凡看伤寒必先察色，然后切脉问证，参合以决死生吉凶。夫色有青黄赤白黑，见于面部皮肤之上，其
气有如乱丝乱发之状隐于皮里也。盖五脏有五色，六经有六色，皆见于面，以应五行。相生者吉，相克者凶。
滋荣者生，枯夭者死。自准头、年寿、命宫、法令、人中皆有气色，其滋润而明亮者吉，暗而枯燥者凶也。又
当分四时生克之理而通察之。兹略具五色伤寒之要者，列于下以备览。（此《准绳》。陶节庵同。）
青色属木，主风，主寒，主痛，乃足厥阴肝经之色也。
凡面青唇青者，阴极也。若舌卷囊缩者，急宜温之。如夹阴
伤寒，小腹痛，则面青也。《内经》曰∶青如翠羽者生，青如
草滋者死。青而黑，青而红，相生者生；如青白而枯燥者，相克乃死也。脾病见青气，多难治。
赤色属火主热，乃手少阴心经之色，在伤寒见之，而有三阳一阴之分。如足太阳属水，寒则本黑，热
则红也。经曰∶面色缘缘正赤者，阳气拂郁在表，汗不彻故也，当发其汗。若脉浮数，表热汗不出者，面色
红赤而光彩也。经言阳明病，面合赤色者，不可攻之。合者通也，谓表邪未解，不可攻里也。若阳明内实，恶
热不恶寒，或蒸蒸发热，或日晡潮热，大便秘结，谵语面赤者，此实热在里，可攻之也。如表里俱
热，口燥舌干饮水，脉洪面赤，里未实者，且未可下，宜人参白虎汤和之。如少阳经热在半表半里，面红脉
弦者，宜小柴胡汤和之，不可下也。经言少阴病，下利清谷，里寒外热，面赤者，四逆汤加葱白主之。此阴
寒内极，逼其浮火上行于面，故发赤色，非热也。若不细察，误投凉剂即死矣。又夹阴伤寒，虚阳上泛，亦面
赤也，但足冷脉沉者是。又烦躁面赤，足冷脉沉，不能饮水者，此阴极也，宜温之。若久病虚人，午后面
两颊颧赤者，此阴火也，不可作伤寒治之。然三阳之气皆会于头额，其从额上至巅顶络脑后者，太阳也；从
额至鼻下于面者，阳明也；从头角下耳中耳之前后者，少阳也；但有红气或赤肿者，以此部分别之。盖大
头伤寒证，正要知此部分也。《内经》言∶心热颜先赤，脾热鼻先赤，肝热左颊先赤，肺热右颊先赤，肾
热颐先赤。若赤而青，赤而黄，为相生则吉；如赤而黑，为相克则凶。盖印堂准头有赤气，
枯夭者死，明润者生也。如肺病见赤气则难治。
黄色属土，主湿，乃足太阴脾经之色。黄如橘子明者
热也，黄如熏黄而暗者湿也。凡黄而白，黄而红，相生则吉；若黄而青，相克者凶也。若准头年寿印堂有黄气
明润者，病退而有喜兆也，若枯燥而夭者死。凡病欲愈，目 黄也。长夏见黄白则吉，若黄而青则凶也。
白色属肺金，主气血不足也，乃手太阴肺经之色，肝病见之，难治。凡年寿印堂白而枯夭者凶，白而
光润者吉，若白而黑，白而黄，相生皆吉；白而赤，相克即凶矣，凡伤寒面白无神者，发汗过多，或脱血所致也。
黑色属水，主寒，主痛，乃足少阴肾经之色。（血因寒而瘀败之色。）凡黑而白，黑而青，相生则吉；
黑而黄，相克则凶。若准头、年寿、印堂黑气枯夭者死，黑中明润者生也。黑气
自鱼尾相牵入太阴者死。黑气自法令、人中入口者死。耳目口鼻黑气枯夭者死。凡面、准头、命宫明润者生，
枯暗者死。若心病见黑气在额者死也。华佗曰∶凡病患面色相等者吉，不相等
凶。又曰∶声色心性但一改常即死矣，此其大略也。（上《准绳》。）
青而黑者多寒痛，青而白者主虚风也。厥阴热厥，（血热而壅滞，气迫塞而不得通。）亦有唇面爪甲青紫
而脉伏者，然细察之，其脉必附骨有力也。（以下五条出张石顽，凡已见《准绳》者删去，以免繁复。）
面赤多热，而有表里虚实之殊。太阳证头痛发热，喘而面赤者，为表证。阳明腑实，汗多而面赤者，为
里证。阴盛格阳，与夹阴伤寒，发热头病，面赤足冷，脉沉细，或浮数无力，按之欲散，（亦有浮盛有力，按
之弦细，或数道不聚，起伏甚小，治宜以辛温重药，加沉坠之品，大剂急服，使药力直趋下焦，略佐以清肃
上焦，使浮阳内合也。）为虚阳上泛。伤寒坏病，汗下过多，元气耗散，
