讲到经典的意义,我还有一个切身的感受,就是经典与智慧很有关系,它不仅仅是一个知识问题。如果大家以为研习经典仅仅是为了增加一些知识,那经典的意义当然就不大了。知识多了不一定就有智慧,知识多了,也不一定学问就高,这个关系大家应该搞清楚。而读经典却确实能够提高智慧和学问。所以,我经常说,学问是从读经开始的。在这一点上很多人都有共识。现代的脑科学研究认为,人的左脑是逻辑脑,主管语言文字、逻辑思维,人类所使用的大部分都是左脑。而右脑是直觉脑,这右脑大部分时间是在闲置,当然,这与科学讲求逻辑是有关联的。近些年的脑科学研究表明,人们已渐渐地把目光瞄向右脑这块处女地,如上面提到的春山茂雄的《脑内革命》就较多地阐述了这个问题。实际上,大脑处在较多的α波状态,就是一种唤醒激活右脑的状态。对于上述这个左右脑,我喜欢用另外一个概念来描述和定义。左脑,也就是我们常说的逻辑脑定义为现代脑;右脑,也就是我们常说的直觉脑定义为传统脑。所以,左右脑之间的关系,实际上就是现代与传统的关系。具体地说,现代脑的涵义是什么呢?所谓现代脑就是这一世的脑,或者称现世脑,自从你生降到这个世间,与你相关的一切信息就贮存在这个脑里。所以,如果从信息的角度来看这个左脑,它的信息容量有多大呢?就与这一辈子的经历有关。经历的时间长短,这个要看每个人的寿命,经历事情的多少,这个要看每个人的阅历。但,总起来说,与它相关的信息就只是几十年,至多百年。这是左脑的大体情况。那么,传统脑呢?传统脑的信息要大得多了,可以说人类历史上所经历的一切,都有可能与右脑发生联系。所以,右脑所贮存的东西,或者说与右脑发生联系的这些信息,这些经验,就不仅仅是这几十年,这百年。这个信息关联的跨度可能是几百年、几千年、几万年,甚至若干亿年。而且这个信息,这个经验不是个体的,有可能是整个人类文明的整合(这有点像道金斯所谓的“觅母”)。如果我们借用一个藏传佛教的概念,这个右脑,也可以叫做伏藏脑。什么叫伏藏呢?伏就是埋伏潜藏,藏是宝藏,人类无始以来的文明宝藏都潜伏在这个右脑里。如果从意识的角度,我们也可以说,人类无始以来的意识宝藏都埋伏潜藏在右脑里。我们这样来对比左右脑,就知道这个差别太大,大到难以形容的程度。只可惜现在大多数人没有认识到这一点,他们只知道现代脑,而没能认识传统脑,进而想方设法去开发它。大家可以思考,认识右脑,进而开发右脑,这是一个什么概念。这是真正地站在了巨人的肩膀上,我们站在这个基础上往前走,与我们仅仅依靠个体的,非常局限的这几十年,这是一个什么量级的差别?所以,认识、研究左右脑,这个意义太大了,大家不可小视它,也不要当作天方夜谭,这绝不是天方夜谭!我们从《脑内革命》的研究,已经可以看到这方面的可喜苗头。而更值得关注的是,俄罗斯生物学家亚历山大·卡缅斯基在近期得出结论,人的记忆除了我们所知的神经记忆之外,尚有一种遗传记忆和免疫记忆。其中,遗传记忆又被称为“自然界的储备基金”,这与我们前面所称的“伏藏脑”有极为相似的地方。人是传统与现代的完美个沟通和联结两侧大脑的结构,这个结构叫脑胼体。脑胼结合体的存在说明左右脑之间的联系是必然的,右脑的信息完全可以通过适当的方式交换到左脑而为其所用。所以,传统与现代的结合也是必然的,这里面有生理结构作基础。我这一节的题目叫“读经开智”,阅读经典为什么能开智慧呢?其实这个意义就体现在上述这个过程。有效地阅读经典、研究经典,可以帮助我们挖掘伏藏,可以帮助我们打开上述的伏藏脑,从而让人类文明的共同宝藏源源不断的流向个体。这个过程如果实现了,大家想想,怎么会没有智慧?怎么会没有学问呢?大家如果从这个高度去认识经典,经典就有意义了,经典就容易学进去了,这是真正的源远流长啊!愿意开取你的伏藏吗?当然,现在许多人不但不会对我上述的观点表示赞许,而且还会嗤之以鼻。因为他们一提到传统就喜欢跟现代对立起来,以为传统的东西都是阻碍现代的,都应该抛弃。其实,这样的认识是没有真正地认识好传统。在门外谈传统,对它望而生畏,这种做法是不可取的。台中师大的王财贵教授有一句话说得非常到位:“凡是将传统看成是包袱的人,不是懦弱者,就是败家子!”希望大家能以懦弱者和败家子为戒。传统怎么可能是包袱呢?它是资本!通过适当的“投资”,它可以发展和壮大我们的事业。
5.认识经典与现代
