凡古人治疟之法，若其久而汗多，腠理开泄，阳不能固者，必补敛之；无汗则腠理致密
，邪不能解，必发散之。故曰∶有汗者要无汗，扶正为主；无汗者要有汗，散邪为主。此大
法也。盖疟本外邪，非汗不能解，若不知散解其邪，而妄用劫剂，多致胃气受伤，邪不能解
，必反难愈。此宜以补剂为主，加减取汗，汗后再加补养可也。若邪在阴分，则下体最难得
汗，补药力到，自然汗出至足，方是佳兆。凡病此而邪有未解者，大忌饱食，亦以汗之难易
为优劣也。凡寒邪之自外而入者，得汗即解，如伤寒之类皆是也。而惟时瘟时疟之病，则病
有浅深之不同。即如病瘟者，虽有大汗而热仍不退。病疟者，屡发屡汗而疟犹不止，此其所
感最深，故不能以一二汗而即愈，或通身如洗而犹不能透。若此者，但当察其强弱，仍渐次
再汗之，方得邪解。故不可谓汗后必无邪也。此但当以脉之紧与不紧，及头身之痛与不痛，
寒热之甚与不甚为辨耳。然又有虽已得汗，邪气将解而不守禁忌，或因于劳，或因于欲，或
受生冷微邪，或胃气未清，因而过食，随触随发，此其旧邪未尽而新邪又至，缠绵深固，因
致留连者，亦必宜仍从汗解，但其宜固宜散，则犹当以酌虚实为首务。
凡治疟当知标本。予尝言∶有标则治标，无标则治本，此最为治疟之肯綮。何以言之？
盖标以邪气言，本以正气言也。夫邪正相争，所以病疟。凡疟之初起，本由邪盛，此当治邪
，固无疑也。若或表散已过，或久而不愈，则于邪正之间，有不可不辨矣。盖有邪者，证必
猖炽，脉必弦紧，或头疼头痛未除，或汗虽出而未透，凡属形证有余者，即其病虽已久，亦
必有表邪之未清也。但觉有微邪，此犹宜兼标为治。若汗出已多，邪解已透，别无实证实脉
可据，而犹然不愈者，必由正气全虚，或以质弱，或以年衰，故余气有未能却，而真阴有未
能静耳。此当专治其本，但使元气既复，则无有不愈。设或不明标本，无论有邪无邪，而但
知攻疟，则害者多矣。予为此说虽因疟而发，然诸病皆同此理，明者，当心志之。
凡是古人治疗疟疾的方法，如果病程长久且出汗过多，导致腠理（皮肤毛孔及间隙）开泄，阳气不能固摄的，必须采用补益收敛的方法；如果没有汗出，则说明腠理致密，邪气无法通过汗液排出，必须采用发散的方法。所以说：有汗的人要使其无汗，以扶助正气为主；没有汗的人要使其有汗，以疏散邪气为主。这是治疗的大法。因为疟疾本是由外邪引起，不出汗就不能解除病邪，如果不懂得疏散解表，而胡乱使用强行截断疟疾的药物，大多会导致胃气受损，邪气不能解除，必定反而难以痊愈。这种情况应当以补益剂为主，进行加减调整以获取汗出，汗出后再加以补养即可。如果邪气在阴分，那么下半身最难得汗，当补药的力量到达时，自然会有汗出至足部，这才是好的征兆。凡是患这种病而邪气尚未解除的，非常忌讳饱食，这也是判断发汗难易优劣的关键。凡是寒邪从外部侵入的，得到汗出即刻解除，像伤寒之类的疾病都是如此。而只有时行瘟疫和时行疟疾这类疾病，病情有浅深程度的不同。就像患瘟病的人，即使大汗淋漓而热势仍然不退。患疟疾的人，多次发作多次出汗而疟疾仍然不止，这是因为感受的病邪最深，所以不能靠一两次发汗就立即痊愈，或者全身湿透如洗仍然不能透达邪气。像这种情况，只应当观察患者的强弱体质，仍然逐渐再次发汗，才能解除邪气。所以不能说发汗后一定就没有邪气了。这只能根据脉象是否紧束，以及头部身体是否有疼痛，寒热症状的严重与否来进行辨别。然而又有虽然已经出汗，邪气将要解除却不遵守禁忌，或者因为劳累，或者因为房事不节，或者受到生冷轻微邪气的侵袭，或者胃气未清，因而饮食过量，随时接触病邪随时复发，这是旧有的邪气未尽而新的邪气又至，缠绵难愈、根深蒂固，因此导致病情迁延的，也必然应当仍然从发汗途径解除，但是应该固护还是应该发散，则仍然应当以斟酌虚实为首要任务。
凡是治疗疟疾应当知道标本的概念。我曾经说过：有标证就治标证，没有标证就治本证，这是治疗疟疾的关键所在。为什么这样说呢？标是指邪气，本是指正气。邪气和正气相互争斗，所以才发生疟疾。凡是疟疾初起，本来是由于邪气盛实，这应当治疗邪气，是毫无疑问的。如果经过表散治疗已经过去，或者病程长久不愈，那么在邪正之间，就有不可不辨别的了。如果有邪气存在，症状必定猖獗炽盛，脉象必定弦紧，或者头痛未除，或者汗虽出但未透彻，凡是属于形体症状有余的，即使病很久，也一定有表邪没有清除干净。只要觉得有微弱的邪气，这仍然应当兼顾标证进行治疗。如果汗出已经很多，邪气已解且透达，没有其他实证和实脉可以依据，而仍然不愈的，必定是因为正气完全虚弱，或者因为体质弱，或者因为年老体衰，所以残余的气机未能驱除，真阴未能宁静。这应当专门治疗其本证，只要使元气恢复，就没有不痊愈的。假若不明白标本的道理，无论有没有邪气，只知道攻伐疟疾，那么造成的危害就多了。我提出这个说法虽然是因疟疾而发，然而各种疾病都遵循同样的道理，明智的人应当用心铭记。
Regarding the ancient methods for treating malaria (Malaria), if the disease has persisted for a long time with excessive sweating, leading to open pores (Couli) and an inability of Yang Qi to consolidate, tonification and astringency must be employed; if there is no sweating, it indicates that the pores are dense and the pathogenic factor cannot be resolved, so dispersing methods must be used. Therefore, it is said: For those with sweating, the goal is to stop sweating, focusing on supporting healthy Qi; for those without sweating, the goal is to induce sweating, focusing on dissipating pathogens. This is the general principle. Since malaria originates from external pathogens, it cannot be resolved without sweating. If one does not understand how to disperse and resolve the pathogen, but recklessly uses agents to forcibly arrest the malaria, it often results in injury to Stomach Qi, failure to resolve the pathogen, and consequently, difficulty in recovery. In such cases, tonifying formulas should be the primary treatment, adjusted to induce sweating, followed by nourishing supplementation after sweating occurs. If the pathogen resides in the Yin aspect, sweating is hardest to achieve in the lower body; when the power of the tonifying medicine reaches its destination, sweating naturally extends to the feet, which is a favorable sign. For those suffering from this condition