微阳失守，皆面赤戴阳，（此宜温固收摄，并宜滋润，不可辛烈。）并宜温补下元。
按∶阴盛格阳与阴虚阳越判然两途，前人每统以阴病立
论，混施温补，误人不少。
面黄主湿，黄而明者兼热，黄而暗者兼寒，黄而带赤者为病欲愈，黄白不荣而多蟹爪纹者，为虫积。
黄而浮泽者为内伤蓄血；黄黑而粗槁者为食积。黄而青黑者，脾胃衰极，为木胜土而木无制也。（是久病血败
也。黄乃血水相合之色。以黄之深浅，辨血之浓薄；以黄之明暗，定血之死活。）
白主气虚。（语与《准绳》同，不俱录。）
黑主肾衰。伤寒颜带青黑，为阴寒之色。若久病焦黑者，又为肾热也。神庭黑色如指者，阴晦之色见于
正阳之位，卒死之兆。面惨不光，伤寒也。面光不惨，伤风也。面如锦纹，阳毒也。面垢如油，喘促多汗，
足阳明中 也。面垢生尘，洒然毛耸，手少阴中暑也。（上张石顽。）
青主惊，青而脱色，惊恐也。青而赤者为肝火，青赤而晦滞者为郁火。（以下五条出《脉如》。凡已见上
两篇者，删节免复。）
赤色主热。面赤如微酣，或两颧浅红，游移不定，此阴证戴阳，必下利清谷，必小便清白或淡黄，脉沉
细，或浮数无力，按之欲散。虽烦躁发热而渴欲饮水，却不欲咽。肌虽大热而按之不热，且两足必冷。又有面
赤烦躁，遍舌生疮生刺，敛缩如荔枝状，或痰涎涌盛，喘急，小便频数，口干引饮，两唇焦裂，喉间如烟火上
冲，两足心如烙，脉洪数无伦，按之有力，扪其身烙手，此肾虚火不归原所致，证最难辨；
但病由内伤，其来以渐，是乃干柴烈火，不戢自焚者也。若面赤，目脉赤，身热足寒，头热而动摇，卒口噤，
背反张者，痉也，寒湿风邪，内伤于筋，亦有热病筋燥而急者。
黄色属脾，主湿热食积。黄而枯 者，胃中有火；黄而
色淡，胃气虚也。（面目黄而小便短涩者为疸，小便自利，少腹硬痛，为蓄
血发黄，宜下其瘀。）
白色属肺，主气血虚寒，纵有虚火，断无实热。白而
青，气血寒凝；白而肥，有痰，白而瘦，爪甲鲜赤，气虚有火也。
黑色属肾，主寒痛，青黑为阴寒；焦黑齿槁，为肾热。凡青黑黯惨，无论病之新久，总属阳气不振。
凡诊治伤寒病，必须先观察面色，然后切脉、询问症状，综合参详以判断生死吉凶。面色有青、黄、赤、白、黑五种，显现于面部皮肤之上，其气像乱丝乱发一样隐伏在皮里。五脏对应五色，六经对应六色，都显现于面部，以顺应五行。相生者吉，相克者凶。滋润荣润者生，枯槁夭折者死。从准头（鼻头）、年寿（鼻根至鼻尖上部）、命宫（两眉之间）、法令纹、人中都有气色，滋润明亮者为吉，晦暗枯燥者为凶。又应当分辨四季生克的道理而通盘考察。这里简要列出五色伤寒的要旨，列在下面以备查阅。（此段出自《医宗必读》，陶节庵与之相同。）
青色属木，主风，主寒，主痛，是足厥阴肝经的颜色。
凡是面唇皆青的，是阴极的表现。如果伴有舌卷缩、睾丸上缩的，急需温阳治疗。如夹阴伤寒（感寒邪兼肾阳虚），小腹痛，则见面青色。《内经》说：青得像翠鸟羽毛那样光泽的能生，青得像干草那样的会死。青中带黑、青中带红，是相生关系，主生；如果是青白且枯燥的，是相克关系，主死。脾病见到青色气色，大多难治。
赤色属火，主热，是手少阴心经的颜色，在伤寒病中见到，要区分三阳经和少阴经的情况。如足太阳膀胱经属水，受寒时本色为黑，受热则为红色。经文说：面色缘缘正赤（持续通红）的，是阳气拂郁在表，汗出不透彻的缘故，应当发汗。如果脉浮数，表热汗不出，面色红赤而有光彩的，属于此类。经文言阳明病，面色合赤（全面发红）的，不可攻下。合即通的意思，谓表邪未解，不可攻里。如果阳明腑实，恶热不恶寒，或蒸蒸发热，或日晡潮热（下午3-5点发热加重），大便秘结，谵语面赤的，这是实热在里，可以攻下。如表里俱热，口燥舌干想喝水，脉洪大面赤，但里未实的，暂且不可用下法，宜用人参白虎汤调和。