下面我们从另一个角度来讨论经典,可以分三方面谈:
(1)保守性问题
一提起经典,一提起传统,大家都免不了会想到一个问题,就是文化的保守性问题。以为现代文化必然都是开放性的,而经典的、传统的文化,必然带有保守性。中国为什么落后?中国为什么没有产生近现代科学?甚至中国的科学家为什么没有拿到诺贝尔奖?这些似乎都与我们的文化有关,都是我们文化中固有的保守因素造成的。这样一来,传统的东西当然就成了障碍。但,事实究竟是不是这么回事呢?如果我们对传统的文化持这样一种见解,那就是太不了解我们的文化了。1998年度,又有一位香港的华裔科学家摘取了诺贝尔化学奖的桂冠,在一次座谈会上,杨振宁博士专门就此谈到了大陆的科学家为什么至今仍未有一位问鼎诺贝尔奖。他认为一个很重要的因素,就是受儒家文化保守性的影响。在这里,我想单就儒家文化的保守性问题提出来与杨振宁博士商榷。儒家文化有保守性,我想杨教授的这个观点是很有代表性的。现在要是抽问 10个人,起码会有 9个人这样回答。但是,儒家文化究竟有没有保守性呢?有保守性,你要拿出证据;没有保守性,你也要拿出证据。这个证据从哪里找呢?当然要从孔子那里找,当然要从正宗的儒教文化里找。《论语》是儒家文化的重要经典,我们翻开《论语》,哪一点体现了儒家文化的保守性呢?这一点我们似乎看不到。而相反的,我们看到了它的另一面,它的开放性。《论语》的第一篇是“学而”,也就是谈论学习方面的问题,一门文化它有不有保守性,它是不是固步自封,很重要的就是看这个学习的方面。在“学而”篇里,孔子开篇即言:“学而时习之,不亦说(悦)乎?有朋自远方来,不亦乐乎?人不知而不愠,不亦君子乎?”孔子开篇的这段教诲,实际上道出了治学的三大窍诀。第一窍诀是“学而时习之,不亦说(悦)乎?”大家不要小看了这个窍诀。它不仅仅是学习了知识,要经常安排复习的问题,大家都经历过复习,大家回想一下,学习了,复习了,是不是就产生了快乐呢?是不是就有喜悦呢?当然,时习之还不仅是指复习的问题,更多的是指实践的问题,用的儒家的学问问题。大部分经验告诉我们,学习这个过程是枯燥的,要不怎么会说:“学海无涯苦作舟”呢?所以,在学问海里没有几个人能坚持下去。为什么呢?因为没有见到“悦”。没有见到“悦”,那学习就是件苦差事,吃力不讨好,哪个愿意去做?前些年为什么那么多人下海经商,原因就在这里。海里面有“悦”,书里面没有“悦”。有几个人能见到书中的玉女,有几个人能见到书中的金屋呢?所以,学问能不能真正地活到老学到老,关键的就要看他有不有这个“不亦说乎”。这个“不亦说乎”在学问上叫“学乐”,要有学乐融融,在佛道里叫“法喜”,要法喜充满。初学的修行僧,为什么叫苦行僧呢?因为这个过程非常苦,几乎没有乐趣可言,全靠一个信念在维持。所以,这个阶段戒律很重要,要靠这个戒律来约束,否则坚持不下去。而一旦迈过了这个阶段,学以致用了,在用中有了乐趣,有了感受,真正产生了法喜,到了这个境界,那完全就不同了。你不用再担心你的信心会退失,不再需要用什么东西来强迫你、约束你修持,你会自然而然地去行持菩萨道。修行变成了你的生命,修行变成了你的生活。这又叫无勤而作。所以,学问能不能做下去?修行能不能搞下去?这个“学乐”、这个“法喜”是非常关键的因素。这第一个窍诀就是讲的你要设法获得这个东西,这样你的学问就有了基本的保障。学习为什么一定要讲兴趣呢?兴趣就与这一窍诀有关。第二窍诀是“有朋自远方来,不亦乐乎?”在“学而”篇里讲“朋”,显然这个朋不是讲的一般的酒肉朋友,或义气朋友。这个朋友是与学习有关的朋友,是有志于学问的这么一帮人。古人讲:同门为朋,同志为友。但,这个同门我们不应该狭隘地去看,同一个师门才叫朋,这个同门是广义的,同一个学门都叫朋,也就是凡有志于学问的都是朋。朋从远方来,这个远方有可能指省外、有可能指国外,有可能来自秦国,有可能来自赵国,当然也可能是楚国、燕国,甚至是偏邦。这些来自不同国度的学人自然带来不同的文化,不同的学问。与他们在一起交流,吸取新鲜血液,难道不是一件值得庆幸的事吗?按照今天的地理观念,这个远方为什么不可以指西方,为什么不可以指美国呢?所以,孔子的这第二个窍诀明明是在讲学习就要善交流,就要有开放。保守和自封会有什么后果呢?孔子告诫说:“独学而无友,则孤陋而寡闻。”这是第二窍诀。第三窍诀是“人不知而不愠,不亦君子乎”。