夫风邪中人，本皆表证，考之《内经》所载诸风，皆指外邪为言，故并无神魂昏愦，直
视僵仆，口眼歪斜，牙关紧急，语言謇涩，失音烦乱，摇头吐沫，痰涎壅盛，半身不遂，瘫
痪软弱，筋脉拘挛，抽搐螈 ，遗尿失禁等说。可见此等证候，原非外感风邪，总由内伤血
气也。夫风自外入者，必由浅而深，由渐而甚，自有表证。既有表证，方可治以疏散。而今
之所谓中风者则不然，但见有卒倒昏迷，神魂失守之类，无论其有无表邪，有无寒热，及有
无筋骨疼痛等证，便皆谓之中风，误亦甚矣。虽《热病篇》有偏枯一证，曰∶身偏不用而痛
。此以痛痹为言，非今之所谓中风也。《阴阳别论》有曰∶三阴三阳发病，为偏枯痿易，四
肢不举，此以经病为言，亦非所谓风也。继自越人、仲景，亦皆以外感言风，初未尝以非风
言风也。迨至汉末华元化所言五脏之风，则稍与《内经》不同，而始有吐沫，身直口噤，筋
急，舌强不能言，手足不遂等说，然犹不甚相远。再自隋唐以来，则巢氏《病源》、孙氏《
千金》等方，以至宋元诸家所列风证，日多日详，而是风非风始混乱莫辨，而愈失其真矣。
故余悉采其要，列证如前。凡《内经》所不言者，皆不得谓之风证，即或稍有相涉，亦必以
四诊相参，必其真有外感实邪，方可以风论治，否则误人不小也。
一、《难经》曰∶伤寒有几，其脉有变否？然∶伤寒有五∶有中风，有伤寒，有湿温，
有热病，有温病。其所苦各不同。
详此《难经》之云中风者，本五种伤寒之一。又仲景曰∶太阳病，发热汗出，恶风脉缓
者，名为中风。由此观之，可见《内经》之凡言中风者，本以外感寒邪为言也，岂后世以内
伤属风等证悉认之为外感中风耶？
一、仲景《要略》曰∶夫风之为病，当半身不遂，或但臂不遂者，此为痹；脉微而数，
中风使然。寸口脉浮而紧，紧则为寒，浮则为虚，寒虚相搏，邪在皮肤；浮者血虚，络脉空
虚，贼邪不泻，或左或右，邪气反缓，正气即急，正气引邪， 僻不遂。邪在于络，肌
肤不仁；邪在于经，即重不胜；邪入于腑，即不识人；邪入于脏，舌即难言，口吐涎。
观仲景之论中风者如此。其所云半身不遂者，此为痹，乃指痛风之属为言。谓其由于风
寒也。再如邪在皮肤，及在络、在经、入腑、入脏者，此谓由浅而深，亦皆以外邪传变为言
也。惟 僻吐涎二证，在《内经》诸风并无言及，而仲景创言之。故自唐宋以来，则渐
有中经、中血脉、中腑、中脏之说。而凡以内伤偏枯、气脱、卒倒、厥逆等证，悉认为中风
，而忘却真风面目矣。
风邪侵袭人体，原本都属于表证。考察《内经》所记载的各种风病，都是指外感邪气而言，因此并没有神魂昏乱、直视僵仆、口眼歪斜、牙关紧急、言语謇涩、失音烦乱、摇头吐沫、痰涎壅盛、半身不遂、瘫痪软弱、筋脉拘挛、抽搐痉挛、遗尿失禁等说法。由此可见，这些证候原本不是外感风邪所致，完全是由于内伤气血引起的。
凡是风邪从外部侵入的，必定是由浅入深，逐渐加重，自然会有表证。既然有表证，才可以采用疏散的方法治疗。然而现在所谓的“中风”却不是这样，只要见到突然昏倒昏迷、神魂失守之类的症状，无论是否有外感邪气、是否有寒热表现、以及是否有筋骨疼痛等症状，都一概称之为中风，这种错误是非常严重的。虽然《热病篇》中提到了偏枯这一证候，说：“身体一侧不能活动且伴有疼痛。”这是以痛痹来论述的，并非现在所说的中风。《阴阳别论》中说：“三阴三阳发病，导致偏枯痿易，四肢不能举动。”这是以经脉病变来论述的，也不是所谓的风病。
自从扁鹊（越人）、张仲景以来，也都以外感来解释风病，起初并没有用“非风”的概念来谈论风病。等到汉末华佗（元化）所说五脏之风，则与《内经》略有不同，开始有了吐沫、身体挺直、口噤、筋急、舌强不能说话、手足不遂等说法，但还不至于相差太远。再从隋唐以来，巢元方《诸病源候论》、孙思邈《千金方》等著作，以及宋元各家所列的风证，一天比一天多，一天比一天详细，于是“是风非风”开始混乱难以分辨，更加失去了其真义。
所以我完全采纳其中的要点，将证候列在前面。凡是《内经》没有提到的，都不能称为风证；即使稍微有些关联，也必须通过望闻问切四诊合参，必须确认确实有外感实邪，才可以按风病论治，否则误人匪浅。
一、《难经》说：伤寒有几类？其脉象有变化吗？回答：伤寒有五类：有中风，有伤寒，有湿温，有热病，有温病。它们各自的痛苦各不相同。
仔细研究《难经》所说的中风，本是五种伤寒中的一种。另外张仲景说：太阳病，发热汗出，恶风脉缓的，名为中风。由此看来，可见《内经》中凡是提到中风，本是指外感寒邪而言，难道后世把内伤属于风的证候全都认作外感中风了吗？
一、张仲景《金匮要略》说：风这个病，应当出现半身不遂，或者只是手臂不能活动的，这是痹证；脉象微而数，是中风造成的。寸口脉浮而紧，紧代表寒，浮代表虚，寒与虚相互搏结，邪气在皮肤；浮表示血虚，络脉空虚，贼邪不得宣泄，或在左或在右，邪气所在的一侧松弛，正气所在的一侧紧张，正气牵引邪气，导致口眼歪斜、肢体不能随意运动。邪气在络脉，肌肤麻木不仁；邪气在经脉，即感觉沉重无法抬举；邪气进入腑，即神志不清不认识人；邪气进入脏，舌头僵硬难以说话，口吐涎水。
