一名山姜
甘温，无毒。云术肥大气壅。台术条细力薄。宁国狗头术皮赤稍大
，
然皆栽灌而成，故其气浊，不若于潜野生者气清，无壅滞之患。入诸补气药，饭上蒸数次用
。入肺胃久嗽药，蜜水拌蒸。入脾胃痰湿药，姜汁拌晒。入健脾药，土炒。入泻痢虚脱药，
炒存性用。入风痹痰湿利水破血药，俱生用。然非于潜产者，不可生用也。
《本经》主风寒湿痹，死肌痉疸，止汗除热，消食作煎饵。久服轻身延年，不饥。
发明 白术甘温味浓，阳中之阴，可升可降，入脾胃二经。生用则有除湿益燥、消痰利
水，治风寒湿痹死肌痉疸，散腰脐间血及冲脉为病，逆气里急之功。制熟则有和中补气，止
渴生津，止汗除热，进饮食，安胎之效。《本经》主风寒湿痹，死肌痉疸者，正以风、寒、
湿三者合而成痹，痹者，拘挛而痛是也。《经》曰∶地之湿气感则害人皮筋骨。死肌者，湿
毒侵肌肉也。痉者，风寒乘虚客于肝肺肾经所致也。疸者，脾胃虚而湿热瘀滞也。如上诸
证，莫不由风、寒、湿而成，术有除此三者之功，故能祛其所致之疾也。止汗除湿进食者，
湿热盛则自汗，湿邪客则发热，湿去则脾胃燥，燥则食自消、汗自止、热自除矣。又主大风
在身，而风眩头痛，目泪出，消痰水，逐皮肤间风水结肿，除心下急满及霍乱吐下不止，利
腰脐间血，益津暖胃，消谷嗜食，得参、苓大补中气，得枳、橘健运饮食。《本经》言，消
食作煎饵，留其滓以健运脾气，食自化矣。仲景五苓散，祖《素问》泽术麋衔汤并用生者，
但彼兼麋衔以统血，则汗自止；此兼桂枝以通津，则渴自除。洁古枳术丸，祖《金匮》枳实
汤，彼用生者以健胃，则逆满自愈。此用熟者以助脾，则饮食自强，且以荷叶裹饭为丸，取
清震之气，以鼓克运之力也。盖白术得中宫冲和之气，补脾胃药以之为君，脾土旺则清气升
而精微上，浊气降而糟粕输。仲淳有云∶白术禀纯阳之土气，除邪之功胜，而益阴之效亏。
故病属阴虚血少，精不足，内热骨蒸，口干唇燥，咳嗽吐痰，吐血鼻衄齿衄，便闭滞下者，
法咸忌之。术燥肾而闭气，肝肾有动气者勿服。刘涓子云∶痈疽忌白术，以其燥肾而闭气，
故反生脓作痛也。凡脏皆属阴，世人但知白术能健脾，宁知脾虚而无湿邪者用之，反燥脾家
津液，是损脾阴也，何补之有，此最易误，故特表而出之。
别名：山姜。
味甘，性温，无毒。据说白术（指普通白术）质地肥大，药气壅滞；台术（产于浙江天台的白术）条状细瘦，药力较薄；宁国狗头术（产于安徽宁国的白术）皮色赤红，体型稍大。然而这些大多是通过人工栽培和灌溉而成的，所以其药气浑浊，不如于潜（今浙江临安一带）野生的白术药气清灵，没有壅滞的弊端。
用于各种补气药物中时，需在饭上蒸数次后使用。
用于肺胃久咳的药物中时，用蜜水拌匀后蒸制。
用于脾胃痰湿的药物中时，用姜汁拌匀后晒干。
用于健脾的药物中时，用土炒制。
用于泻痢虚脱的药物中时，炒至存性（保留部分焦黑性状）后使用。
用于风痹、痰湿、利水、破血类药物中时，均生用。但是如果不是产于于潜的白术，则不可生用。
《神农本草经》记载：主治风寒湿痹，死肌、痉病、黄疸，止汗除热，消食并制作成煎饵。长期服用可轻身延年，不感饥饿。
发明（后世医家对药理的阐发）：白术味甘性温，气味浓厚，属于阳中之阴，作用既可升又可降，归入脾、胃二经。
生用时，具有除湿益燥、消痰利水、治疗风寒湿痹及死肌痉疸、消散腰脐间瘀血以及冲脉病变引起的逆气里急的功效。
制熟后，具有和中补气、止渴生津、止汗除热、增进饮食、安胎的效果。
《神农本草经》说它主治风寒湿痹、死肌、痉病、黄疸，正是因为风、寒、湿三者结合而成痹证，痹证表现为拘挛疼痛。《内经》说：“地的湿气侵入人体，会伤害皮、筋、骨、肉。”所谓“死肌”，是指湿毒侵袭肌肉所致。所谓“痉”，是风寒乘虚客居于肝、肺、肾经所致。所谓“疸”，是脾胃虚弱而湿热瘀滞所致。如上所述的各种证候，无不是由风、寒、湿引起的，白术有消除这三者的功效，所以能祛除由此引发的疾病。
关于止汗、除湿、进食的作用：湿热盛则自汗，湿邪客居则发热，湿气去除则脾胃干燥，脾胃干燥则食物自然消化、汗液自然停止、热邪自然清除。
另外，白术还主治身体遭受大风侵袭，以及风眩头痛、流泪、消化痰饮水湿、驱逐皮肤间的风水结肿、消除心下急满以及霍乱吐泻不止，通利腰脐间血液，滋养津液、温暖胃部，消化谷物、增加食欲。与人参、茯苓同用，可大补中气；与枳实、陈皮同用，可健运饮食。
《神农本草经》提到“消食作煎饵”，是指保留药渣以健运脾气，食物自然得以消化。
张仲景的五苓散，效法《素问》中的泽术麋衔汤，两者都使用生品，只是五苓散兼用麋衔来统摄血液，则汗自止；此处兼用桂枝来通调津液，则口渴自除。
李东垣（洁古）的枳术丸，效法《金匮要略》中的枳实汤，彼方使用生品以健胃，则逆气满闷自愈；此方使用熟品以助脾，则饮食自强，并且用荷叶包裹米饭制成丸剂，取清震之气，以鼓动克运之力。
大概白术得中宫冲和之气，作为补脾胃药物的君药，脾土旺盛则清气上升而精微上输，浊气下降而糟粕排泄。
