《巢氏病源》小儿瘿气候∶瘿气之状，颈下皮宽，内结突起 然亦渐长大，气结所成也。小儿啼未止，
因以乳饮之，令气息喘逆而不得消散，故结聚成瘿气也。
《圣惠》治小儿瘿气胸膈噎塞咽粗。商陆散方
商陆（微炙） 昆布（洗去咸味。各一两） 牛蒡子（三分） 射干 木通（锉） 海藻（洗去咸味） 羚羊角（屑）
杏仁（汤浸去皮尖、双仁，麸炒微黄。各半两）
上件药捣，粗罗为散。每服一钱，以水一小盏，入生姜少许，煎至五分去滓，不计时候。量儿大小分减温服。
《圣惠》治小儿瘿气，心胸壅闷，咽喉噎塞。木通散方
木通（锉） 海藻 昆布（二味洗去咸味） 松萝 桂心 白蔹（以上各半两） 蛤蚧（一两，炙微黄） 琥珀（三
分）
上件药捣，细罗为散。每服以牛蒡子煎汤调下半钱，不计时候。量儿大小，以意加减服之。
《圣惠》治小儿瘿气肿闷，宜服昆布散方。
昆布（洗去咸味） 黄 （锉） 麦门冬（去心焙） 川大黄（锉微炒） 陈橘皮（汤浸去白瓤焙。以上各半两）
甘草（炙微赤，锉） 杏仁（汤浸去皮尖、双仁，麸炒微黄。各一两）
上件药捣，粗罗为散。每服一钱，以水一小盏，煎至五分去滓。量儿大小，不计时候，加减温服。
《圣惠》治小儿瘿气肿结渐大。海藻散方
海藻 昆布（各洗去咸味） 海带 海蛤 木香（以上各半两） 金箔（三十斤） 猪羊靥（各三枚。微炙）
上件药捣，细罗为散。每服以温酒调下半钱。量儿大小以意加减，日三、四度。
《圣惠》治小儿瘿气，心胸烦闷。半夏散方
半夏（汤浸七遍，去滑） 土瓜根 龙胆（去芦头） 射干 昆布 海藻（二味洗去咸味） 小麦面（各一分）
上件药捣，细罗为散。每服以生姜酒调下半钱，日三四服。量儿大小以意加减。
《圣惠》治小儿瘿气，咽喉肿塞妨闷。木通丸方
木通（锉） 昆布（洗去咸味） 干姜（炮裂锉） 甜葶苈（隔纸炒紫色。各半两） 人参（去芦头） 羚羊角（屑）
射干 槟榔 海藻（洗去咸味。各一分）
上件药捣，罗为末，炼蜜和丸如麻子大。不计时候，以温酒下十丸。量儿大小以意加减。
《圣惠》治小儿瘿气，咽喉噎塞。陈橘皮丸方
陈橘皮（汤浸去白瓤焙） 麦门冬（去心焙） 赤茯苓 连翘 海藻（洗去咸味） 商陆（干者。各半两） 杏仁
（一分，汤浸去皮尖、双仁，麸炒微黄） 羊靥（三枚、炙黄） 槟榔（三分）
上件药捣，罗为末，炼蜜和丸如绿豆大。二、三岁以温水下七丸，儿大者绵裹一丸，如皂子大，不计时候，
含咽津。
《圣惠》又方
羚羊角（屑） 昆布（洗去咸味） 桂心 木通（锉，以上各半两） 川大黄（一两，锉，微炒）
上件药捣，罗为末，炼蜜和丸如麻子大。不计时候，以粥饮下七丸。量儿大小临时加减。
《圣惠》又方
昆布 海藻（各洗咸味） 诃梨勒皮 川大黄（锉微炒。以上各半两） 枳壳（麸炒微黄，去瓤） 木香（各一分）
上件药捣，罗为末，炼蜜和丸如麻子大。不计时候，以温酒下七丸，量儿大小加减。
《圣惠》又方
槟榔（一两） 海藻 昆布（各半两。洗去咸味）
上件药捣，罗为末，炼蜜和丸如麻子大。不计时候，以温酒下七丸。量儿大小加减服之。
《圣惠》又方
羊靥（炙令黄） 青橘皮（汤浸去白瓤焙） 烧银 砂锅（各半两）
上件药捣，罗为末，用糯米饭和丸如绿豆大。不计时候，以温酒下五丸。量儿大小加减服之。
张涣昆布丹方 治瘿气不散。
昆布 海藻（各洗去咸味） 草龙胆 甜葶苈（隔纸炒令紫色研。各一两） 牵牛子（炒） 槟榔（各半两）
上件药捣，罗为细末，白面糊和如黍米大。每服十粒，煎人参汤下。量儿大小加减。
《刘氏家传》治童男童女风土瘿气及因气结所成者。昆布散
昆布 蓬莪术 川芎 槟榔 茴香 海藻 荆三棱 甘草（炙。各半两） 木香 丁香 青橘皮（各一分）
