（出《灵枢》）
人之有常病也，亦因其骨节皮肤腠理之不坚固者，邪之所舍也，故常有病矣。
人之善病风厥漉汗者，肉不坚，腠理疏故也。何以候肉之不坚也？曰， 肉不坚而无分理，理者粗理，粗
理而皮不致者腠理疏，此言其浑然者。（浑然，谓未甚异于常人也。）
人之善病消瘅者，五脏皆柔弱故也。（五脏脆与五脏脉微小者，皆苦消瘅。）何以知五脏之柔弱也？曰∶夫
柔弱者必有刚强，刚强者多怒，柔者易伤也。（言其性情刚强，五志火盛，脏体柔脆，不胜
其灼，故津燥多怒。）此人薄皮肤而目坚固以深者，长冲直扬，其心刚，刚则多怒，怒则气上逆，胸中蓄积，
血气逆留，宽皮充肌，血脉不行，转而为热，热则消肌肤，故为消瘅，此言其人刚暴而肌肉弱者也。
人之善病寒热者，必其人小骨而弱肉也，何以候骨之大
小，肉之坚脆，色之不一也？（上句未及色，盖脱文。一，纯也。）曰∶
颧骨者骨之本也，颧大则骨大，颧小又骨小，皮肤薄而其肉无 ，其臂懦懦然，其地色
殆然，不与其天同色，污然独异，（天，额角。地，颊车。）此其候也。而又臂薄者，其髓不满。故善病寒热也。
人之善病痹者，理粗而肉不坚也。痹之高下有处，各视其部。（部，面之色部也。义详面色篇中。）
人之善病肠中积聚者，皮肤薄而不泽，肉不坚而淖泽也。如此则肠胃恶，恶则邪气留止积聚乃伤，肠
胃之间，寒温不次。（积聚，有因饮食生冷，胃中血液瘀凝，有因风寒自经络内袭，日久痰血
相裹结。）邪气稍（渐也。）至，蓄积留止，大聚乃起。（上五条出五变篇。）
人之善忘者，上气不足，下气有余，肠胃实而心肺虚，
虚则荣卫久留于下，不以时上，故善忘也。（又曰∶气并于上，乱而善忘。）
人之善饥而不嗜食者，精气并于脾，热气留于胃，胃热则消谷，谷消则善饥，胃气逆上，则胃脘寒，（当
是实字。）故不嗜食也。
人之病而不得卧者，卫气不得入于阴，常留于阳，留于
阳则阳气满，阳气满则阳跷盛，不得入于阴则阴气虚，故目不瞑矣。
人之病而目不得视者，卫气留于阴，不得行于阳，留于
阴则阴气盛，阴气盛则阴跷满，不得入于阳则阳气虚，则目常闭也。
人之多卧者，其人肠胃大而皮肤湿，而分肉不解也。肠胃大则卫气留久，皮肤湿则分肉不解，其行迟。（
湿，痰水也。解，利也。凡人身伤于湿与多痰者，其性皆好卧。）夫卫气者，昼行于
阳，（经也。）夜行于阴，（脏也。）阳气尽则卧，阴气尽则寤。故卫气留久而行迟者，其气不清，目常欲
瞑，故多卧矣。其肠胃小皮肤滑以缓，分肉解，则卫气留于阳者久，故少瞑也。
（此皆素性然也。）其卒然多卧者，邪气留于上焦，上焦闭而不通，已食若饮汤，卫气留久于阴而不行，（
亦有因胃实不寐者，所谓胃不和则卧不安也。或食填太阴，或痰饮格于中焦。故凡痰据于阳，令人多卧；痰
据于阴，令人不寐。）故卒然多卧矣。（上五条出大惑论。按∶《灵枢》口问篇所论十二邪，亦人之常病也，
但言荣卫气血，不及外诊之形，故不具录。）
（出自《灵枢》）
人之所以常有常病，是因为他们的骨节、皮肤和腠理（皮肤纹理及汗孔）不坚固，邪气容易在此停留，所以经常生病。
人之所以容易患风厥（因风邪导致的气逆证）并淋漓出汗的，是因为肌肉不坚实，腠理疏松的缘故。如何观察肌肉是否不坚实呢？回答说：肌肉不坚实且没有清晰的纹理，纹理粗大，纹理粗大且皮肤不致密的，就是腠理疏松，这是指那些整体表现浑然一体、未明显异于常人的人。（“浑然”，指尚未与常人表现出显著差异。）
人之所以容易患消瘅（类似糖尿病的多饮多食消瘦病），是因为五脏都柔弱的原因。（五脏脆嫩或五脏脉象微小的，都会苦于消瘅。）如何知道五脏的柔弱呢？回答说：柔弱的人必定伴有刚强的性情，刚强的人容易发怒，柔弱体质的人容易受伤。（指其性情刚强，五志之火旺盛，脏体柔脆，不能承受火热灼烧，所以津液干燥且易怒。）这种人皮肤薄而眼睛深邃坚固，眉毛长而冲直上扬，内心刚强，刚强就容易发怒，发怒则气机上逆，胸中蓄积，血气逆行滞留，皮肤宽弛肌肉充盛，血脉不通畅，转化而为热，热则消耗肌肤，所以发生消瘅，这是指那些性格刚暴而肌肉虚弱的人。
人之所以容易患寒热病（如疟疾等寒热往来病症），一定是因为骨骼小且肌肉弱。如何观察骨骼的大小、肌肉的坚脆以及面色是否正常呢？（前一句未提及面色，可能是脱文。一，意为纯一。）回答说：颧骨是骨骼的根本，颧骨大则骨骼大，颧骨小则骨骼小，皮肤薄且肌肉无纹理，手臂软弱无力，地色（颊车部位的颜色）黯淡，不与天色（额角部位的颜色）相同，污浊而单独异样，（天，指额角；地，指颊车。）这就是征候。如果手臂又薄，说明骨髓不满。所以容易患寒热病。
