诊唇形容。既已述其提纲。还当集其条目。如唇口俱赤肿者。肌肉热也。上唇浓大。下唇细小者。腹胀也。唇
白而肿者。脾绝也。唇舌皆肿。大便赤泄。溺血。足肿者。九日死。肉绝也。唇肿齿焦黑者。脾肾绝也。唇薄似有
笑状者。内痈之危证也。唇肉缩小。恍似与人笑者。或膈间热。或腹中痛也。脾伤唇虽萎黄。语音若转者。犹
可治也。唇缩流津者。脾冷也。虚劳唇寒齿宣露者。死证也。病苦头痛。目眩。惊狂。喉痹痛。手臂卷。唇吻不收。
右寸脉阴阳俱实者。手太阴阳明肺与大肠俱实也。唇吻不收。舌不转失音。耳聋目瞀者。邪中脏也。唇烂
而齿牙脱落者。邪伏阳明。发为牙疳也。唇反黑无纹者。脾败也。病患唇反人中满者。三日死也。唇反人中
满。舌痿者。肉先死。足太阴气绝也。病患鼻下平者。胃病也。肌肉不滑泽。肉满唇反者。肉先死也。唇焦干者。
病在肌肉也。口苦舌强。呕逆酸心。气胀唇焦者。脾劳也。唇焦者。脾蒸也。下唇焦者。小肠蒸也。热病口燥唇
焦者。病在脾也。唇焦枯无泽者。脾热也。病苦胸中喘。肠鸣虚渴。唇干目急。善惊泄白。右寸阳虚者。手阳明
大肠虚冷也。寸口脉不出。反发其汗。阳脉早索。阴脉不涩。身体反冷。内烦多吐。唇燥小便难。便如烂瓜豚
脑者。伤其津液。肺为之痿也。唇焦肉白。腠理萎瘁者。血灭之证也。病患唇口忽干者。脾胃内绝也。脾前病。
唇则焦枯无润。脾前死。唇则干青渐缩急。齿噤不开。若天中等分墓色应之者。必死不治也。平人色暗。唇
皮干者。夭寿之征也。妇人年五十所。病下利数十日不止。暮即发热。少腹里急。腹满。手掌烦热。唇口干燥
者。此病属带下。曾经半产。瘀血在少腹不去也。皮肤痛。唇舌槁。无汗者。肌寒热也。唇口疮者。邪之出也。疟
病唇口生疮者。邪将解也。唇裂齿龈青黑。九窍血出者。中莽草之毒也。唇口舌头皆破裂。皮肉似汤火
起。渐次成脓者。中金蚕之蛊毒也。身发小 。作青黑色。眼睛耸出。舌上生小刺 绽出。口唇破裂。腹膨胀。
爪甲青黑者。中砒霜之毒也。病患上唇有疮者。虫蚀其脏也。下唇有疮者。虫食其肛也。齿龈无色。舌上尽
白。甚则唇里有疮。四肢沉重。忽忽喜眠者。虫病也。唇上如疮。面黄肌瘦。腹大者。疳病有蛔虫也。上唇内有
疮如粟。心内懊 痛闷。唾血者。此虫在上。蚀其脏也。下唇内生疮。其人喜眠者。此虫在下。蚀其下部也。口
唇动而偏 者。风入其脉也。口唇紧小。不能开合。饮食不得者。茧唇也。舌如针刺。唇上微麻。口渐收小不
能张。甚则腹鸣且胀者。中河豚之毒也。小儿生下五六日。口唇撮聚。不能吮乳者。人以为脐风也。此皆唇之形容也。
诊察嘴唇的形态与色泽。既然已经阐述了提纲，还应当汇集具体的条目。如果嘴唇和口角都发红肿胀，这是肌肉有热。上唇厚大、下唇细小的，是腹胀。嘴唇苍白且肿胀的，是脾气绝。嘴唇和舌头都肿胀，大便带血泄泻，尿血，足部肿胀的，九天后死亡，这是肉气绝。嘴唇肿胀、牙齿焦黑的，是脾肾之气绝。嘴唇薄且似乎带有笑意的，是体内痈疽的危重证候。嘴唇肌肉缩小，恍惚间好像与人微笑的，或者是膈间有热，或者是腹中疼痛。脾脏受伤，嘴唇虽然萎黄，但语音能够转换（清晰），还可以治疗。嘴唇收缩、流口水的，是脾寒。虚劳病导致嘴唇寒冷、牙齿暴露的，是死证。患病者苦于头痛、目眩、惊狂、喉痹疼痛、手臂卷曲、口唇不能闭合。右寸脉阴阳两部都实盛的，是手太阴肺经和手阳明大肠经都实证。口唇不能闭合、舌头转动失灵、失音、耳聋、视物昏花的，是邪气侵入内脏。嘴唇溃烂、牙齿脱落的，是邪气潜伏在阳明经，发为牙疳。嘴唇反翻、黑色无纹路的，是脾败。病患嘴唇反翻、人中部位饱满的，三天后死亡。嘴唇反翻、人中饱满、舌体痿软的，肌肉先死，足太阴脾气绝。病患鼻下平坦的，是胃病。肌肉不滑润光泽，肌肉胀满、嘴唇反翻的，肌肉先死。嘴唇焦干的，病在肌肉。口苦、舌强、呕吐逆气、心中泛酸、气胀、嘴唇焦枯的，是脾劳。嘴唇焦枯的，是脾蒸（脾热）。下唇焦枯的，是小肠蒸（小肠热）。热病导致口燥、嘴唇焦枯的，病在脾。嘴唇焦枯没有光泽的，是脾热。患病者苦于胸中气喘、肠鸣、虚烦口渴、嘴唇干燥、眼睛拘急、容易惊吓、排泄白色便物。右寸阳脉虚弱的，是手阳明大肠虚冷。寸口脉摸不到，反而发汗，阳脉早现细弱，阴脉不涩，身体反而发冷，内里烦闷、多呕吐、嘴唇干燥、小便困难、大便像烂瓜或猪脑一样的，是损伤了津液，肺脏因此痿废。嘴唇焦枯、肌肉苍白、腠理枯萎憔悴的，是血灭的证候。病患嘴唇突然干燥的，是脾胃内部绝断。脾病之前，嘴唇会焦枯无润泽；脾死之前，嘴唇会干青逐渐收缩紧急，牙齿紧闭无法张开，如果此时面部中央的色泽应验了墓色（死色），必定死亡无法治疗。普通人面色晦暗、嘴唇皮肤干燥的，是夭折短寿的征兆。妇人五十岁左右，患下利数十日不止，傍晚发热，少腹里急迫，腹部胀满，手掌烦热，嘴唇口干燥的，此病属于带下病，曾经小产，瘀血留在少腹未去。皮肤疼痛、嘴唇舌头干枯、无汗的，是肌寒热。嘴唇口生疮的，是邪气外出的表现。疟疾病人嘴唇口生疮的，是邪气将要解除的表现。嘴唇裂开、齿龈青黑、九窍出血的，是中了莽草的毒。嘴唇口舌头都破裂，皮肉像被汤火烫伤一样，逐渐化脓的，是中了金蚕蛊毒。身体发出小疹子，呈青黑色，眼睛突出，舌头上生出小刺绽开，口唇破裂，腹部膨胀，指甲青黑的，是中了砒霜的毒。病人上唇有疮的，是虫蚀脏腑。下唇有疮的，是虫食肛门。齿龈无色，舌头全白，严重时嘴唇里有疮，四肢沉重，恍惚嗜睡的，是虫病。嘴唇上像有疮，面黄肌瘦，腹部大的，是疳病有蛔虫。上唇内有疮如粟米大小，心里懊恼疼痛闷乱，吐血的，这是虫在上部，侵蚀脏腑。下唇内生疮，其人喜欢睡觉的，这是虫在下部，侵蚀下部。口唇跳动且偏向一侧的，是风邪进入经脉。口唇紧缩变小，不能开合，饮食不得入的，是茧唇。舌头像针刺感，嘴唇微麻，口逐渐收小不能张开，严重时腹鸣且胀的，是中了河豚的毒。小儿出生五六天，口唇撮聚，不能吮乳的，人们认为是脐风。这些都是关于嘴唇形态的描述。
