（附咽喉）
胃足阳阴之脉，循喉咙。胃足阳明之别，上络头项，合诸经之气，下络喉嗌。其病气逆则喉痹卒喑。
肝足厥阴之脉，循喉咙之后，上入颃颡。其病咽干。
小肠手太阳之脉，循咽下膈。病则咽痛。
脾足太阴之脉，夹咽，连舌本，散舌下。病则舌本强痛。
心手少阴之脉，从心系上夹咽，病则咽干。心手少阴之别，系舌本。其病虚则不能言。
肾足少阴之脉，循喉咙，夹舌本，其病舌干咽肿。
膀胱足太阳之筋，入结舌本。肾足少阴之筋，结于枕骨，与足太阳之筋合。（按∶合则亦入结舌本
矣。上出《内经》。）
舌者，心之窍也。凡病俱见于舌。舌尖主心，舌中主脾胃，舌边主肝胆，舌根主肾。（江笔花）
舌之尖属心经，中心至根属肾经，两旁肝胆，四边脾经。（四边谓中心之四围，平面之处也。两旁，
谓极边两侧，向外之处也。）铺面白苔是肺经。（此谓本来自有之白苔也。）满舌皆是胃经。又舌尖是上
脘所管，中心是中脘所管，舌根是下脘所管。此舌上一定之部位也。（胡玉海《伤寒一书》。）
至论颜色，黄苔胃经，黑苔脾经，红苔胆经，紫红苔肾
经，苔上起杨梅刺焦干，黑中有红点者是肝经。再纯黑亦是脾经，鲜红有刺，亦是胆经，此各经一定之颜
色也。其或黑与黄间，红与紫呈，白与黄杂，红与黑形。此兼经互呈之颜色也。（同上。）
按∶苔无红色，是舌质也。前人皆苔质不分，今特辨之如下。
（附咽喉）
足阳明胃经的经脉，沿着喉咙行走。足阳明胃经的别络，上行联络头项部，汇聚各条经脉的气血，下行联络喉咽部位。如果该经气机逆乱，就会导致喉痹（咽喉肿痛闭塞）和突然失音。
足厥阴肝经的经脉，沿着喉咙后方，向上进入颃颡（鼻咽部）。该经发病时会出现咽干。
手太阳小肠经的经脉，沿着咽部向下穿过膈肌。发病时会出现咽痛。
足太阴脾经的经脉，夹行于咽部两侧，连接舌根，散布于舌下。发病时会出现舌根强硬疼痛。
手少阴心经的经脉，从心系向上夹行于咽部，发病时会出现咽干。手少阴心经的别络，系连舌根。该经虚证时会导致不能言语。
足少阴肾经的经脉，沿着喉咙，夹行于舌根两侧，发病时会出现舌干、咽喉肿痛。
足太阳膀胱经的筋脉，入结于舌根。足少阴肾经的筋脉，结聚于枕骨处，与足太阳膀胱经的筋脉相合。（按：两者相合也就入结于舌根了。以上出自《内经》。）
舌是心的外窍。凡是疾病都会在舌象上有所反映。舌尖对应心脏，舌中部对应脾胃，舌边缘对应肝胆，舌根部对应肾脏。（江笔花观点）
舌尖属于心经，从中心到舌根属于肾经，两旁属于肝胆经，四边（指中心四周的平面部分）属于脾经。（“四边”指的是中心区域的四周平面；“两旁”指的是最边缘的两侧向外延伸的部分。）铺满白色的苔是肺经的表现。（这里指的是原本就存在的白苔。）满舌都是胃经的表现。另外，舌尖由上脘所管辖，舌中心由中脘所管辖，舌根由下脘所管辖。这是舌面上固定的部位分布。（胡玉海《伤寒一书》观点）
至于谈论颜色，黄苔属于胃经，黑苔属于脾经，红苔属于胆经，紫红苔属于肾经，舌苔上出现像杨梅刺一样焦干枯裂，且黑色中有红点的，属于肝经。再如纯黑苔也是脾经，鲜红色且有刺感的，也是胆经，这是各经固定的颜色表现。或者出现黑与黄相间、红与紫呈现、白与黄混杂、红与黑成形等情况，这是多经相互交错呈现的颜色。（同上）
按：舌苔没有红色的，那是舌质本身的颜色。前人往往苔与质不分，现在特别辨析如下。
(Attached: Throat and Pharynx)
The Foot-Yangming Stomach Meridian (Zú Yángmíng Wèi Jīng) follows the throat. The Luo-connecting vessel of the Foot-Yangming Stomach Meridian ascends to connect with the head and nape, combines with the Qi of all meridians, and descends to connect with the laryngopharynx. When its pathogenic Qi rebels, it causes Bi-throat syndrome (throat obstruction and pain) and sudden aphonia (loss of voice).