人之所以容易患痹症（风寒湿邪闭阻经络引起的疼痛麻木），是因为纹理粗大且肌肉不坚实。痹症的高下部位各有定处，分别观察其所属的面色分部。（部，指面部的色泽分区。含义详见面色篇中。）
人之所以容易患肠中积聚（腹内结块），是因为皮肤薄而无光泽，肌肉不坚实而显得淖泽（湿润松软）。像这样肠胃功能就恶劣，功能恶劣则邪气停留停止，积聚从而形成伤害，在肠胃之间，寒温失调。（积聚，有的因饮食生冷，胃中血液瘀凝而成；有的因风寒从经络内袭，日久痰血相互裹结而成。）邪气逐渐到来，蓄积停留，大的聚结于是形成。（以上五条出自《灵枢·五变》篇。）
人之所以容易健忘，是因为上气不足，下气有余，肠胃充实而心肺虚弱，虚弱则营卫之气长时间停留在下部，不能按时上行，所以容易健忘。（又说：气偏并于上部，扰乱心神而容易健忘。）
人之所以容易饥饿但不想进食，是因为精气并聚于脾，热气留滞在胃，胃热则消化食物快，食物消化快就容易饥饿，胃气逆向上行，则胃脘部寒冷，（此处“寒”字当为“实”字之误。）所以不想进食。
人患病而不能躺卧睡觉的，是因为卫气不能进入阴分，常停留在阳分，停留在阳分则阳气满盛，阳气满盛则阳跷脉盛，不能进入阴分则阴气虚弱，所以眼睛无法闭合（失眠）。
人患病而眼睛不能视物的，是因为卫气停留在阴分，不能在阳分行使，停留在阴分则阴气盛，阴气盛则阴跷脉满，不能进入阳分则阳气虚，所以眼睛常常闭合。
人之所以嗜睡多卧，是因为他的肠胃大而皮肤湿润，分肉（肌肉间隙）不解利。肠胃大则卫气停留时间长，皮肤湿润则分肉不解利，卫气运行迟缓。（湿，指痰水。解，指通利。凡是人身受湿气伤害或多痰者，其习性都喜欢躺着睡觉。）卫气，白天行于阳分，（经脉）夜晚行于阴分，（脏腑），阳气尽则入睡，阴气尽则醒来。所以卫气停留久且运行迟缓的人，其气不清爽，眼睛常常想闭上，所以多卧。那些肠胃小、皮肤滑润舒缓、分肉解利的人，卫气在阳分停留的时间长，所以少眠。
（这些都是由于先天本性如此。）突然多睡的，是因为邪气留滞在在上焦，上焦闭塞不通，刚吃过饭或喝过汤，卫气长时间留在阴分而不运行，（也有因胃实而导致不寐的，所谓“胃不和则卧不安”。或者是食物填塞太阴经，或者痰饮格拒于中焦。所以凡是痰据于阳分，使人多卧；痰据于阴分，使人不寐。）所以突然多卧。（以上五条出自《灵枢·大惑论》。按：《灵枢·口问》篇所论述的十二种邪气，也是人的常病，但只谈论营卫气血，不及外诊形体，所以不全部收录。）
(From *Ling Shu*)
The reason why people often suffer from chronic diseases is that their bone joints, skin, and Couli (the spaces between skin and muscle, including pores) are not firm, allowing pathogenic factors to lodge there; thus, they are prone to illness.
Those who are prone to Feng Jue (wind-induced qi rebellion) and profuse sweating do so because their muscles are not firm and their Couli are loose. How can one observe whether the muscles are not firm? It is said: Muscles that are not firm lack distinct striations. If the striations are coarse and the skin is not dense, the Couli are loose. This refers to individuals whose overall appearance does not significantly differ from normal persons. ("Hunran" means not yet markedly different from ordinary people.)