Diagnosing the Lips: Descriptive Features. Having already outlined the general principles, we must now compile the specific items. If both lips and mouth are red and swollen, this indicates heat in the muscles. An upper lip that is thick and large with a lower lip that is small indicates abdominal distension. Pale and swollen lips indicate the exhaustion of Spleen Qi. Swollen lips and tongue, bloody diarrhea, hematuria, and swollen feet indicate death after nine days; this is the exhaustion of flesh (Muscle). Swollen lips with scorched black teeth indicate the exhaustion of Spleen and Kidney Qi. Thin lips appearing as if smiling indicate a critical stage of internal abscess. Shrinking lip flesh, seemingly smiling at others, may indicate heat in the diaphragm or abdominal pain. If the Spleen is injured and lips are withered and yellow, but speech remains clear, it is still treatable. Retracted lips with drooling indicate Cold of the Spleen. In consumptive disease, cold lips with exposed teeth indicate a fatal condition. Patients suffering from headache, vertigo, mania, painful obstruction of the throat, curled arms, and inability to close the mouth/lips, combined with excess pulses at the Right Cun position (both Yin and Yang aspects), indicate Excess conditions of the Hand-Taiyin Lung and Hand-Yangming Large Intestine channels. Inability to close the mouth/lips, immobility of the tongue, aphonia, deafness, and blurred vision indicate pathogenic factors invading the Zang organs. Ulcerated lips with falling teeth indicate pathogens latent in the Yangming channel, manifesting as gingival gangrene. Everted lips that are black without wrinkles indicate failure of the Spleen. Everted lips with fullness in the philtrum indicate death within three days. Everted lips, fullness in the philtrum, and flaccid tongue indicate the prior death of flesh and exhaustion of Foot-Taiyin Qi. Flatness below the nose indicates Stomach disease. Muscles lacking luster, with fullness and everted lips, indicate the prior death of flesh. Scorched and dry lips indicate pathology in the muscles. Bitter taste, stiff tongue, vomiting, acid regurgitation, Qi distension, and scorched lips indicate Spleen labor (chronic strain). Scorched lips indicate Steaming Heat of the Spleen. Scorched lower lips indicate Steaming Heat of the Small Intestine. Dry mouth and scorched lips in febrile diseases indicate pathology in the Spleen. Scorched, withered, and lusterless lips indicate Heat of the Spleen. Chest wheezing, borborygmus, false thirst, dry lips, eye tension, fright, and white stools, combined with deficient Yang pulse at the Right Cun, indicate Cold deficiency of the Hand-Yangming Large Intestine. Absent Radial pulse followed by erroneous sweating leads to early depletion of Yang pulses, non-astringent Yin pulses, cold body, internal vexation, frequent vomiting, dry lips, difficult urination, and stool resembling rotten melon