The Foot-Jueyin Liver Meridian (Zú Juéyīn Gān Jīng) follows the posterior aspect of the throat and enters the Ying-sang (nasopharynx). Its disease manifests as dryness of the pharynx.
The Hand-Taiyang Small Intestine Meridian (Shǒu Tàiyáng Xiǎocháng Jīng) follows the pharynx and descends through the diaphragm. Its disease manifests as pharyngeal pain.
The Foot-Taiyin Spleen Meridian (Zú Tàiyīn Pí Jīng) flanks the pharynx, connects to the root of the tongue, and scatters under the tongue. Its disease manifests as stiffness and pain at the root of the tongue.
The Hand-Shaoyin Heart Meridian (Shǒu Shàoyīn Xīn Jīng) ascends from the heart system to flank the pharynx; its disease manifests as dryness of the pharynx. The Luo-connecting vessel of the Hand-Shaoyin Heart Meridian ties to the root of the tongue. In deficiency conditions, it leads to an inability to speak.
The Foot-Shaoyin Kidney Meridian (Zú Shàoyīn Shèn Jīng) follows the throat and flanks the root of the tongue; its disease manifests as a dry tongue and swollen pharynx.
The Sinew-Meridian of the Foot-Taiyang Bladder (Zú Tàiyáng Pángguāng Jīn) enters and knots at the root of the tongue. The Sinew-Meridian of the Foot-Shaoyin Kidney (Zú Shàoyīn Shèn Jīn) knots at the occipital bone and combines with the Sinew-Meridian of the Foot-Taiyang Bladder. (Note: By combining, it also enters and knots at the root of the tongue. This is derived from the *Neijing*.)
The tongue is the orifice of the Heart. All diseases manifest on the tongue. The tip of the tongue corresponds to the Heart, the center to the Spleen and Stomach, the edges to the Liver and Gallbladder, and the root to the Kidney. (Jiang Bihua)
The tip of the tongue belongs to the Heart Meridian; from the center to the root belongs to the Kidney Meridian; the two sides belong to the Liver and Gallbladder Meridians; the four sides belong to the Spleen Meridian. ("Four sides" refers to the flat area surrounding the center; "two sides" refers to the extreme lateral edges extending outward.) A white coating spread over the surface indicates the Lung Meridian. (This refers to the natural white coating present originally.) A full-tongue coating indicates the Stomach Meridian. Furthermore, the tip of the tongue is governed by the Shang-wan (Upper Epigastrium), the center by the Zhong-wan (Middle Epigastrium), and the root by the Xia-wan (Lower Epigastrium). These are the fixed locations on the tongue. (Hu Yuhai, *Shanghan Yi Shu*)
Regarding color: Yellow coating belongs to the Stomach Meridian; Black coating belongs to the Spleen Meridian; Red coating belongs to the Gallbladder Meridian; Purple-red coating belongs to the Kidney Meridian. Coating that becomes scorched, dry, and prickly like bayberry thorns, with red spots within the black, belongs to the Liver Meridian. Pure black coating is also indicative of the Spleen Meridian; fresh red with prickle sensation is also indicative of the Gallbladder Meridian. These are the fixed colors of each meridian. Alternatively, combinations such as black intermixed with yellow, red presenting with purple, white mixed with yellow, or red forming with black, represent colors presented mutually by multiple meridians. (Ibid.)
Note: There is no red color in the coating itself; this is the color of the tongue body (substance). Ancients often did not distinguish between coating and substance; here we specifically clarify as follows.