《本经》名松膏，俗名松香
苦甘温，无毒。
《本经》主痈疽恶疮，头疡白秃，疥瘙风气，安五脏除热，久服轻身不老延年。
发明 松脂得风木坚劲之气，其津液流行皮干之中，积岁结成芳香燥烈，允为方士辟谷
延龄之上药。然必蒸炼始堪服食。《本经》所主诸病皆取风燥以祛湿热之患耳。今生肌药中
用之者，取其涩以敛之也。
苦温，无毒。
发明 松节质坚气劲，久亦不朽，故筋骨间风湿诸病宜之，但血燥人忌服。松花润心肺
，益气除风湿。今医治痘疮湿烂，取其凉燥也。
辛微温，无毒。
发明 杉气芬芳，取其薄片煮汤，熏洗 疮无不获效。其性直上，其节坚劲。有杉木汤
治香港脚痞绝，胁下有块如石，方用杉节、橘叶各一升，大腹槟榔七枚，连皮碎捣，童便三升
，共煮减半服之，大下三行，气块通散，此郑间美治柳柳州法也。杉叶治风虫牙痛，同芎
、细辛煎酒含嗽。杉子治疝气痛，一岁一粒研酒服。
辛甘大温，无毒。去粗皮用。凡桂皆忌葱，勿见火，以辛香得火转烈，恐动阴血
也。色深紫而甘胜于辛，其形狭长，半卷而松，浓者良。若坚浓味淡者曰板桂，今名西桂，
不入汤药。近世舶上人每以丁皮混充，不可不辨。
发明 肉桂辛热下行入足太阴、少阴，通阴 、督脉。气味俱浓，益火消阴，大补阳气
，下焦火不足者宜之。其性下行导火之源，所谓肾苦燥，急食辛以润之。利肝肾，止腰腹寒
痛，冷痰霍乱转筋。坚筋骨，通血脉。元素言，补下焦不足，沉寒痼冷之病，下部腹痛，非
此不能止。时珍治寒痹风湿，阴盛失血，泻痢惊痫，皆取辛温散结之力也。古方治小儿惊痫
及泄泻病，宜五苓散，以泻丙火，渗土湿。内有桂抑肝风而扶脾土，引利水药入膀胱也。赤
眼肿痛，脾虚不能饮食，肝脉盛，脾脉弱。用凉药治肝则脾愈虚，用暖药助脾则肝愈盛。但
于温脾药中倍加肉桂杀肝益脾，一治而两得之。同丁香治痘疮灰塌，以其能温托化脓也。又
桂辛散能通子宫而破血调经，消症瘕，破瘀堕胎，内脱阴疽， 痈久不敛，及虚阳上乘面赤
戴阳，吐血衄血，而脉瞥瞥虚大无力者，皆不可缺。有胎息虚寒下坠，服黄芩、白术辈安之
不应。小腹愈痛愈坠，脉来弦细或浮革者，非参、 、桂、附十全大补温之不效。昔人又以
亡血虚家不可用桂，时珍以之治阴盛失血，非妙达阴阳之理不能知此。惟阴虚失血而脉弦细
数者切忌。今人以之同锻石等分为末，掺黑膏上贴癖块效，亦取辛温散结之力。然惟藜藿之
人皮肤粗浓者宜之。
《神农本草经》中称其为松膏，民间俗称松香。
味苦、甘，性温，无毒。
《神农本草经》记载其主治痈疽恶疮、头部疮疡及白秃（头皮癣）、疥疮瘙痒及风邪引起的疾病，能安养五脏、清除内热，长期服用可使人身体轻盈、延缓衰老、延长寿命。
【发明】松脂禀受风木类植物坚韧强劲之气，其津液在树干皮干中流动，经年累月凝结成芳香燥烈之质，确实是方士们辟谷延年的上佳药物。但必须经过蒸炼处理后才适合服用。《神农本草经》所主治的各种病症，都是利用其风燥之性来祛除湿热的病患罢了。如今在生肌敛疮的药物中使用它，是取其涩性以收敛伤口。
味苦，性温，无毒。
【发明】松节质地坚硬、气劲强劲，长久放置也不易腐朽，因此筋骨间的风湿等病症适宜使用，但血燥体质者忌服。松花能滋润心肺，益气并祛除风湿。如今医生治疗痘疮湿烂时，取其凉燥之性。
味辛，微温，无毒。
【发明】杉木气味芬芳，将其薄片煮汤，用于熏洗疮疡无不获效。其药性直向上行，其节段坚劲。有杉木汤治疗香港脚（足部肿痛）痞塞不通，胁下有硬块如石头般坚硬，方剂用杉节、橘叶各一升，大腹槟榔七枚，连皮捣碎，加入童便三升，共同煎煮至减半后服用，能使大便通下三次，气滞肿块消散，这是郑间美治疗柳宗元的方法。杉叶治疗风虫牙痛，与川芎、细辛一起煎酒含漱。杉子治疗疝气疼痛，一岁儿童服一粒，研末酒后送服。
味辛、甘，性大温，无毒。需去除粗皮使用。凡是桂枝都忌讳葱，不要见火，因为辛香之物遇火则气味更猛烈，恐怕会扰动阴血。颜色深紫且甜味胜过辛味，形状狭长，半卷曲且疏松的为上品。如果质地坚硬浓厚但味道淡的称为板桂，现在称为西桂，不用于煎汤药。近代从海外来的商人常将丁香皮混充其中，不可不辨别清楚。