观察张仲景关于中风的论述就是这样。他所说的半身不遂，这是痹证，乃是指痛风之类而言，说是由于风寒引起的。再如邪气在皮肤，以及在络、在经、入腑、入脏的情况，这是说由浅入深，也都是以外邪传变来论述的。只有口眼歪斜和吐涎这两个证候，在《内经》各种风中都没有提及，是张仲景首创提出的。所以自唐宋以来，渐渐有了中经、中血脉、中腑、中脏的说法。而凡是把内伤导致的偏枯、气脱、突然昏倒、厥逆等证候，全都认为是中风，从而忘记了真正风病的本来面目了。
Wind pathogen invading the human body originally belongs to exterior syndromes (Biao Zheng). Examining the various wind diseases recorded in *Neijing* (Inner Canon), they all refer to external pathogens. Therefore, there are no descriptions of mental confusion, staring straight ahead with stiff collapse, deviation of the mouth and eyes, lockjaw, slurred speech, aphonia with restlessness, head shaking with foaming at the mouth, copious phlegm and saliva, hemiplegia, paralysis and weakness, tendon and vessel spasm, convulsions and clonic spasms, urinary incontinence, etc. It can be seen that these syndromes were originally not caused by external wind pathogen invasion, but entirely due to internal injury of blood and qi.
When wind pathogen enters from the outside, it must proceed from shallow to deep, gradually worsening, naturally presenting with exterior syndromes. Since there are exterior syndromes, treatment with dispersing methods can be applied. However, what is now called "Zhong Feng" (Apoplexy/Stroke) is different. Merely seeing symptoms such as sudden collapse and coma, or loss of spirit and consciousness, regardless of whether there is an external pathogen, chills and fever, or bone and muscle pain, one indiscriminately calls it Zhong Feng. This error is very serious. Although the *Re Bing Pian* (Chapter on Heat Diseases) mentions a syndrome called Pian Ku (Hemiplegia), stating: "One side of the body cannot move and is painful." This refers to Painful Obstruction (Bi Syndrome) due to pain, not the Zhong Feng discussed today. The *Yin Yang Bie Lun* states: "Disease onset of the three Yin and three Yang meridians leads to Pian Ku and Wei Yi (atrophy and ease/flaccidity), with four limbs unable to lift." This refers to meridian disease, also not the so-called wind disease.