上件药为细末。每服二钱，水一中盏，先用猪靥三枚灯焰上用针串在尖上燎熟，入药内同煎至六、七分，
和滓温服，临卧每夜止进一服，久服日渐消也。
夔州医者邓俊民治小儿瘿气方。
杏仁（汤浸去皮尖、双仁研） 丁香（用瘦小者为细末。各二十一粒） 荆三棱（三钱，湿纸裹炮，锉杵为细末）
上件三味药拌匀，用猪靥一枚，切作四花，入药末一钱匕在内，用麻线系定于针上穿，于麻油灯焰上烧令
香熟，去线细嚼咽下。去碗不得言语，睡及不得漱口。忌生冷鲜菜，咸醋等物一百日。
夔州医者邓俊民蓬莪术散 消小儿及丈夫、妇人项气磨宿滞积气方。
蓬莪术（四钱，生温水洗过用） 丁香（母丁香不用） 杏仁（汤洗去皮尖。各七粒）
上件捣，罗为细末，每用猪靥一枚，针穿去麻油灯焰上烧令香熟，破开入药末一字在内，含化咽津。忌油、
盐、鸡、鱼，日三服，稍退，可徐徐服半月除根。
《巢氏病源》关于小儿瘿气的论述：瘿气的症状表现为颈部下方皮肤松弛，内部结块突起，并且逐渐长大，这是由气机郁结所形成的。如果小儿啼哭不止时，立即用乳汁或饮料喂哺，导致气息喘逆而不能消散，因此结聚形成瘿气。
《太平圣惠方》治疗小儿瘿气、胸膈噎塞、咽喉粗大的商陆散方：
商陆（微炙） 昆布（洗去咸味，各一两） 牛蒡子（三分） 射干 木通（锉碎） 海藻（洗去咸味） 羚羊角（镑屑）
杏仁（汤浸去皮尖及双仁，麸炒至微黄，各半两）
以上药物捣碎，粗筛为散剂。每次服用一钱，用水一小盏，加入少许生姜，煎至五分，去药渣，不限时候。根据患儿年龄大小减量，温服。
《太平圣惠方》治疗小儿瘿气、心胸壅闷、咽喉噎塞的木通散方：
木通（锉碎） 海藻 昆布（这两味药洗去咸味） 松萝 桂心 白蔹（以上各半两） 蛤蚧（一两，炙至微黄） 琥珀（三分）
以上药物捣碎，细筛为散剂。每次用牛蒡子煎汤调服半钱，不限时候。根据患儿年龄大小，酌情加减服用。
《太平圣惠方》治疗小儿瘿气肿闷，宜服用的昆布散方：
昆布（洗去咸味） 黄芪（锉碎） 麦门冬（去心焙干） 川大黄（锉碎微炒） 陈橘皮（汤浸去白瓤焙干，以上各半两）
甘草（炙至微赤，锉碎） 杏仁（汤浸去皮尖及双仁，麸炒至微黄，各一两）
以上药物捣碎，粗筛为散剂。每次服用一钱，用水一小盏，煎至五分，去药渣。根据患儿年龄大小，不限时候，酌情加减温服。
《太平圣惠方》治疗小儿瘿气肿结逐渐增大的海藻散方：
海藻 昆布（各洗去咸味） 海带 海蛤 木香（以上各半两） 金箔（三十片） 猪靥和羊靥（各三枚，微炙）
以上药物捣碎，细筛为散剂。每次用温酒调服半钱。根据患儿年龄大小酌情加减，每日三至四次。
《太平圣惠方》治疗小儿瘿气、心胸烦闷的半夏散方：
半夏（汤浸七遍，去滑腻） 土瓜根 龙胆（去芦头） 射干 昆布 海藻（这两味药洗去咸味） 小麦面（各一分）
以上药物捣碎，细筛为散剂。每次用生姜酒调服半钱，每日三四次。根据患儿年龄大小酌情加减。
《太平圣惠方》治疗小儿瘿气、咽喉肿塞妨闷的木通丸方：
木通（锉碎） 昆布（洗去咸味） 干姜（炮裂锉碎） 甜葶苈（隔纸炒至紫色，各半两） 人参（去芦头） 羚羊角（镑屑）
射干 槟榔 海藻（洗去咸味，各一分）
以上药物捣碎，筛为末，炼蜜和丸如麻子大。不限时候，用温酒送服十丸。根据患儿年龄大小酌情加减。
《太平圣惠方》治疗小儿瘿气、咽喉噎塞的陈橘皮丸方：
陈橘皮（汤浸去白瓤焙干） 麦门冬（去心焙干） 赤茯苓 连翘 海藻（洗去咸味） 商陆（干者，各半两） 杏仁（一分，汤浸去皮尖及双仁，麸炒微黄）
羊靥（三枚，炙黄） 槟榔（三分）