or pig brain; this indicates damage to Body Fluids and subsequent Wei syndrome of the Lung. Scorched lips with pale flesh and withered pores indicate extinction of Blood. Sudden dryness of lips and mouth indicates internal exhaustion of Spleen and Stomach. Prior to Spleen disease, lips become scorched and dry; prior to Spleen death, lips become dry and cyanotic, shrinking tightly, with locked jaw; if the color of the center of the face matches the "tomb" color (death color), death is inevitable and untreatable. Dark complexion with dry lip skin in healthy individuals is a sign of premature death. For women around fifty years old, prolonged diarrhea for dozens of days, evening fever, urgency in the lower abdomen, abdominal fullness, vexatious heat in palms, and dry lips/mouth belong to Dai disease (leukorrhea syndrome), caused by retained blood stasis in the lower abdomen following miscarriage. Skin pain, withered lips and tongue, and anhidrosis indicate Muscle Cold-Heat disorder. Sores on lips and mouth indicate the expulsion of pathogens. Sores on lips and mouth in malaria patients indicate the resolution of pathogens. Cracked lips, cyanotic-black gums, and bleeding from the nine orifices indicate poisoning from *Veratrum* (Cao Cao). Ruptured lips, mouth, and tongue, with skin resembling scalds, progressing to suppuration, indicates poisoning from Golden Silkworm Gu. Small eruptions turning cyanotic-black, protruding eyes, prickles on the tongue, ruptured lips, abdominal distension, and cyanotic-black nails indicate Arsenic poisoning. Sores on the upper lip indicate worms eroding the viscera. Sores on the lower lip indicate worms eroding the anus. Colorless gums, white coating on the tongue, sores inside the lips, heavy limbs, and drowsiness indicate worm disease. Lip sores, sallow complexion, emaciation, and abdominal distension indicate Gan disease with roundworms. Millet-sized sores inside the upper lip, mental restlessness/pain, and hemoptysis indicate worms in the upper part eroding viscera. Sores inside the lower lip with drowsiness indicate worms in the lower part eroding the lower region. Twitching and deviation of the lips indicate Wind entering the meridians. Tight, small lips unable to open or close, preventing eating and drinking, indicate Cocoon Lip (Cheilitis Glandularis-like condition). Needle-like sensation on the tongue, slight numbness on lips, progressive tightening of the mouth, and eventual borborygmus and distension indicate Pufferfish poisoning. Infants aged five to six days with puckered lips unable to suckle are often mistaken for Umbilical Tetanus. These are all descriptions of lip morphology.