Since Bian Que (Yue Ren) and Zhang Zhongjing, everyone explained wind disease based on external contraction, initially never discussing wind using the concept of "Non-Wind". By the late Han Dynasty, Hua Yuanhua's discussion of Wind of the Five Zang Organs differed slightly from *Neijing*, beginning to mention foaming at the mouth, rigid body, lockjaw, tendon tension, tongue stiffness preventing speech, and uncoordinated hands and feet. However, this was still not far removed. From the Sui and Tang dynasties onwards, works such as Chao Yuanfang's *Zhu Bing Yuan Hou Lun* (Source Book of All Categories of Disease) and Sun Simiao's *Qian Jin Fang* (Prescriptions Worth a Thousand Gold), as well as various schools in Song and Yuan dynasties, listed wind syndromes increasingly numerous and detailed. Thus, the distinction between true wind and non-wind became confused and indistinguishable, further losing its true meaning.
Therefore, I have collected the essentials and listed the syndromes as above. Anything not mentioned in *Neijing* cannot be called a wind syndrome; even if slightly related, one must combine observation, listening/smelling, inquiry, and palpation (Si Zhen - Four Diagnostic Methods). Only when there is truly an external excess pathogen can it be treated as a wind disease; otherwise, the mistake harms people significantly.
1. *Nan Jing* (Classic of Difficult Issues) states: "How many types of Shang Han (Cold Damage) are there? Do their pulses change?" Answer: "Shang Han has five types: there is Zhong Feng, there is Shang Han, there is Shi Wen (Damp-Warmth), there is Re Bing (Heat Disease), and there is Wen Bing (Warm Disease). Their respective sufferings are different."
Examining this statement from *Nan Jing*, the Zhong Feng mentioned here is originally one of the five types of Shang Han. Furthermore, Zhang Zhongjing stated: "In Tai Yang disease (Tai Yang Disease), if there is fever, sweating, aversion to wind, and a slow pulse, it is named Zhong Feng." From this perspective, it can be seen that whenever *Neijing* mentions Zhong Feng, it originally referred to external contraction of cold pathogen. How could later generations mistakenly identify internal injury syndromes attributed to wind as external contraction Zhong Feng?
1. Zhang Zhongjing's *Jin Gui Yao Lue* (Essential Prescriptions of the Golden Cabinet) states: "The disease of wind should present with hemiplegia, or only inability to move one arm; this is Bi Syndrome (Obstruction); the pulse is faint and rapid, caused by Zhong Feng. The Cun Kou (Radial artery at the wrist) pulse is floating and tight; tight indicates cold, floating indicates deficiency. Cold and deficiency interact, with the pathogen in the skin; floating indicates blood deficiency, collateral vessels are empty, evil pathogen is not expelled, affecting either left or right. The area affected by evil pathogen becomes relaxed/hypotonic, while the healthy qi side becomes tense/hypertonic. Healthy qi pulls toward the evil, causing deviation of the mouth and eyes and inability to move freely. If the pathogen is in the collaterals, the skin and muscles become insensate; if in the meridians, heaviness and inability to lift occur; if entering the Fu organs, consciousness is lost and recognition fails; if entering the Zang organs, the tongue becomes stiff making speech difficult, and saliva dribbles from the mouth."
Observing Zhang Zhongjing's discussion on Zhong Feng as above. What he called hemiplegia is Bi Syndrome, referring to conditions like gouty arthritis, attributing it to wind-cold. Similarly, pathogen in the skin, collaterals, meridians, Fu organs, and Zang organs describes progression from shallow to deep, all discussed in terms of external pathogen transmission. Only the syndromes of facial deviation and drooling were not mentioned in the various winds of *Neijing*, but were first proposed by Zhang Zhongjing. Thus, since the Tang and Song dynasties, concepts of Zhong Jing (Wind striking meridians), Zhong Xue Mai (Wind striking vessels/blood), Zhong Fu (Wind striking Fu organs), and Zhong Zang (Wind striking Zang organs) gradually emerged. Consequently, internal injury syndromes such as hemiplegia, Qi collapse, sudden collapse, and Jue Ni (cold extremities/reversal) were all considered Zhong Feng, forgetting the true appearance of genuine wind disease.