以上药物捣碎，筛为末，炼蜜和丸如绿豆大。二、三岁幼儿用温水送服七丸，较大的儿童将一丸绵裹，如皂子大，不限时候，含化咽津。
《太平圣惠方》又一方：
羚羊角（镑屑） 昆布（洗去咸味） 桂心 木通（锉碎，以上各半两） 川大黄（一两，锉碎，微炒）
以上药物捣碎，筛为末，炼蜜和丸如麻子大。不限时候，用米粥饮送服七丸。根据患儿年龄大小临时加减。
《太平圣惠方》又一方：
昆布 海藻（各洗去咸味） 诃梨勒皮 川大黄（锉碎微炒，以上各半两） 枳壳（麸炒微黄，去瓤） 木香（各一分）
以上药物捣碎，筛为末，炼蜜和丸如麻子大。不限时候，用温酒送服七丸，根据患儿年龄大小加减。
《太平圣惠方》又一方：
槟榔（一两） 海藻 昆布（各半两，洗去咸味）
以上药物捣碎，筛为末，炼蜜和丸如麻子大。不限时候，用温酒送服七丸，根据患儿年龄大小加减服用。
《太平圣惠方》又一方：
羊靥（炙令黄） 青橘皮（汤浸去白瓤焙干） 烧银 砂锅（各半两）
以上药物捣碎，筛为末，用糯米饭和丸如绿豆大。不限时候，用温酒送服五丸，根据患儿年龄大小加减服用。
张涣昆布丹方：治疗瘿气不散。
昆布 海藻（各洗去咸味） 草龙胆 甜葶苈（隔纸炒令紫色研细，各一两） 牵牛子（炒） 槟榔（各半两）
以上药物捣碎，筛为细末，用白面糊和丸如黍米大。每次服用十粒，煎人参汤送下。根据患儿年龄大小加减。
《刘氏家传》治疗童男童女因风土引起的瘿气及因气结所成者。昆布散：
昆布 蓬莪术 川芎 槟榔 茴香 海藻 荆三棱 甘草（炙，各半两） 木香 丁香 青橘皮（各一分）
以上药物为细末。每次服用二钱，水一中盏，先用猪靥三枚，在灯焰上用针串起燎熟，放入药内同煎至六、七分，连渣温服，临睡前每晚仅服一次，久服日渐消退。
夔州医者邓俊民治疗小儿瘿气方：
杏仁（汤浸去皮尖及双仁研碎） 丁香（选用瘦小者为细末，各二十一粒） 荆三棱（三钱，湿纸包裹炮制，锉杵为细末）
以上三味药拌匀，用猪靥一枚，切作四花，放入药末一钱匕在内，用麻线系定在针上穿好，在麻油灯焰上烧令香熟，去掉线后细嚼咽下。服药后不得言语，睡觉时也不得漱口。忌食生冷鲜菜、咸醋等物一百日。
夔州医者邓俊民蓬莪术散：消除小儿及丈夫、妇人项气磨宿滞积气方：
蓬莪术（四钱，生温水洗过使用） 丁香（不用母丁香） 杏仁（汤洗去皮尖，各七粒）
以上药物捣碎，筛为细末，每次用猪靥一枚，针穿后在麻油灯焰上烧令香熟，破开放入药末一字在内，含化咽津。忌油、盐、鸡、鱼，每日三次，稍退后，可徐徐服用半月以除根。
According to *Chao Shi Bing Yuan* (Source of Diseases by Master Chao) regarding pediatric goiter qi: The manifestation of goiter qi involves loose skin below the neck with internal nodules protruding, which gradually enlarge; this is formed by the stagnation of Qi. If a crying child is fed milk or drinks immediately without stopping the crying, it causes panting and reverse flow of Qi that cannot dissipate, thereby leading to the accumulation and formation of goiter qi.