这个窍诀也很重要,它讲的是做学问要能耐寂寞。这个窍诀对于做传统的学问,特别是像中医这样的学问尤其重要。学中医要是不能耐寂寞,三年二年就想出名,就坐不住了,那我劝你尽早改行,改个什么金融或电子,也许会更适合你。学中医要能够沉潜下来,十年、二十年人不知你都不愠,这样才有可能学好中医。做学问一要讲兴趣,要有学乐,学习要想坚持下去就必须有这个东西;二要开放,要交流,不能固步自封,孤陋寡闻;三是学问要做得深,要真正成为学问家,就必须能耐寂寞。大家想一想,这三条能够少吗?一条都不能少!从孔子给出的这三大窍诀中,我们可以感受到,儒家文化哪有一点保守性呢?根本没有!以上我们是讲道理,讲理论依据,下面我们可以摆事实。大家知道中国文化主要有三大块,就是儒、释、道。其中儒、道是土生土长的本土文化,而释家则是完完全全的外来文化。三者之中,儒家始终是主导文化。讲三家文化,大家就应该留意一个问题,释家文化是怎么传入我国的?这个异域文化的传入说明了什么?儒教祖师孔子出生于公元前 551 年,佛教创始人释迦牟尼的出生年代亦大致相近,约在公元前 565 年。佛教最早传入中国的时间,约在公元前 2 年,即西汉哀帝元寿元年,距孔子不过 400 余年的时间。这正是儒家文化非常鼎盛的时期,儒家文化是主流文化,皇帝老子就以这家文化来治理天下。可以说,在这个时期,儒家文化是说话算数的。大家不妨思考一个极简单的事实,如果儒家文化是一门保守性很强的文化,如果儒家文化固步自封,那么,在这个时候,佛教这个异域文化有可能传入中国吗?简直一点可能也没有!就凭这个事实,已经足以说明儒家文化是一门开放性、吸纳性很强的文化。哪有一点保守可言?说儒家文化保守,很显然,这个儒家文化已然不是孔子所创立的这个文化,而是被后世的这些徒子徒孙们歪曲了的这个文化,这哪能算是儒家的文化呢?所以,要了解儒家,就一定要到孔子那里去了解,这才算正宗。同样,要学正宗的中医,也一定要从经典着手,这就避免了以讹传讹。这是我们强调学习经典的另外一层意义。
(2)古典音乐与流行音乐
谈到经典的意义,我还有一个切身的体会,那就是经典与智慧密切相关,它不仅仅是一个知识层面的问题。如果认为研读经典仅仅是为了增加一些知识,那么经典的价值自然就显得微不足道了。知识丰富并不一定意味着拥有智慧,知识渊博也不一定代表学问深厚,这一点大家应当理清。然而,阅读经典确实能够提升智慧和学问水平。因此,我常讲,学问是从诵读经典开始的。在这一点上,许多人都有共识。现代脑科学研究认为,人的左脑是逻辑脑,主管语言文字和逻辑思维,人类日常使用的大部分功能都依赖于左脑。而右脑是直觉脑,大部分时间处于闲置状态,当然,这与科学讲究逻辑有关联。近年的脑科学研究表明,人们逐渐将目光投向右脑这片“处女地”,如前文提到的春山茂雄的《脑内革命》一书就较多地阐述了这一问题。实际上,当大脑处于较多的α波(Alpha waves)状态时,就是一种唤醒并激活右脑的状态。对于上述左右脑的区别,我喜欢用另一个概念来描述和定义:左脑,即我们常说的逻辑脑,定义为“现代脑”;右脑,即我们常说的直觉脑,定义为“传统脑”。因此,左右脑之间的关系,实质上就是现代与传统的关系。
具体而言,“现代脑”的含义是什么?所谓现代脑,就是这一世的脑,或者称为现世脑。自从你降生到这个世界,与你相关的一切信息就储存在这个脑中。所以,如果从信息的角度来看这个左脑,它的信息容量有多大呢?这就与这一辈子的经历有关。经历时间的长短,取决于每个人的寿命;经历事情的多少,取决于每个人的阅历。但总的来说,与其相关的信息仅限于几十年,至多百年。这是左脑的大致情况。那么,“传统脑”呢?传统脑的信息量要大得多了,可以说,人类历史上所经历的一切,都有可能与右脑发生联系。因此,右脑所贮存的东西,或者说与右脑发生联系的这些信息、这些经验,就不止是这几十年、这百年。这种信息关联的跨度可能是几百年、几千年、几万年,甚至若干亿年。而且,这些信息、这些经验并非个体的,有可能是整个人类文明的整合(这有点像道金斯所谓的“觅母”,即模因)。如果我们借用一个藏传佛教的概念,这个右脑也可以叫做“伏藏脑”。什么叫伏藏呢?“伏”就是埋伏潜藏,“藏”是宝藏,人类无始以来的文明宝藏都潜伏在这个右脑里。如果从意识的角度,我们也可以说,人类无始以来的意识宝藏都埋伏潜藏在右脑里。