徐大椿（仲淳）曾说：白术禀受纯阳的土气，祛邪的功效显著，但滋阴的效果不足。
所以病症属于阴虚血少、精气不足、内热骨蒸、口干唇燥、咳嗽吐痰、吐血、鼻衄、齿衄、便秘或痢疾者，都在禁忌之列。
白术燥肾且闭气，肝肾有动气症状者勿服。
刘涓子说：痈疽患者忌用白术，因为它燥肾闭气，反而会导致化脓疼痛。
凡是脏腑皆属阴，世人只知道白术能健脾，岂不知脾虚而无湿邪者使用它，反而会燥伤脾家的津液，这是损伤脾阴，何谈补益？这是最容易误用的地方，所以特别指出以警示后人。
Synonym: Shanjiang (Mountain Ginger).
Sweet in taste, warm in nature, non-toxic. It is said that Baizhu (Atractylodis Rhizoma, referring to common Atractylodes) has a plump texture and its medicinal qi tends to be stagnant; Taizhu (Atractylodis Rhizoma from Tiantai) has slender strips but weaker efficacy; Ningguo Goutou Shu (Atractylodis Rhizoma from Ningguo) has reddish skin and is slightly larger. However, these are mostly cultivated through irrigation, so their medicinal qi is turbid, unlike the wild Baizhu from Yuqian (now Lin'an, Zhejiang), whose medicinal qi is clear and free from stagnation.
When used in various Qi-tonifying formulas, it should be steamed over rice several times before use.
When used in formulas for chronic cough of the Lung and Stomach, it should be mixed with honey water and steamed.
When used in formulas for Spleen and Stomach phlegm-dampness, it should be mixed with ginger juice and sun-dried.
When used in formulas for strengthening the Spleen, it should be stir-fried with soil.
When used in formulas for dysentery, diarrhea, and collapse due to deficiency, it should be stir-fried until partially charred (preserving some carbonized state) before use.
When used in formulas for wind-bi, phlegm-dampness, diuresis, or blood-breaking, it should be used raw. However, if it is not produced in Yuqian, it must not be used raw.
*Shennong Bencao Jing* records: It mainly treats wind-cold-damp bi syndrome, dead flesh, spasms, jaundice, stops sweating, clears heat, aids digestion, and can be made into decoction pastes. Long-term consumption lightens the body, prolongs life, and prevents hunger.
Invention (Post-Han medical insights): Baizhu is sweet and warm with a strong aroma, belonging to Yin within Yang. Its action can ascend and descend, entering the Spleen and Stomach meridians.