*Tai Ping Sheng Hui Fang* (Imperial Grace Formulary of the Taiping Era) Shanglu San Formula for treating pediatric goiter qi with chest and diaphragm obstruction and coarse throat:
*Phytolaccae Radix* (Shanglu, slightly roasted), *Sargassum Herba* (Kunbu, washed to remove saltiness, each 1 liang), *Araliae Fructus* (Niubangzi, 3 fen), *Belamcandae Rhizoma* (Shegan), *Akebiae Caulis* (Mutong, sliced), *Hijikia Thallus* (Haizao, washed to remove saltiness), *Saigae Tataricae Cornu* (Lingyangjiao, shaved), *Pruni Semen* (Xingren, soaked in water, peeled, removed of tips and twin kernels, bran-fried until slightly yellow, each 0.5 liang).
Crush the above ingredients and sieve coarsely to make a powder. Take 1 qian per dose, add to one small cup of water with a little fresh ginger, decoct until reduced to half a cup, strain, and take at any time. Adjust the dose according to the child's age and size, and take warm.
*Tai Ping Sheng Hui Fang* Mutong San Formula for treating pediatric goiter qi with chest oppression and throat obstruction:
*Akebiae Caulis* (Mutong, sliced), *Hijikia Thallus* (Haizao), *Sargassum Herba* (Kunbu, these two washed to remove saltiness), *Dendrobium Ramulum* (Songluo), *Cinnamomi Cortex* (Guixin), *Ampelopsis Radix* (Bailian) (each 0.5 liang), *Gekko Gecko* (Gejie, 1 liang, roasted until slightly yellow), *Electrum* (Hupo, 3 fen).
Crush the above ingredients and sieve finely to make a powder. Take half a qian per dose mixed with decoction of *Araliae Fructus* (Niubangzi), at any time. Adjust the dose according to the child's age and size as appropriate.
*Tai Ping Sheng Hui Fang* Kunbu San Formula suitable for pediatric goiter qi with swelling and oppression:
*Sargassum Herba* (Kunbu, washed to remove saltiness), *Astragali Radix* (Huangqi, sliced), *Ophiopogonis Radix* (Maidong, dehearted and baked), *Rhei Radix et Rhizoma* (Dahuang, sliced and slightly fried), *Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium* (Chenpi, soaked in water, white pith removed, baked) (each 0.5 liang), *Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma* (Gancao, roasted until slightly red and sliced), *Pruni Semen* (Xingren, soaked in water, peeled, removed of tips and twin kernels, bran-fried until slightly yellow, each 1 liang).
Crush the above ingredients and sieve coarsely to make a powder. Take 1 qian per dose, add to one small cup of water, decoct until reduced to half a cup, strain, and take at any time. Adjust the dose according to the child's age and size, and take warm.
*Tai Ping Shui Fang* Haizao San Formula for treating pediatric goiter qi with swelling and nodules gradually enlarging:
*Hijikia Thallus* (Haizao), *Sargassum Herba* (Kunbu) (each washed to remove saltiness), *Ecklonia Stipes* (Haidai), *Concha Arcae* (Haige), *Aquilariae Lignum Resinatum* (Muxiang) (each 0.5 liang), *Folium Aurum* (Jinbo, 30 pieces), *Talia Porci* (Zhu ye) and *Talia Ovis* (Yang ye) (each 3 pieces, slightly roasted).
Crush the above ingredients and sieve finely to make a powder. Take half a qian per dose mixed with warm wine. Adjust the dose according to the child's age and size as appropriate, three to four times daily.