通过这样对比左右脑,我们就知道差别太大了,大到难以形容的程度。只可惜现在大多数人没有认识到这一点,他们只知道现代脑,而没能认识传统脑,进而想方设法去开发它。大家可以思考一下,认识右脑,进而开发右脑,这是一个什么概念。这是真正地站在了巨人的肩膀上,我们站在这个基础上往前走,与我们仅仅依靠个体的、非常局限的这几十年,这是一个什么量级的差别?所以,认识和研究左右脑,这个意义太大了,大家不可小视它,也不要当作天方夜谭,这绝不是天方夜谭!我们从《脑内革命》的研究中,已经可以看到这方面的可喜苗头。而更值得关注的是,俄罗斯生物学家亚历山大·卡缅斯基在近期得出结论,人的记忆除了我们所知的神经记忆之外,尚有一种遗传记忆和免疫记忆。其中,遗传记忆又被称为“自然界的储备基金”,这与我们前面所称的“伏藏脑”有极为相似的地方。人是传统与现代的完美沟通者,联结两侧大脑的结构叫“脑胼体”(Corpus Callosum)。脑胼结合体的存在说明左右脑之间的联系是必然的,右脑的信息完全可以通过适当的方式交换到左脑而为其所用。所以,传统与现代的结合也是必然的,这里面有生理结构作为基础。
我这一节的题目叫“读经开智”,阅读经典为什么能开启智慧呢?其实这个意义就体现在上述这个过程。有效地阅读经典、研究经典,可以帮助我们挖掘伏藏,可以帮助我们打开上述的伏藏脑,从而让人类文明的共同宝藏源源不断地流向个体。这个过程如果实现了,大家想想,怎么会没有智慧?怎么会没有学问呢?大家如果从这个高度去认识经典,经典就有意义了,经典就容易学进去了,这是真正的源远流长啊!愿意开启你的伏藏吗?当然,现在许多人不但不会对我上述的观点表示赞许,而且还会嗤之以鼻。因为他们一提到传统就喜欢跟现代对立起来,以为传统的东西都是阻碍现代的,都应该抛弃。其实,这样的认识是没有真正地认识好传统。在门外谈传统,对它望而生畏,这种做法是不可取的。台中师大的王财贵教授有一句话说得非常到位:“凡是将传统看成是包袱的人,不是懦弱者,就是败家子!”希望大家能以懦弱者和败家子为戒。传统怎么可能是包袱呢?它是资本!通过适当的“投资”,它可以发展和壮大我们的事业。
5. 认识经典与现代
下面我们从另一个角度来讨论经典,可以分三方面谈:
(1)保守性问题
一提起经典,一提起传统,大家都免不了会想到一个问题,就是文化的保守性问题。以为现代文化必然都是开放性的,而经典的、传统的文化,必然带有保守性。中国为什么落后?中国为什么没有产生近现代科学?甚至中国的科学家为什么没有拿到诺贝尔奖?这些似乎都与我们的文化有关,都是我们文化中固有的保守因素造成的。这样一来,传统的东西当然就成了障碍。但,事实究竟是不是这么回事呢?如果我们对传统的文化持这样一种见解,那就是太不了解我们的文化了。1998年度,又有一位香港的华裔科学家摘取了诺贝尔化学奖的桂冠,在一次座谈会上,杨振宁博士专门就此谈到了大陆的科学家为什么至今仍未有一位问鼎诺贝尔奖。他认为一个很重要的因素,就是受儒家文化保守性的影响。在这里,我想单就儒家文化的保守性问题提出来与杨振宁博士商榷。儒家文化有保守性,我想杨教授的这个观点是很有代表性的。现在要是抽问10个人,起码会有9个人这样回答。但是,儒家文化究竟有没有保守性呢?有保守性,你要拿出证据;没有保守性,你也要拿出证据。这个证据从哪里找呢?当然要从孔子那里找,当然要从正宗的儒教文化里找。《论语》是儒家文化的重要经典,我们翻开《论语》,哪一点体现了儒家文化的保守性呢?这一点我们似乎看不到。而相反的,我们看到了它的另一面,它的开放性。《论语》的第一篇是“学而”,也就是谈论学习方面的问题,一门文化它有不有保守性,它是不是固步自封,很重要的就是看这个学习的方面。在“学而”篇里,孔子开篇即言:“学而时习之,不亦说(悦)乎?有朋自远方来,不亦乐乎?人不知而不愠,不亦君子乎?”孔子开篇的这段教诲,实际上道出了治学的三大窍诀。