When used raw, it has the effects of removing dampness and benefiting dryness, eliminating phlegm and promoting urination, treating wind-cold-damp bi syndrome, dead flesh, spasms, and jaundice, dissipating blood stasis between the waist and umbilicus, and relieving rebellious Qi and abdominal urgency caused by Chong Mai (Penetrating Vessel) disorders.
When processed (cooked), it has the effects of harmonizing the middle and tonifying Qi, stopping thirst and generating fluids, stopping sweating and clearing heat, promoting appetite, and calming the fetus.
*Shennong Bencao Jing* states it treats wind-cold-damp bi, dead flesh, spasms, and jaundice because Bi syndrome formed by the combination of Wind, Cold, and Dampness manifests as stiffness and pain. *Neijing* states: "Dampness from the earth, when invading the human body, damages the skin, sinews, bones, and muscles." 'Dead flesh' refers to muscle damage caused by damp-toxin invasion. 'Spasms' result from Wind-Cold invading the Liver, Lung, and Kidney meridians when defensive Qi is deficient. 'Jaundice' results from Spleen and Stomach deficiency with damp-heat stagnation. All the aforementioned syndromes are caused by Wind, Cold, and Dampness. Since Baizhu has the power to eliminate these three pathogens, it can cure diseases induced by them.
Regarding its ability to stop sweating, remove dampness, and promote eating: When damp-heat is excessive, spontaneous sweating occurs; when damp pathogen resides, fever arises. Once dampness is removed, the Spleen and Stomach become dry; when dry, food digests naturally, sweating stops, and heat clears.
Furthermore, it treats severe wind invasion on the body, wind-induced vertigo and headache, tearing, eliminates phlegm and fluid retention, drives out wind-water swelling in the skin, removes epigastric fullness and urgency, and stops continuous vomiting and diarrhea from Huoluan (cholera-like disorder). It promotes blood flow in the waist and umbilical region, nourishes fluids, warms the Stomach, aids grain digestion, and increases appetite. Combined with Renshen (Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma) and Fuling (Poria), it greatly tonifies Middle Qi; combined with Zhishi (Immature Bitter Orange Fruit) and Chenpi (Tangerine Peel), it strengthens digestion and transport.
*Shennong Bencao Jing* mentions "aiding digestion by making decoction paste," implying retaining the dregs to strengthen Spleen Qi transport, allowing food to transform naturally.
Zhang Zhongjing's Wu Ling San (Five-Ingredient Powder with Poria) follows Ze Zhu Mi Xian Tang from *Suwen*, using both herbs raw. However, Wu Ling San uses Mi Xian (Elaphur Antler) to control blood, thus stopping sweat; this formula uses Guizhi (Cinnamon Twig) to unblock fluids, thus relieving thirst.
Li Dongyuan's Zhi Zhu Wan (Immature Bitter Orange and Atractylodes Pill) follows Zhishi Tang from *Jingui Yaolue*. That formula uses raw Zhishi to strengthen the Stomach, resolving rebellious fullness spontaneously. This formula uses cooked Baizhu to assist the Spleen, strengthening diet intake. Moreover, it wraps the pill in Lotus Leaf with rice, utilizing the pure ascending Qi to boost the power of transformation and transportation.
Generally, Baizhu obtains the harmonious Qi of the Central Palace. As the Sovereign herb in formulas tonifying the Spleen and Stomach, when Spleen Earth is robust, Clear Qi ascends and essence is transported upward, while Turbid Qi descends and waste is excreted.
Xu Dachun (Zhongchun) stated: Baizhu inherits the pure Yang Earth Qi; its ability to dispel evil is superior, but its effect of nourishing Yin is lacking.
Therefore, conditions belonging to Yin deficiency and blood scarcity, insufficiency of essence, internal heat with bone-steaming sensation, dry mouth and lips, cough with sputum, hematemesis, epistaxis, gingival bleeding, constipation, or dysentery are all contraindicated.
Baizhu dries the Kidney and obstructs Qi; those with moving Qi in the Liver and Kidney should not take it.
Liu Juanzi said: Carbuncles and sores contraindicate Baizhu because it dries the Kidney and obstructs Qi, thereby causing pus formation and pain.
All Zang organs belong to Yin. People only know that Baizhu strengthens the Spleen, but do they realize that using it in Spleen deficiency without dampness will instead dry the Spleen's fluids, damaging Spleen Yin? How can this be considered tonification? This is the most common error, so it is specifically highlighted to warn others.