Those prone to Xiao Dan (a condition characterized by excessive thirst, hunger, and emaciation, similar to diabetes) have weak Zang organs. (Those with fragile Zang organs or minute pulse signs in the five Zang organs all suffer from Xiao Dan.) How can one know if the five Zang organs are weak? It is said: Weakness must be accompanied by rigidity. Those with rigid temperaments are prone to anger, while those with weak constitutions are easily injured. (This refers to a temperament that is rigid, with excessive fire from the five emotions, making the organ bodies fragile and unable to withstand scorching heat, leading to dry fluids and irritability.) Such individuals have thin skin but deep, firm eyes, long straight eyebrows, and a rigid heart. Rigidity leads to anger; anger causes qi to rebel upward, accumulating in the chest. Blood and qi stagnate and reverse flow. With loose skin and full muscles, blood vessels become obstructed, transforming into heat. Heat consumes the flesh and skin, resulting in Xiao Dan. This describes individuals who are aggressive in character but weak in muscles.
Those prone to Han Re diseases (such as malaria with alternating chills and fever) necessarily have small bones and weak muscles. How can one observe the size of bones, the firmness or fragility of muscles, and the uniformity of complexion? (The previous sentence omitted complexion, likely due to textual loss. "Yi" here means pure/uniform.) The cheekbone is the root of the bones. Large cheekbones indicate large bones; small cheekbones indicate small bones. If the skin is thin, muscles lack texture, arms are flaccid, and the "Earth" color (cheek area) is dull and differs from the "Heaven" color (forehead), appearing uniquely turbid, this is the sign. Furthermore, if the arms are thin, it indicates insufficient marrow. Thus, they are prone to Han Re diseases.
Those prone to Bi syndrome (obstruction causing pain and numbness) have coarse striations and non-firm muscles. The location of Bi varies; observe the corresponding facial color zones. ("Zones" refer to specific areas of facial coloration. See the chapter on Facial Color for details.)
Those prone to Ji Ju (abdominal masses) have thin, lusterless skin and non-firm, moist/soft muscles. In such cases, the stomach and intestines function poorly. Poor function allows pathogenic factors to linger and accumulate, causing injury. Within the stomach and intestines, cold and warm conditions are disordered. (Ji Ju may result from consuming raw/cold food causing blood stasis in the stomach, or from wind-cold invading via meridians over time, binding phlegm and blood.) As pathogenic factors gradually arrive and accumulate, large masses form. (The above five paragraphs are from the *Wu Bian* chapter.)
Those prone to forgetfulness have insufficient Qi in the upper body and excess Qi in the lower body. The stomach and intestines are full, while the heart and lungs are deficient. Deficiency causes Ying and Wei Qi to remain in the lower body for too long without ascending timely, leading to forgetfulness. (It is also said: When Qi aggregates in the upper part, it causes confusion and forgetfulness.)
Those prone to hunger but lacking appetite have Jing Qi aggregating in the spleen and hot qi lingering in the stomach. Stomach heat accelerates digestion, causing hunger. However, rebellious stomach Qi causes coldness in the epigastrium (likely a typo for "fullness"), leading to a lack of desire to eat.
Those suffering from insomnia cannot sleep because Wei Qi cannot enter Yin and remains in Yang. Remaining in Yang makes Yang Qi abundant, strengthening the Yang Qiao vessel. Inability to enter Yin makes Yin Qi deficient, preventing eye closure.
Those suffering from inability to see have Wei Qi lingering in Yin and failing to circulate in Yang. Lingering in Yin makes Yin Qi abundant, filling the Yin Qiao vessel. Inability to enter Yang makes Yang Qi deficient, causing the eyes to remain closed.
Those who sleep excessively have large stomachs/intestines, damp skin, and unresolved Fen Rou (intermuscular spaces). Large stomachs/intestines cause Wei Qi to linger longer. Damp skin prevents Fen Rou from being open, slowing Wei Qi circulation. (Dampness refers to phlegm-fluids. "Jie" means open/free. People with dampness or phlegm tend to prefer lying down.) Wei Qi travels through Yang (meridians) during the day and Yin (organs) at night. When Yang Qi exhausts, one sleeps; when Yin Qi exhausts, one wakes. Thus, those with lingering and slow-moving Wei Qi have unclear Qi, frequent eyelid heaviness, and excessive sleep. Conversely, those with small stomachs/intestines, smooth/slow skin, and open Fen Rou allow Wei Qi to linger in Yang longer, resulting in less sleep.
(This is due to innate constitution.) Sudden onset of excessive sleep occurs when pathogenic factors linger in the Upper Jiao, blocking it. After eating or drinking soup, Wei Qi lingers in Yin without moving. (There are also cases of insomnia due to stomach fullness, known as "disharmony of the stomach leads to restless sleep." Or food clogging the Taiyin meridian, or phlegm-fluids obstructing the Middle Jiao. Thus, phlegm in Yang causes excessive sleep; phlegm in Yin causes insomnia.) Hence, sudden excessive sleep. (The above five paragraphs are from the *Da Huo Lun* chapter. Note: The *Kou Wen* chapter discusses twelve types of pathogenic factors as common ailments, focusing only on Ying-Wei-Qi-Blood without external diagnostic forms, so they are not fully recorded.)