第一窍诀是“学而时习之,不亦说(悦)乎?”大家不要小看了这个窍诀。它不仅仅是学习了知识,要经常安排复习的问题,大家都经历过复习,大家回想一下,学习了,复习了,是不是就产生了快乐呢?是不是就有喜悦呢?当然,时习之还不仅是指复习的问题,更多的是指实践的问题,用的儒家的学问问题。大部分经验告诉我们,学习这个过程是枯燥的,要不怎么会说:“学海无涯苦作舟”呢?所以,在学问海里没有几个人能坚持下去。为什么呢?因为没有见到“悦”。没有见到“悦”,那学习就是件苦差事,吃力不讨好,哪个愿意去做?前些年为什么那么多人下海经商,原因就在这里。海里面有“悦”,书里面没有“悦”。有几个人能见到书中的玉女,有几个人能见到书中的金屋呢?所以,学问能不能真正地活到老学到老,关键的就要看他有不有这个“不亦说乎”。这个“不亦说乎”在学问上叫“学乐”,要有学乐融融,在佛道里叫“法喜”,要法喜充满。初学的修行僧,为什么叫苦行僧呢?因为这个过程非常苦,几乎没有乐趣可言,全靠一个信念在维持。所以,这个阶段戒律很重要,要靠这个戒律来约束,否则坚持不下去。而一旦迈过了这个阶段,学以致用了,在用中有了乐趣,有了感受,真正产生了法喜,到了这个境界,那完全就不同了。你不用再担心你的信心会退失,不再需要用什么东西来强迫你、约束你修持,你会自然而然地去行持菩萨道。修行变成了你的生命,修行变成了你的生活。这又叫无勤而作。所以,学问能不能做下去?修行能不能搞下去?这个“学乐”、这个“法喜”是非常关键的因素。这第一个窍诀就是讲的你要设法获得这个东西,这样你的学问就有了基本的保障。学习为什么一定要讲兴趣呢?兴趣就与这一窍诀有关。
第二窍诀是“有朋自远方来,不亦乐乎?”在“学而”篇里讲“朋”,显然这个朋不是讲的一般的酒肉朋友,或义气朋友。这个朋友是与学习有关的朋友,是有志于学问的这么一帮人。古人讲:同门为朋,同志为友。但,这个同门我们不应该狭隘地去看,同一个师门才叫朋,这个同门是广义的,同一个学门都叫朋,也就是凡有志于学问的都是朋。朋从远方来,这个远方有可能指省外、有可能指国外,有可能来自秦国,有可能来自赵国,当然也可能是楚国、燕国,甚至是偏邦。这些来自不同国度的学人自然带来不同的文化,不同的学问。与他们在一起交流,吸取新鲜血液,难道不是一件值得庆幸的事吗?按照今天的地理观念,这个远方为什么不可以指西方,为什么不可以指美国呢?所以,孔子的这第二个窍诀明明是在讲学习就要善交流,就要有开放。保守和自封会有什么后果呢?孔子告诫说:“独学而无友,则孤陋而寡闻。”这是第二窍诀。
第三窍诀是“人不知而不愠,不亦君子乎”。这个窍诀也很重要,它讲的是做学问要能耐寂寞。这个窍诀对于做传统的学问,特别是像中医这样的学问尤其重要。学中医要是不能耐寂寞,三年二年就想出名,就坐不住了,那我劝你尽早改行,改个什么金融或电子,也许会更适合你。学中医要能够沉潜下来,十年、二十年人不知你都不愠,这样才有可能学好中医。做学问一要讲兴趣,要有学乐,学习要想坚持下去就必须有这个东西;二要开放,要交流,不能固步自封,孤陋寡闻;三是学问要做得深,要真正成为学问家,就必须能耐寂寞。大家想一想,这三条能够少吗?一条都不能少!从孔子给出的这三大窍诀中,我们可以感受到,儒家文化哪有一点保守性呢?根本没有!以上我们是讲道理,讲理论依据,下面我们可以摆事实。大家知道中国文化主要有三大块,就是儒、释、道。其中儒、道是土生土长的本土文化,而释家则是完完全全的外来文化。三者之中,儒家始终是主导文化。讲三家文化,大家就应该留意一个问题,释家文化是怎么传入我国的?这个异域文化的传入说明了什么?儒教祖师孔子出生于公元前551年,佛教创始人释迦牟尼的出生年代亦大致相近,约在公元前565年。佛教最早传入中国的时间,约在公元前2年,即西汉哀帝元寿元年,距孔子不过400余年的时间。这正是儒家文化非常鼎盛的时期,儒家文化是主流文化,皇帝老子就以这家文化来治理天下。可以说,在这个时期,儒家文化是说话算数的。大家不妨思考一个极简单的事实,如果儒家文化是一门保守性很强的文化,如果儒家文化固步自封,那么,在这个时候,佛教这个异域文化有可能传入中国吗?简直一点可能也没有!就凭这个事实,已经足以说明儒家文化是一门开放性、吸纳性很强的文化。哪有一点保守可言?说儒家文化保守,很显然,这个儒家文化已然不是孔子所创立的这个文化,而是被后世的这些徒子徒孙们歪曲了的这个文化,这哪能算是儒家的文化呢?所以,要了解儒家,就一定要到孔子那里去了解,这才算正宗。同样,要学正宗的中医,也一定要从经典着手,这就避免了以讹传讹。这是我们强调学习经典的另外一层意义。
(2)古典音乐与流行音乐