【发明】肉桂辛热，下行入足太阴脾经、足少阴肾经，贯通阴维脉和督脉。气味都非常浓厚，能益火消阴，大补阳气，下焦火力不足者适宜使用。其药性下行，引导火源下行，正如“肾苦燥，急食辛以润之”所说。能利肝肾，止腰腹寒痛、冷痰霍乱转筋。坚固筋骨，通畅血脉。李杲（元素）说，补下焦不足，治疗沉寒痼冷之病，下部腹痛，不用此药不能止痛。李时珍治疗寒痹风湿、阴盛导致的失血、泻痢惊痫，都是取其辛温散结的力量。古方治疗小儿惊痫及泄泻病，宜用五苓散，以泻丙火（心火），渗除脾土湿气。方中含有桂枝以抑制肝风而扶持脾土，并引导利水药进入膀胱。赤眼肿痛，脾虚不能饮食，肝脉盛而脾脉弱。用凉药治肝则脾更虚，用暖药助脾则肝更盛。只要在温脾药中加倍加入肉桂以杀肝益脾，就能一举两得。配合丁香治疗痘疮灰塌（痘疹不起发），是因为它能温托化脓。另外，桂枝辛散，能通子宫而破血调经，消除症瘕积聚，破除瘀血堕胎，治疗内脱阴疽、痈疮久不愈合，以及虚阳上乘导致的面赤戴阳（真寒假热）、吐血衄血且脉象瞥瞥虚大无力的情况，都不可或缺。若有胎息虚寒下坠，服用黄芩、白术之类安胎无效，小腹越痛越下坠，脉来弦细或浮革的，非用人参、鹿茸、桂枝、附子进行十全大补温补则无效。过去认为亡血虚家不可用桂枝，李时珍却用它治疗阴盛失血，如果不是妙达阴阳之理是不能知晓这一点的。只有阴虚失血且脉象弦细数的才切忌使用。如今人们将其与煅石膏等分为末，撒在黑膏上贴敷癖块（皮下结节），也有效，也是取其辛温散结的力量。然而只适用于皮肤粗糙浓密的平民百姓。
The *Shennong Bencao Jing* (Divine Farmer's Materia Medica) names it Song Gao (Pine Resin), commonly known as Song Xiang (Pine Rosin).
Bitter, sweet, warm, non-toxic.
The *Shennong Bencao Jing* states it treats carbuncles, malignant sores, head ulcers and alopecia capillitii (white baldness on the scalp), scabies and itching caused by wind-pathogens, calms the five zang organs, eliminates heat, and long-term use makes the body light, delays aging, and extends longevity.
[Invention/Commentary] Pine resin inherits the tough and vigorous qi of the wind-wood element. Its fluids flow within the bark, accumulating over years to form an aromatic, dry, and acrid substance, truly being a superior medicine for Daoist practitioners for grain avoidance and life extension. However, it must be steamed and refined before it is suitable for consumption. The various diseases mentioned in the *Shennong Bencao Jing* all utilize its wind-dry nature to dispel damp-heat pathologies. Currently, in medicines that generate flesh, it is used for its astringent property to consolidate wounds.
Bitter, warm, non-toxic.
[Invention/Commentary] Song Jie (Pine Joint) has a hard texture and vigorous qi, remaining unrotted even after a long time; thus, it is suitable for wind-dampness diseases in the bones and sinews, but should be avoided by those with blood dryness. Song Hua (Pine Flower) moistens the heart and lungs, tonifies qi, and dispels wind-dampness. Nowadays, physicians use it for treating wet and ulcerated smallpox lesions, taking advantage of its cool and drying properties.
Acrid, slightly warm, non-toxic.