如少阳经热在半表半里，面红脉弦的，宜用小柴胡汤和解，不可攻下。经文言少阴病，下利清谷（拉出未消化的食物），里寒外热，面赤的，用四逆汤加葱白主治。这是阴寒内极，逼迫浮火上行于面，所以发赤色，并非真热。如果不仔细察辨，误投凉剂就会死亡。又有夹阴伤寒，虚阳上泛，也见面赤，但伴有脚冷脉沉的是。又有烦躁面赤，脚冷脉沉，不能饮水的，这是阴极的表现，宜温阳治疗。如果是久病体虚的人，午后面部两颊颧骨处发红，这是阴火，不可当作伤寒治疗。然而三阳之气都汇聚于头额，从额头到头顶联络脑后的，是太阳经；从额头到鼻下面部的，是阳明经；从头角下入耳中及耳前后的，是少阳经；只要有红气或赤肿，就以此部位来辨别。大头伤寒证，正是要知晓这些部位的区别。《内经》说：心热颜面先赤，脾热鼻头先赤，肝热左颊先赤，肺热右颊先赤，肾热下巴先赤。如果赤中带青、赤中带黄，为相生则吉；如赤中带黑，为相克则凶。印堂、准头有赤气，枯夭者死，明润者生。如肺病见到赤气则难治。
黄色属土，主湿，是足太阴脾经的颜色。黄得像橘子那样明亮的，是热证；黄得像熏黄那样暗的，是湿证。凡是黄中带白、黄中带红，相生则吉；若黄中带青，相克者凶。如果准头、年寿、印堂有黄气且明润的，是病退而有喜兆，若枯燥夭折者死。凡病欲愈，目睛发黄也是征象之一。长夏季节见到黄白色则吉，若黄中带青则凶。
白色属肺金，主气血不足，是手太阴肺经的颜色，肝病见到白色，难治。凡是年寿、印堂白而枯夭的凶，白而光润的吉，若白中带黑、白中带黄，相生皆吉；白中带赤，相克即凶。凡伤寒面白无神的，是发汗过多，或失血所致。
黑色属水，主寒，主痛，是足少阴肾经的颜色。（这是血液因寒而瘀败的颜色。）凡黑中带白、黑中带青，相生则吉；黑中带黄，相克则凶。如果准头、年寿、印堂黑气枯夭者死，黑中明润者生。黑气自鱼尾（眼角）牵连进入太阴经区域者死。黑气自法令纹、人中入口者死。耳目口鼻黑气枯夭者死。凡面部、准头、命宫明润者生，枯暗者死。如果心病见到黑气在额头上，主死。华佗说：凡病患面色与病情相符的吉，不相符的凶。又说：声色心性只要一改常态就会死亡，这是大概的道理。（以上出自《医宗必读》。）
青而黑的多属寒痛，青而白的主虚风。厥阴热厥（血热而壅滞，气迫塞而不得通），也有唇面爪甲青紫而脉伏的，然而仔细察辨，其脉必附骨有力。（以下五条出自张石顽，凡已见于《医宗必读》的删去，以免繁复。）
面赤多属热，但有表里虚实之分。太阳证头痛发热，喘而面赤的，为表证。阳明腑实，汗多而面赤的，为里证。阴盛格阳，与夹阴伤寒，发热头痛，面赤足冷，脉沉细，或浮数无力，按之欲散（也有浮盛有力，按之弦细，或数道不聚，起伏甚小，治疗宜用辛温重药，加沉降之品，大剂急服，使药力直趋下焦，略佐以清肃上焦，使浮阳内合也），为虚阳上泛。伤寒坏病，汗下过多，元气耗散，微阳失守，皆见面赤戴阳（此宜温固收摄，并宜滋润，不可辛烈），并宜温补下元。
按：阴盛格阳与阴虚阳越判然两途，前人每统以阴病立论，混施温补，误人不少。
面黄主湿，黄而明的兼热，黄而暗的兼寒，黄而带赤的为病欲愈，黄白不荣而多蟹爪纹的，为虫积。
黄而浮泽的为内伤蓄血；黄黑而粗槁的为食积。黄而青黑的，脾胃衰极，为木胜土而木无制也。（这是久病血败。黄乃血水相合之色。以黄的深浅，辨血的浓薄；以黄的明暗，定血的死活。）
黑主肾衰。伤寒颜带青黑，为阴寒之色。若久病焦黑的，又为肾热。神庭穴黑色如指大的，阴晦之色见于正阳之位，是卒死的征兆。面色惨不光，是伤寒。面色光不惨，是伤风。面如锦纹，是阳毒。面垢如油，喘促多汗，是足阳明中暑。面垢生尘，洒然毛耸，是手少阴中暑。（以上张石顽。）
青主惊，青而脱色的，是惊恐。青而赤的是肝火，青赤而晦滞的是郁火。（以下五条出自《脉如》。凡已见于上两篇的，删节免复。）