Regarding the significance of classics, I have another personal insight: classics are closely related to wisdom; they are not merely a matter of knowledge. If one believes that studying classics is solely for the purpose of accumulating knowledge, then the value of classics naturally appears insignificant. Abundant knowledge does not necessarily equate to wisdom, nor does extensive learning guarantee profound scholarship; this relationship should be clearly understood. However, reading classics indeed enhances both wisdom and scholarship. Therefore, I often say that scholarship begins with reading classics. On this point, many people share a consensus. Modern brain science research suggests that the human left hemisphere is the logical brain, governing language, text, and logical thinking, with most of human daily functions relying on it. The right hemisphere, known as the intuitive brain, remains largely idle most of the time, which is associated with the scientific emphasis on logic. Recent brain science research indicates that people are gradually turning their attention to the right hemisphere, a "virgin land," as elaborated in works like Morihisa Yamayama's *The Brain Revolution* mentioned earlier. In fact, when the brain is in a state dominated by alpha waves, it represents an activation of the right hemisphere. Regarding the distinction between the left and right hemispheres, I prefer to use another concept for description and definition: the left hemisphere, commonly referred to as the logical brain, is defined as the "Modern Brain"; the right hemisphere, commonly referred to as the intuitive brain, is defined as the "Traditional Brain." Thus, the relationship between the left and right hemispheres is essentially the relationship between modernity and tradition.
