Sparganium Rhizome (Sanlenggen), Softshell Turtle Shell (Biejia), Rhubarb (Dahuang) (3 fen each).
Decoct in 8 he of water until 2.5 he remains. Divide into three doses. Nursing mothers avoid amaranth and greasy foods.
Zhang Huan's Wanjindan (Ten Thousand Gold Pill): Treats pediatric phlegm excess with stagnation, alternating chills and fever, and chronic malaria.
Asafoetida (Awei, wrapped in flour, slow-roasted until flour is cooked), Real Arsenic Trioxide (Pishuang, boiled in half cup of vinegar until vinegar is gone) (1 qian each), Cinnabar (Zhusha) (1 fen), Croton Seed (Badou, heart and membrane removed, oil pressed out with paper, at least 7 seeds, finely ground), Clove (Dingxiang), Costus Root (Muxiang) (0.5 liang each), Love-in-idleness Seed (Xiangsizi, 27 seeds, pounded into fine powder).
Grind all ingredients together finely. Blend with refined honey to make pills the size of millet seeds. Take 1-2 pills with fresh water before the fever starts. Add one pill per year of age, up to 10 pills for ages 10-14.
*Li Ren Shu* (Book of Human Life) treats chronic malaria in adults and children that has not healed, forming masses (jia), with alternating chills and fever.
Dung Beetle (Qianglang, roasted) (6 fen), Iris Tuber (Wushan, burned to retain properties), Scutellaria Root (Huangqin), House Centipede (Shufu, stir-fried), Ginger Rhizome (Ganjiang, processed), Rhubarb (Dahuang), Cinnamon Bark (Rougui, peeled), Magnolia Bark (N Hou, roasted), Trumpet Vine Flower (Ziwei) (3 fen each), Peony Root (Shaoyao), Moutan Bark (Mudanpi), Ground Beetle (Diechong, stir-fried) (5 fen each), Descurainia Seed (Tingli, stir-fried), Pyrrosia Leaf (Shiwei, remove hairs), Dianthus Herb (Qumai), Peach Kernel (Taoren, peeled, tips removed, double-kernels removed, stir-fried) (2 fen each), Ginseng Root (Renshen), Pinellia Tuber (Banxia, washed in hot water) (1 fen each), Donkey-hide Gelatin (Ejiao, stir-fried), Beehive (Fengke) (4 fen each, stir-fried), Softshell Turtle Shell (Biejia, roasted), Red Mirabilite (Chixiao) (20 fen each), Bupleurum Root (Chaihu, 6 liang, remove sprouts).
Pulverize and sieve. Take one dou (ancient unit) of ash from the forge stove, soak in 1.5 dou of clear wine. When half the wine is absorbed, add softshell turtle shell and boil until it dissolves like glue. Strain the juice, add other medicines, and decoct into pills the size of lucerne seeds. Take seven pills on an empty stomach, three times a day. One variation excludes house centipede and red mirabilite, adding kelp (3 fen) and giant knotweed root (1 fen). Children take one pill the size of millet grain, twice a day.
*Shenghui Fang* Moxibustion Method: For pediatric malaria that does not heal, moxaibustion at the depression between the big toe and the second toe, one mound (zhuang) on each side, moxa cone size of wheat grain. This is the Neiting acupoint.