赤色主热。面赤如微酣，或两颧浅红，游移不定，这是阴证戴阳，必下利清谷，必小便清白或淡黄，脉沉细，或浮数无力，按之欲散。虽烦躁发热而渴欲饮水，却不欲咽。肌虽大热而按之不热，且两足必冷。又有面赤烦躁，遍舌生疮生刺，敛缩如荔枝状，或痰涎涌盛，喘急，小便频数，口干引饮，两唇焦裂，喉间如烟火上冲，两足心如烙，脉洪数无伦，按之有力，扪其身烙手，这是肾虚火不归原所致，证最难辨；但病由内伤，其来以渐，是乃干柴烈火，不戢自焚者也。若面赤，目脉赤，身热足寒，头热而动摇，卒口噤，背反张的，是痉病，寒湿风邪，内伤于筋，亦有热病筋燥而急的。
黄色属脾，主湿热食积。黄而枯的，胃中有火；黄而色淡的，胃气虚也。（面目黄而小便短涩的为疸，小便自利，少腹硬痛，为蓄血发黄，宜下其瘀。）
In the treatment of Shanghan (Cold Damage), one must first observe the complexion, then palpate the pulse and inquire about symptoms, synthesizing these factors to determine life and death or auspiciousness and inauspiciousness. The complexions are Green, Yellow, Red, White, and Black, appearing on the facial skin, with their Qi resembling tangled threads or hair hidden beneath the dermis. The Five Zang organs correspond to five colors, and the Six Channels correspond to six colors, all manifesting on the face to align with the Five Elements. Mutual generation indicates auspiciousness; mutual overcoming indicates inauspiciousness. Moisture and nourishment indicate life; dryness and withering indicate death. From the Zhuntou (tip of the nose), Nianshou (root of the nose), Minggong (space between eyebrows), Faleng lines (nasolabial folds), and Renzhong (philtrum), there is Qi and color; moist and bright is auspicious, while dark and dry is inauspicious. One must also comprehensively examine according to the principles of generation and overcoming across the four seasons. Herein, the essentials of the five-color Shanghan are briefly listed below for reference. (This section is from *Yizong Bidu*, identical to Tao Jian'an's version.)