Specifically, what is the meaning of the "Modern Brain"? The so-called Modern Brain refers to the brain of this lifetime, or the present-life brain. Since your birth into this world, all information related to you is stored in this brain. Therefore, if we view this left hemisphere from the perspective of information, how large is its capacity? It depends on the experiences of this lifetime. The duration of experience depends on individual lifespan, and the quantity of experiences depends on individual worldly experience. Generally speaking, the information associated with it is limited to a few decades, at most a century. This is the general situation of the left hemisphere. What about the "Traditional Brain"? The information in the Traditional Brain is much larger; it can be said that everything experienced in human history may potentially connect with the right hemisphere. Therefore, what is stored in the right hemisphere, or these pieces of information and experiences connected to it, extend beyond just a few decades or a century. The span of this information association could be hundreds, thousands, tens of thousands of years, or even billions of years. Moreover, this information and these experiences are not merely individual but may represent an integration of the entire human civilization (reminiscent of Dawkins' concept of "memes"). Borrowing a concept from Tibetan Buddhism, this right hemisphere can also be called the "Treasure-Hidden Brain" (Fu Zang Nao). What is meant by Treasure-Hidden? "Fu" means hidden or concealed, and "Zang" means treasure. The treasures of human civilization since beginningless times lie dormant within this right hemisphere. From the perspective of consciousness, we can also say that the treasures of human consciousness since beginningless times are concealed within the right hemisphere. By comparing the left and right hemispheres in this way, we realize the difference is immense, beyond description. Unfortunately, most people today fail to recognize this; they only know the Modern Brain and fail to recognize the Traditional Brain, let alone strive to develop it. Consider what it means to recognize and develop the right hemisphere. This is truly standing on the shoulders of giants. Moving forward from this foundation versus relying solely on the very limited experiences of an individual's few decades—what is the magnitude of difference? Thus, recognizing and studying the left and right hemispheres has immense significance. Do not underestimate it, nor dismiss it as nonsense; it is absolutely not nonsense! From the research in *The Brain Revolution*, we can already see promising signs in this regard. More noteworthy is the recent conclusion by Russian biologist Alexander Kamensky that human memory includes, besides the neural memory we know, genetic memory and immune memory. Genetic memory is also called the "reserve fund of nature," which bears striking resemblance to our previously mentioned "Treasure-Hidden Brain." Humans serve as the perfect communicators between tradition and modernity; the structure connecting the two hemispheres is the Corpus Callosum. The existence of the corpus callosum indicates that the connection between the left and right hemispheres is inevitable; information from the right hemisphere can be exchanged to the left hemisphere through appropriate means for its use. Therefore, the integration of tradition and modernity is also inevitable, grounded in physiological structure.
The title of this section is "Reading Classics to Awaken Wisdom." Why can reading classics awaken wisdom? The significance lies precisely in the process described above. Effectively reading and studying classics helps us excavate hidden treasures and open the aforementioned Treasure-Hidden Brain, allowing the common treasures of human civilization to flow continuously to the individual. If this process is realized, imagine how there would be no wisdom? How could there be no scholarship? If everyone recognizes classics from this height, classics will become meaningful and easier to learn; this is true enduring heritage. Are you willing to unlock your hidden treasures? Of course, many people today not only fail to approve of my views but also sneer at them. Whenever they mention tradition, they tend to oppose it to modernity, believing that traditional things hinder modernity and should be discarded. In reality, such understanding fails to truly grasp tradition. Discussing tradition from the outside and fearing it is inadvisable. Professor Wang Caigui of Taichung Normal University stated aptly: "Those who view tradition as a burden are either cowards or prodigal sons!" Let everyone take cowards and prodigal sons as warnings. How could tradition be a burden? It is capital! Through appropriate "investment," it can develop and strengthen our endeavors.
5. Understanding Classics and Modernity
Below, we discuss classics from another perspective, divided into three aspects:
(1) Issue of Conservatism
Whenever classics or tradition are mentioned, people inevitably think of cultural conservatism. There is a belief that modern culture is inherently open, while classical and traditional culture is inherently conservative. Why did China fall behind? Why did modern science not emerge in China? Even why have Chinese scientists not won Nobel Prizes? These seem related to our culture, attributed to inherent conservative factors within it. Consequently, traditional elements become obstacles. But is this really the case? Holding such a view toward traditional culture shows a profound misunderstanding of our culture. In 1998, another ethnic Chinese scientist from Hong Kong won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. At a symposium, Dr. Chen-Ning Yang specifically discussed why mainland scientists had not yet won a Nobel Prize. He believed a significant factor was the influence of Confucian cultural conservatism. Here, I wish to discuss the issue of Confucian cultural conservatism with Dr. Yang. The view that Confucian culture is conservative is representative. If asked now, at least 9 out of 10 people would answer affirmatively. However, does Confucian culture actually possess conservatism? If yes, provide evidence; if no, provide evidence. Where to find this evidence? Naturally, from Confucius himself and from orthodox Confucian culture. *The Analects* is a key classic of Confucianism. Opening *The Analects*, where do we see conservatism? We seem unable to find it. Conversely, we see its other side: openness. The first chapter of *The Analects* is "Xue Er" (Learning), discussing learning. Whether a culture is conservative or closed-minded is crucially reflected in its approach to learning. In the "Xue Er" chapter, Confucius begins: "Is it not pleasant to learn with a constant perseverance and application? Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quarters? Is he not a man of complete virtue, who feels no discomposure though men may take no note of him?" This opening teaching reveals three major keys to scholarship.
