味苦，平，无毒。主寒热，鼠 ，瘰 ，痈肿，恶疮，瘿瘤，结热，蛊毒。去白虫。一
名异翘，一名兰华，一名折
根，一名轵，一名三廉。生太山山谷。八月采，阴干。
处处有，今用茎连花实也。
〔谨案〕此物有两种∶大翘、小翘。大翘叶狭长如水苏，
花黄可爱，生下湿地，着子
似椿实之未开者，作房，翘出众草；其小翘生岗原之上，叶花实皆似大翘而小细，山南人并
用之。今京下惟用大翘子，
不用茎花也。
味苦，温，无毒、有毒。主温疟狂易寒热，症瘕积聚，瘿气，逐血，止痛，疗金疮，鼻
衄
使者，一名奈何草。生高山山谷及田野，四月采。
处处有。近根处有白茸，状似人白头，故以为名。方用亦疗毒痢。
〔谨案〕其叶似芍
药而大，抽一茎。茎头一花，
紫色，似木堇花。实，大者如鸡子，白毛寸余，皆披下似纛头，正似
言近根有白茸，陶似不识。
太常所贮蔓生者，乃是女萎。其白头翁根，甚疗毒痢，似续断而扁。
味辛、酸，寒、微寒，有小毒。主蚀恶肉败疮死肌，杀疥虫，排脓恶血，除大风热气，
善忘不乐。去热痹，破症瘕，
除息肉。一名屈据，一名离娄。生代郡川谷。五月采根，阴干。黑
甘草为之使，恶麦门冬。今第一出高丽，色黄。初断时汁出凝黑如漆，故云漆头。次出
近道，名草 茹，色白，皆
烧铁烁头令黑，以当漆头，非真也。叶似大戟，花黄，二月便生。根
味苦，性平，无毒。主治寒热往来、鼠瘰（颈部淋巴结结核）、瘰疬（颈侧肿物）、痈肿、恶疮、瘿瘤（甲状腺肿大等颈部肿块）、结热（郁结之热邪）、蛊毒（寄生虫或中毒性疾病）。能驱除肠道白色寄生虫。又名异翘、兰华、折根、轵、三廉。产于泰山山谷中。八月采收，阴干。
各地均有分布，现今临床多用其茎、花及果实。
【考证】此药有两种：大翘和小翘。大翘的叶片狭长类似水苏，花朵黄色惹人喜爱，生长于低湿之地，种子形似未开放的椿树果实，呈房状，高出草丛；小翘生长在山岗平原之上，叶、花、果实都类似大翘但较小较细，山南地区的人将两者都使用。如今京城地区只用大翘的种子，不使用其茎和花。
味苦，性温，有毒亦称无毒（注：原文“无毒、有毒”存在争议，此处依文直译）。主治温疟（以高热为主的疟疾）、狂易（精神失常）、寒热往来、症瘕积聚（腹内结块）、瘿气（颈部肿块）、逐瘀血、止痛、治疗金疮（金属利器造成的创伤）、鼻衄（鼻出血）。又名奈何草。生长于高山山谷及田野间，四月采收。
各地均有分布。靠近根部处有白色绒毛，形状像人的白头，因此得名。方书中也记载用于治疗毒痢（细菌性痢疾等严重腹泻）。
【考证】其叶片类似芍药但较大，抽出一根茎。茎顶有一朵花，紫色，类似木槿花。果实大的如鸡蛋，白色绒毛一寸多长，向下披散类似旗帜顶端，正符合文中所说近根处有白色绒毛的说法，陶弘景似乎不认识这一点。太常寺所贮藏的蔓生植物，实际上是女萎。白头翁的根，对治疗毒痢疗效显著，形状类似续断且扁平。
味辛、酸，性寒、微寒，有小毒。主治腐蚀恶肉、败疮死肌，杀灭疥虫，排出脓液和恶血，祛除大风热气，治疗健忘和不快乐的情绪。去除热痹（因热邪导致的关节疼痛），破除症瘕，消除息肉。又名屈据、离娄。产于代郡川谷中。五月采收根部，阴干。黑甘草为其引经药，忌与麦门冬同用。现今最好的产自高丽，颜色发黄。刚折断时汁液流出凝固后漆黑如漆，所以称为漆头。其次产自附近道路旁，名为草茹，颜色发白，都是烧铁灼烧根部使其变黑，来冒充漆头，并非真品。叶片类似大戟，花黄色，二月便生长。根
Bitter in taste, neutral in nature, non-toxic. Indicated for alternating cold and fever, scrofula (tuberculous lymphadenitis of the neck), phthisis (scrofulous swellings), carbuncles and sores, malignant ulcers, goiter (neck masses), accumulated heat (stagnant pathogenic heat), gu poison (parasitic or toxic diseases). Expels white intestinal worms. Also known as Yi Qiao, Lan Hua, Zhe Gen, Zhi, and San Lian. Grows in the valleys of Mount Tai. Harvested in August, dried in the shade.