Green belongs to Wood, governs Wind, Cold, and Pain, and is the color of the Foot Jueyin Liver Channel.
When both the face and lips are green, it indicates Extreme Yin. If accompanied by tongue curling and testicular retraction, warming therapy should be urgently applied. In cases of Jia Yin Shanghan (Shanghan with concurrent Kidney Yang deficiency) presenting with lower abdominal pain, the face appears green. The *Neijing* states: "Green like a kingfisher feather indicates life; green like dried grass indicates death." Green mixed with Black or Red follows the principle of generation and indicates life; however, Green-White that is dry and withered follows the principle of overcoming and indicates death. When Spleen disease presents with Green Qi, it is difficult to treat.
Red belongs to Fire, governs Heat, and is the color of the Hand Shaoyin Heart Channel. In Shanghan, its appearance requires differentiation among the Three Yang channels and the Shaoyin channel. For instance, the Foot Taiyang Bladder Channel belongs to Water; its natural color under Cold is Black, but turns Red under Heat. The classics state: "Continuous full-face redness indicates Yang Qi stagnation in the exterior due to incomplete sweating; diaphoresis should be induced." If the pulse is Floating-Rapid, with exterior Heat, no sweat, and a bright Red complexion, this pattern applies. The classics mention that in Yangming disease, a fully Red face contraindicates purgation. "He" implies thoroughness; since exterior pathogens remain unresolved, interior purgation is forbidden. However, if Yangming excess-heat manifests as aversion to heat without aversion to cold, steaming fever, tidal fever at dusk, constipation, delirium, and a Red face, this is Excess-Heat in the interior, and purgation is permissible. If exterior and interior are both hot, with dry mouth/tongue craving water, a Surging pulse, and a Red face, but the interior is not yet solidified, downward-draining methods are temporarily contraindicated; instead, Renshen Baihu Tang (Ginseng White Tiger Decoction) should be used to harmonize. If Shaoyang channel Heat is half-exterior and half-interior, presenting with a Red face and Wiry pulse, Xiaochaihu Tang (Minor Bupleurum Decoction) should be used to harmonize; purgation is forbidden. The classics state that in Shaoyin disease, with diarrhea of undigested food, interior Cold with exterior Heat, and a Red face, Sini Tang (Frigid Extremities Decoction) added with Congbai (Scallion Stalk) is indicated. This represents Extreme Interior Cold forcing floating Fire upward to the face, causing redness, which is not true Heat. Failure to distinguish this carefully and administering cooling agents will result in death. Additionally, in Jia Yin Shanghan, floating deficient Yang may rise, also causing a Red face, distinguished by cold feet and a Deep pulse. Cases of irritability, Red face, cold feet, Deep pulse, and inability to drink water indicate Extreme Yin and require warming. In chronic illness with deficient constitution, afternoon redness on the malar eminences indicates Yin Fire and should not be treated as Shanghan. However, the Qi of the Three Yang channels converges on the forehead. The pathway from the forehead to the vertex connecting to the brain is the Taiyang channel; from the forehead down to the nose and face is the Yangming channel; from the temporal angle down into and around the ear is the Shaoyang channel. Redness or swelling in these specific areas helps differentiate them. This distinction is crucial for Datan Shanghan (Big Head Plague). The *Neijing* states: "Heart Heat reddens the face first; Spleen Heat reddens the nose first; Liver Heat reddens the left cheek first; Lung Heat reddens the right cheek first; Kidney Heat reddens the chin first." Red mixed with Green or Yellow follows generation and is auspicious; Red mixed with Black follows overcoming and is inauspicious. Red Qi at Yintang (between eyebrows) or Zhuntou (nose tip) that is withered indicates death, while bright indicates life. Lung disease presenting with Red Qi is difficult to treat.