The first key is "Is it not pleasant to learn with a constant perseverance and application?" Do not underestimate this key. It is not merely about reviewing learned knowledge regularly. Everyone has experienced review; recall whether learning and reviewing produce joy and delight. Of course, "constant application" refers not only to review but more importantly to practice, applying Confucian learning. Most experience tells us that learning is枯燥 (dry/boring); otherwise, why say "the sea of learning is boundless, hardship makes the boat"? Few persist in the sea of learning. Why? Because they do not encounter "joy" (Yue). Without joy, learning becomes a bitter task, unrewarding and exhausting, making one unwilling to engage. Why did so many people go into business in previous years? The reason lies here. Business holds "joy"; books lack it. How many see the "jade maiden" or "golden house" in books? Thus, whether one can truly learn until old age depends on possessing this "pleasantness." In scholarship, this is called "Joy of Learning" (Xue Le); in Buddhism and Daoism, it is called "Dharma Joy" (Fa Xi). Why are novice monks called "ascetic monks"? Because the process is very bitter, lacking pleasure, sustained only by faith. Hence, precepts are crucial at this stage to constrain behavior; otherwise, persistence is impossible. Once past this stage, applying learning brings pleasure and feeling, truly generating Dharma Joy. At this realm, everything changes. One no longer worries about losing faith or needing external coercion; one naturally practices the Bodhisattva path. Cultivation becomes life and lifestyle. This is called "effortless action." Thus, whether scholarship or cultivation can continue hinges on "Joy of Learning" and "Dharma Joy." This first key emphasizes obtaining this state, ensuring basic security for one's scholarship. Why emphasize interest in learning? Interest relates to this key.
The second key is "Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quarters?" In "Xue Er," "Peng" (friends) clearly does not refer to casual drinking buddies or mere loyalists. These are friends related to learning, a group aspiring to scholarship. Ancients said: "Same school is Peng, same aspiration is You." We should not view "same school" narrowly as only those from the same master; it is broad, meaning anyone in the same field of learning. Friends coming from afar might come from other provinces, countries, Qin, Zhao, Chu, Yan, or even remote states. Scholars from different regions bring diverse cultures and knowledge. Communicating with them and absorbing fresh blood is surely a cause for celebration. By modern geographical concepts, why couldn't "distant" mean the West or America? Thus, Confucius's second key clearly advocates good communication and openness in learning. What are the consequences of conservatism and closure? Confucius warned: "To study alone without friends leads to narrow-mindedness and ignorance." This is the second key.
The third key is "Is he not a man of complete virtue, who feels no discomposure though men may take no note of him?" This key is also vital, emphasizing the ability to endure loneliness in scholarship. This is particularly important for traditional studies, especially medicine. If studying Chinese Medicine requires fame within two or three years and one cannot sit still due to impatience, I advise changing careers to finance or electronics, which might suit better. Studying Chinese Medicine requires sinking deep; enduring twenty years of obscurity without resentment is necessary to master it. Scholarship requires: first, interest and joy to sustain persistence; second, openness and communication to avoid narrow-mindedness; third, depth and the ability to endure loneliness to become a true scholar. Can any of these three be omitted? None! From these three keys given by Confucius, we sense: where is the conservatism in Confucian culture? Nowhere! Above, we reasoned theoretically; below, we present facts. Chinese culture mainly consists of three parts: Confucianism, Buddhism, and Daoism. Confucianism and Daoism are indigenous, while Buddhism is entirely foreign. Among the three, Confucianism has always been the dominant culture. When discussing these three, consider how Buddhism entered China. What does the entry of this foreign culture indicate? Confucius, founder of Confucianism, was born in 551 BC. Shakyamuni, founder of Buddhism, was born around 565 BC. Buddhism entered China earliest around 2 BC, during the Yuan Shou year of Emperor Ai of Western Han, over 400 years after Confucius. This was the peak period of Confucian culture, the mainstream ideology used by emperors to govern. Confucianism held sway. Consider a simple fact: if Confucianism were highly conservative and closed-minded, could Buddhism have entered China then? Absolutely not! This fact alone proves Confucianism is highly open and absorptive. Where is the conservatism? Claiming Confucianism is conservative obviously refers to a distorted version created by later disciples, not the culture founded by Confucius. To understand Confucianism, one must go to Confucius for the orthodoxy. Similarly, to learn authentic Chinese Medicine, one must start from classics, avoiding the spread of errors. This is another layer of significance in emphasizing the study of classics.
(2) Classical Music and Pop Music