Found everywhere; currently, the stem, flowers, and fruits are clinically used.
[Verification] There are two types of this herb: Da Qiao (Large Qiao) and Xiao Qiao (Small Qiao). Da Qiao has narrow, elongated leaves similar to *Perilla frutescens* (Shui Su), with attractive yellow flowers. It grows in low-lying wet areas. Its seeds resemble unopened seeds of *Toona sinensis* (Chun Shu), forming pods that stand out above other grasses. Xiao Qiao grows on hills and plains; its leaves, flowers, and fruits are similar to Da Qiao but smaller and finer. People in southern Shanxi use both. Currently, only the seeds of Da Qiao are used in the capital region, not the stems or flowers.
Bitter in taste, warm in nature, toxicity is debated (non-toxic/toxic). Indicated for warm malaria (malaria with predominant high fever), mania (mental derangement), alternating cold and fever, zheng jia and ji ju (abdominal masses and accumulations), goiter qi (neck mass qi), expelling blood stasis, relieving pain, treating metal wounds (traumatic injuries from metal instruments), and epistaxis (nosebleed). Also known as Nai He Cao. Grows in high mountains, valleys, fields, and countryside. Harvested in April.
Found everywhere. Near the root, there is white down, resembling a human's white hair, hence the name. Formulas also record its use for treating toxic dysentery.
[Verification] Its leaves are similar to those of *Paeonia lactiflora* (Shao Yao) but larger, with a single stem emerging. At the top of the stem is one flower, purple in color, resembling *Hibiscus mutabilis* (Mu Jin Hua). The fruit is large, like a chicken egg, covered with white down over an inch long, hanging down like the tassel of a banner, which aligns with the description of white down near the root. Tao Hongjing seemed unfamiliar with this fact. The vine-like plant stored by the Taichang Temple is actually *Akebia quinata* (Nu Wei). The root of Bai Tou Weng is highly effective for treating toxic dysentery; it resembles *Dipsacus asper* (Xu Duan) and is flat.
Acrid and sour in taste, cold and slightly cold in nature, slightly toxic. Indicated for eroding foul flesh, necrotic tissue from ulcers, killing scabies mites, discharging pus and foul blood, dispelling severe wind-heat, and treating forgetfulness and melancholy. Relieves hot bi (painful obstruction due to heat pathogens), breaks up zheng jia, and removes polyps. Also known as Qu Ju and Li Lou. Grows in the valleys of Dai Commandery. Roots harvested in May, dried in the shade. *Glycyrrhiza uralensis* (Hei Gan Cao) serves as its guiding herb; contraindicated with *Ophiopogon japonicus* (Mai Men Dong). The best quality currently comes from Goryeo (Korea), with a yellowish color. When freshly broken, the exuded juice coagulates into a black substance like lacquer, hence called "Lacquer Head." The next best comes from nearby roadsides, named Cao Ru, with a white color; these are often treated by burning iron to blacken the root tips to mimic Lacquer Head, which is not authentic. Leaves resemble *Euphorbia* (Da Ji), flowers are yellow, appearing in February. Root