Yellow belongs to Earth, governs Dampness, and is the color of the Foot Taiyin Spleen Channel. Yellow bright like an orange indicates Heat; yellow dark like smoked yellow indicates Dampness. Yellow mixed with White or Red follows generation and is auspicious; Yellow mixed with Green follows overcoming and is inauspicious. Yellow Qi at Zhuntou, Nianshou, or Yintang that is bright and moist indicates disease resolution and good omens; dry and withered indicates death. Jaundice (eye yellowing) can also be a sign of impending recovery. In late summer, Yellow-White is auspicious, while Yellow-Green is inauspicious.
White belongs to Metal of the Lungs, governs deficiency of Qi and Blood, and is the color of the Hand Taiyin Lung Channel. Liver disease presenting with White is difficult to treat. Whiteness at Nianshou or Yintang that is withered is inauspicious; bright and moist is auspicious. White mixed with Black or Yellow follows generation and is auspicious; White mixed with Red follows overcoming and is inauspicious. A pale, spiritless white face in Shanghan results from excessive sweating or blood loss.
Black belongs to Water, governs Cold and Pain, and is the color of the Foot Shaoyin Kidney Channel. (This reflects blood stasis and decay due to Cold.) Black mixed with White or Green follows generation and is auspicious; Black mixed with Yellow follows overcoming and is inauspicious. Black Qi at Zhuntou, Nianshou, or Yintang that is withered indicates death; black with brightness indicates life. Black Qi extending from the eye corners (Yuwai) into the Taiyin region indicates death. Black Qi entering the mouth from the Faleng lines or Renzhong indicates death. Black Qi at the ears, eyes, mouth, or nose that is withered indicates death. Brightness at the face, Zhuntou, or Minggong indicates life; dullness and darkness indicate death. Black Qi on the forehead in Heart disease indicates death. Hua Tuo stated: "Complexion matching the condition is auspicious; mismatching is inauspicious." He also said: "If voice, color, or temperament deviates from normal, death ensues." These are general principles. (Above from *Yizong Bidu*.)
Green mixed with Black often indicates Cold and Pain; Green mixed with White indicates Deficient Wind. Jueyin Heat Jue (Blood Heat with stagnation and Qi obstruction) may present with cyanotic lips, face, and nails with a Hidden pulse, but careful examination reveals a pulse that is forceful when pressed to the bone. (The following five points are from Zhang Shiwang; those already in *Yizong Bidu* are omitted to avoid redundancy.)
A Red face generally indicates Heat, but differs in exterior/interior and deficiency/excess. Taiyang syndrome with headache, fever, wheezing, and Red face is an Exterior pattern. Yangming Fu-organ excess with profuse sweating and Red face is an Interior pattern. Yin Excess repelling Yang, and Jia Yin Shanghan, presenting with fever, headache, Red face, cold feet, Deep-Slow pulse, or Floating-Rapid weak pulse that disperses upon pressure (or Floating-strong forceful but Wiry-Slow upon pressure, or scattered rapid pulses with small amplitude), indicates Floating Yang rising. Treatment requires heavy acrid-warm medicines with sinking agents, administered in large doses rapidly to direct medicinal power to the Lower Jiao, slightly assisting with clearing the Upper Jiao to integrate floating Yang internally. In complicated Shanghan due to excessive sweating/purgation, depletion of Yuan Qi, and loss of slight Yang, a Red face with Dai Yang (floating Yang) occurs. Treatment requires warming, consolidating, and astringing, along with moistening, avoiding acrid-pungent herbs. Warming and tonifying the Lower Yuan is appropriate.