*Tai Ping Sheng Hui Fang* Banxia San Formula for treating pediatric goiter qi with mental restlessness:
*Pinelliae Rhizoma* (Banxia, soaked in water seven times to remove slipperiness), *Trichosanthis Radix* (Tugua gen), *Gentianae Radix* (Longdan, removed of rhizome), *Belamcandae Rhizoma* (Shegan), *Sargassum Herba* (Kunbu), *Hijikia Thallus* (Haizao) (these two washed to remove saltiness), *Tritici Fructus* (Xiaomai mian) (each 1 fen).
Crush the above ingredients and sieve finely to make a powder. Take half a qian per dose mixed with ginger-infused wine, three to four times daily. Adjust the dose according to the child's age and size as appropriate.
*Tai Ping Sheng Hui Fang* Mutong Wan Formula for treating pediatric goiter qi with swollen and obstructed throat causing discomfort:
*Akebiae Caulis* (Mutong, sliced), *Sargassum Herba* (Kunbu, washed to remove saltiness), *Zingiberis Rhizoma* (Ganjiang, roasted, cracked, and sliced), *Descurainiae Semen Lepidii et Lepidii Semen* (Tinglizi, stir-fried between papers until purple, each 0.5 liang), *Ginseng Radix* (Renshen, removed of rhizome), *Saigae Tataricae Cornu* (Lingyangjiao, shaved), *Belamcandae Rhizoma* (Shegan), *Arecae Semen* (Binglang), *Hijikia Thallus* (Haizao, washed to remove saltiness, each 1 fen).
Crush the above ingredients and sieve into powder, mix with refined honey to form pills the size of hemp seeds. Take ten pills at any time with warm wine. Adjust the dose according to the child's age and size as appropriate.
*Tai Ping Sheng Hui Fang* Chenpi Wan Formula for treating pediatric goiter qi with throat obstruction:
*Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium* (Chenpi, soaked in water, white pith removed, baked), *Ophiopogonis Radix* (Maidong, dehearted and baked), *Poria* (Fuling, red variety), *Forsythiae Fructus* (Lianqiao), *Hijikia Thallus* (Haizao, washed to remove saltiness), *Phytolaccae Radix* (Shanglu, dried, each 0.5 liang), *Pruni Semen* (Xingren, 1 fen, soaked in water, peeled, removed of tips and twin kernels, bran-fried until slightly yellow), *Talia Ovis* (Yang ye, 3 pieces, roasted yellow), *Arecae Semen* (Binglang, 3 fen).
Crush the above ingredients and sieve into powder, mix with refined honey to form pills the size of mung beans. For children aged two or three, take seven pills with warm water. For older children, wrap one pill in cotton like a soap bean, hold in mouth at any time to dissolve and swallow saliva.
*Tai Ping Sheng Hui Fang* Another Formula:
*Saigae Tataricae Cornu* (Lingyangjiao, shaved), *Sargassum Herba* (Kunbu, washed to remove saltiness), *Cinnamomi Cortex* (Guixin), *Akebiae Caulis* (Mutong, sliced, each 0.5 liang), *Rhei Radix et Rhizoma* (Dahuang, 1 liang, sliced and slightly fried).
Crush the above ingredients and sieve into powder, mix with refined honey to form pills the size of hemp seeds. Take seven pills at any time with rice gruel drink. Adjust the dose according to the child's age and size.
*Tai Ping Sheng Hui Fang* Another Formula:
*Sargassum Herba* (Kunbu), *Hijikia Thallus* (Haizao) (each washed to remove saltiness), *Terminalia Chebulae Pericarpium* (Helile pi), *Rhei Radix et Rhizoma* (Dahuang, sliced and slightly fried, each 0.5 liang), *Aurantii Fructus Immaturus* (Zhike, bran-fried until slightly yellow, pith removed), *Aquilariae Lignum Resinatum* (Muxiang) (each 1 fen).
Crush the above ingredients and sieve into powder, mix with refined honey to form pills the size of hemp seeds. Take seven pills at any time with warm wine. Adjust the dose according to the child's age and size.
*Tai Ping Sheng Hui Fang* Another Formula:
*Arecae Semen* (Binglang, 1 liang), *Hijikia Thallus* (Haizao), *Sargassum Herba* (Kunbu) (each 0.5 liang, washed to remove saltiness).