[Invention/Commentary] Shan Mu (Chinese Fir Wood) has a fragrant aroma; boiling thin slices into a decoction for fumigation and washing of sores yields excellent results. Its nature acts directly upward, and its nodes are tough and vigorous. There is a Chinese Fir Decoction treating Hong Kong Foot (podagra/gouty swelling of the foot) with obstruction, where masses under the hypochondrium feel like stones. The formula uses one sheng each of Shan Jie (Chinese Fir Nodes) and Ju Ye (Tangerine Leaves), seven Da Fu Bing Lang (Areca Seed with Husk), crushed together with the skin, boiled in three sheng of Tong Bian (Child's Urine) until reduced by half, then taken orally. This causes three bowel movements, dispersing the qi stagnation and masses. This is the method used by Zheng Jianmei to treat Liu Zongyuan. Shan Ye (Chinese Fir Leaves) treat wind-worm toothache; decocted with wine with Xiong Chuang (Ligusticum Rhizome) and Xi Xin (Asarum Root) for gargling. Shan Zi (Chinese Fir Seeds) treat hernia pain; one seed ground and taken with wine for a one-year-old child.
Acrid, sweet, very warm, non-toxic. Use after removing the coarse bark. All types of Gui (Cinnamon) should avoid green onions and fire, as the acrid-aromatic nature becomes more intense when heated, potentially disturbing yin-blood. Those with deep purple color, where sweetness outweighs acridity, and whose shape is narrow, long, semi-curling, and loose are of good quality. If hard, thick, but with a faint taste, it is called Ban Gui (Board Cinnamon), now known as Xi Gui (Western Cinnamon), and is not used in decoctions. Merchants from overseas often mix Ding Pi (Clove Skin) to pass it off, which must be distinguished carefully.
[Invention/Commentary] Rou Gui (Cinnamon Bark) is acrid and hot, acting downward into the Foot Taiyin Spleen Meridian and Foot Shaoyin Kidney Meridian, connecting the Yin Wei Vessel and Du Mai (Governing Vessel). With both flavor and qi being dense, it benefits fire and dissipates yin, greatly tonifying yang qi, making it suitable for those with insufficient fire in the lower jiao. Its nature directs downward, guiding the source of fire, as stated: "The kidney suffers from dryness; urgently eat acrid substances to moisten it." It benefits the liver and kidneys, stops cold pain in the waist and abdomen, cold phlegm, cholera-like vomiting and diarrhea with muscle spasms. It strengthens bones and sinews, and unblocks blood vessels. Li Guo (Yuan Su) said it tonifies deficiency in the lower jiao and treats entrenched cold diseases; lower abdominal pain cannot be stopped without this herb. Li Shizhen treated cold bi (painful obstruction) with wind-dampness, hemorrhage due to yin excess, dysentery, convulsions, and epilepsy, utilizing its acrid-warm power to dissipate nodules. Ancient formulas for pediatric convulsions and diarrhea recommended Wu Ling San (Five Ingredient Powder with Poria), to drain Bing Fire (Heart Fire) and seep out dampness from Earth. It contains Gui Zhi (Cinnamon Twig) to suppress Liver Wind and support Spleen Earth, and guide water-draining herbs into the Bladder. For red eyes with swelling and pain, spleen deficiency preventing eating, with a full Liver pulse and weak Spleen pulse: using cool herbs to treat the Liver further weakens the Spleen, while using warm herbs to assist the Spleen further excites the Liver. However, by doubling the amount of Rou Gui (Cinnamon Bark) in spleen-warming herbs to subdue the Liver and benefit the Spleen, both goals are achieved simultaneously. Combined with Ding Xiang (Clove) to treat collapsed smallpox lesions, because it can warm and promote suppuration. Furthermore, Gui (Cinnamon) is acrid and dispersing, able to unblock the uterus, break blood stasis, regulate menstruation, eliminate zheng jia (masses), break blood stasis to induce abortion, treat internal tuochu (prolapse) with yin abscesses, chronic ulcers that do not heal, and false yang floating upward causing facial flushing and Dai Yang (true cold/false heat syndrome), hematemesis, and epistaxis with a fluttering, empty, large, and powerless pulse; these conditions all require its use. In cases of fetal qi deficiency and cold with sinking sensation, if Huang Qin (Scutellaria Root) and Bai Zhu (Atractylodes Rhizome) fail to calm the fetus, and lower abdominal pain and sinking worsen with a wiry-thin or floating-leather pulse, only Shen Qi Quan Gong Wan (Ten Complete Tonics with Ginseng and Deer Antler, Cinnamon, and Aconite) applied with warming and tonifying methods will be effective. Ancients believed that patients with blood loss and deficiency should not use Gui (Cinnamon); however, Li Shizhen used it to treat hemorrhage due to yin excess. Only those who thoroughly understand the principles of yin and yang could know this. It is strictly contraindicated for those with yin-deficiency hemorrhage and a wiry-thin-rapid pulse. Nowadays, people mix it with Duan Shi (Calcined Gypsum) in equal parts, grind into powder, sprinkle on black plaster, and apply to pi kuai (subcutaneous nodules) with effect, also utilizing its acrid-warm power to dissipate nodules. However, it is only suitable for commoners with rough and thick skin.