Note: Yin Excess repelling Yang and Yin Deficiency with Yang hyperactivity are distinct paths. Predecessors often conflated them under Yin disease, indiscriminately applying warming-tonifying methods, harming many patients.
A Yellow face governs Dampness; bright Yellow combines with Heat, dark Yellow combines with Cold, Yellow with Red indicates recovery, and pale Yellow with crab-claw patterns indicates parasite accumulation.
Yellow with floating luster indicates internal injury with blood stasis; Yellow-Black and rough indicates food retention. Yellow-Green-Black indicates extreme Spleen/Stomach decline, where Wood overcomes Earth without restraint. (This is long-term blood decay. Yellow is the color of combined blood and water. Depth distinguishes blood density; brightness/darkness distinguishes blood vitality.)
White governs Qi deficiency. (Same as *Yizong Bidu*, not repeated here.)
Black governs Kidney decline. A bluish-black hue in Shanghan indicates Yin Cold. Scorched black in chronic illness indicates Kidney Heat. Black at Shenting (GV24) the size of a finger, appearing at the positive Yang position, is a sign of sudden death. A grim, dull face indicates Shanghan; a bright, non-grim face indicates wind-cold injury. A brocade-like pattern indicates Yang Toxin. An oily, greasy face with wheezing and sweating indicates Foot Yangming Summerheat. A dusty, greasy face with shivering piloerection indicates Hand Shaoyin Summerheat. (Above Zhang Shiwang.)
Green governs fright; faded Green indicates fear and shock. Green with Red indicates Liver Fire; murky Green-Red indicates Stagnant Fire. (The following five points are from *Mairu*. Those in previous sections are omitted.)
Red governs Heat. A face reddened like mild intoxication, or shallow red on the cheeks, shifting and unstable, indicates Yin syndrome with Dai Yang (floating Yang). It must present with diarrhea of undigested food, clear or pale yellow urine, Deep-Slow pulse, or Floating-Rapid weak pulse dispersing on pressure. Despite irritability, fever, thirst, and desire to drink, the patient does not wish to swallow. Though the body feels very hot, it is not hot to touch, and the feet are necessarily cold. Another presentation involves Red face, irritability, sores/spines on the tongue shrinking like a lychee, profuse phlegm-saliva, wheezing, frequent urination, dry mouth craving water, cracked lips, sensation of smoke/fire rising in the throat, burning soles, Surging-Rapid pulse without order but forceful on pressure, and a scorching body. This is caused by Kidney deficiency failing to anchor Fire, making it the most difficult syndrome to differentiate. Since it arises from internal injury and develops gradually, it is like dry firewood burning itself. If Red face, Red eye vessels, body heat with cold feet, head heat with tremors, sudden jaw locking, and opisthotonos occur, it is Jing Syndrome (Spasm), caused by Cold-Damp-Wind damaging tendons internally, or Heat drying and tightening tendons in Heat diseases.
Yellow belongs to the Spleen, governing Damp-Heat and Food Retention. Dry Yellow indicates Fire in the Stomach; pale Yellow indicates deficient Stomach Qi. (Jaundice with short/scanty urine is Dan; jaundice with free urination and hard/painful lower abdomen is blood stasis jaundice, requiring purgation of stasis.)
White belongs to the Lungs, governing Qi-Blood deficiency and Cold. Even if deficient Fire exists, true Heat is impossible. White with Green indicates Cold coagulation of Qi and Blood; White with fatness indicates Phlegm; White with emaciation and bright red nails indicates Qi deficiency with Fire.
Black belongs to the Kidneys, governing Cold and Pain. Blue-Black indicates Yin Cold; scorched black with brittle teeth indicates Kidney Heat. All blue-black and gloomy appearances, regardless of new or old disease, indicate failure of Yang Qi to flourish.