Crush the above ingredients and sieve into powder, mix with refined honey to form pills the size of hemp seeds. Take seven pills at any time with warm wine. Adjust the dose according to the child's age and size.
*Tai Ping Sheng Hui Fang* Another Formula:
*Talia Ovis* (Yang ye, roasted until yellow), *Aurantii Fructus* (Qingpi, soaked in water, white pith removed, baked), *Argentum Ustum* (Shao yin), *Pottery Vessel* (Shaguo) (each 0.5 liang).
Crush the above ingredients and sieve into powder, mix with glutinous rice paste to form pills the size of mung beans. Take five pills at any time with warm wine. Adjust the dose according to the child's age and size.
Zhang Huan's Kunbu Dan Formula for treating persistent goiter qi:
*Sargassum Herba* (Kunbu), *Hijikia Thallus* (Haizao) (each washed to remove saltiness), *Gentianae Radix* (Caolongdan), *Descurainiae Semen Lepidii et Lepidii Semen* (Tinglizi, stir-fried between papers until purple and ground, each 1 liang), *Pharbitidis Semen* (Qianniu zi, fried), *Arecae Semen* (Binglang) (each 0.5 liang).
Crush the above ingredients and sieve into fine powder, mix with wheat flour paste to form pills the size of millet grains. Take ten pills per dose with decoction of *Ginseng Radix* (Renshen). Adjust the dose according to the child's age and size.
*Liu Shi Jia Chuan* Kunbu San Formula for treating goiter qi caused by local climate in boys and girls, or formed by Qi stagnation:
*Sargassum Herba* (Kunbu), *Curcumae Rhizoma* (Ezhu), *Chuanxiong Rhizoma* (Chuanxiong), *Arecae Semen* (Binglang), *Foeniculi Fructus* (Huixiang), *Hijikia Thallus* (Haizao), *Sparganii Rhizoma* (Sanleng), *Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma* (Gancao, roasted, each 0.5 liang), *Aquilariae Lignum Resinatum* (Muxiang), *Syzygdii Fructus* (Dingxiang), *Aurantii Fructus* (Qingpi) (each 1 fen).
Grind the above ingredients into fine powder. Take 2 qian per dose with one medium cup of water. First, roast three pieces of *Talia Porci* (Zhu ye) on a lamp flame using a needle skewer until cooked, then add to the medicine and decoct until six or seven parts remain. Take the residue and liquid warm before sleep, only once nightly. Long-term use will gradually reduce the condition.
Physician Deng Junmin from Kuizhou's formula for pediatric goiter qi:
*Pruni Semen* (Xingren, soaked in water, peeled, removed of tips and twin kernels, ground), *Syzygdii Fructus* (Dingxiang, select small ones for fine powder, each 21 grains), *Sparganii Rhizoma* (Sanleng, 3 qian, wrapped in wet paper and roasted, sliced, pounded into fine powder).
Mix the above three ingredients evenly. Take one piece of *Talia Porci* (Zhu ye), cut into four flowers, place one qian-bi of the powder inside, secure with hemp thread on a needle, roast over a sesame oil lamp flame until fragrant and cooked. Remove the thread, chew thoroughly, and swallow. Do not speak after taking the medicine, do not rinse mouth during sleep. Avoid raw, cold, fresh vegetables, salty, and vinegar foods for 100 days.
Physician Deng Junmin from Kuizhou's Ezhu San Formula for eliminating neck qi, grinding old stagnation, and accumulating qi in children, men, and women:
*Curcumae Rhizoma* (Ezhu, 4 qian, wash with cool water raw), *Syzygdii Fructus* (Dingxiang, do not use mother cloves), *Pruni Semen* (Xingren, washed in water, peeled, removed of tips, each 7 grains).
Crush the above ingredients and sieve into fine powder. Each time, take one piece of *Talia Porci* (Zhu ye), skewer with a needle, roast over a sesame oil lamp flame until fragrant and cooked. Break open, insert a "yi" amount of powder inside, hold in mouth to dissolve and swallow saliva. Avoid oil, salt, chicken, and fish. Take three times daily. Once symptoms subside slightly, continue taking slowly for half a month to eradicate the root.