where the pathogen remains unresolved, overeating is strictly contraindicated, as the ease or difficulty of sweating determines the quality of the outcome. When cold pathogens enter from the exterior, resolution occurs immediately upon sweating, as seen in conditions like Cold Damage (Shanghan). However, in epidemic febrile diseases (Wen Bing) and epidemic malaria, the depth of illness varies. For instance, in patients with epidemic febrile diseases, fever may persist despite profuse sweating. In malaria patients, repeated episodes and sweating may occur without cessation of the malaria, because the contracted pathogen is deep-seated, preventing immediate cure with just one or two instances of sweating, or even when the whole body is soaked with sweat, the pathogen may still not be fully expelled. In such cases, one must assess the patient's strength and weakness, and gradually induce sweating again to resolve the pathogen. Thus, one cannot assume that no pathogen remains after sweating. Differentiation should rely on whether the pulse is tight or not, and whether there is pain in the head and body, as well as the severity of chills and fever. Furthermore, there are cases where, although sweating has occurred and the pathogen is about to be resolved, non-compliance with dietary and lifestyle taboos—such as fatigue, sexual excess, exposure to cold/raw foods or mild pathogens, unclear Stomach Qi, or overeating—leads to immediate recurrence upon contact with triggers. This represents lingering old pathogens combined with new ones, resulting in chronic, entrenched, and persistent conditions. Such cases must still be treated via sweating, but the decision between consolidating and dispersing depends primarily on assessing deficiency and excess.
In treating malaria, one must understand the concepts of Root (Ben) and Branch (Biao). I have stated: treat the Branch if present, otherwise treat the Root; this is the crux of treating malaria. Why? The Branch refers to the pathogenic factor, while the Root refers to the healthy Qi. The struggle between pathogen and healthy Qi causes malaria. At the initial stage of malaria, the condition is due to excess pathogen, so treating the pathogen is undoubtedly correct. However, if exterior-dispersing treatments have already been applied, or if the disease persists chronically, differentiation between pathogen and healthy Qi becomes crucial. If pathogen is present, symptoms will be fierce and the pulse string-tight; headache may persist, or sweating may be incomplete. Any condition showing signs of excess indicates that exterior pathogen remains unresolved, regardless of duration. Even slight residual pathogen warrants concurrent treatment of the Branch. If sweating has been profuse, the pathogen is resolved and dispersed, and there are no signs or pulses of excess, yet the disease persists, it must be due to complete deficiency of healthy Qi, either from weak constitution or advanced age, leaving residual qi unexpelled and True Yin unsettled. In this case, one should focus exclusively on treating the Root; once Yuan Qi recovers, recovery is inevitable. Failure to distinguish Root and Branch, blindly attacking malaria regardless of the presence of pathogen, leads to significant harm. Although this discussion arises from malaria, the same principles apply to all diseases; the wise should keep this in mind.