甘平皮寒无毒。
发明 《素问》云，麦属心火之谷也。郑玄云，麦有孚甲属木。许慎云，麦属金，金旺
而生，火旺而死。三说各异。《别录》云，麦养肝气，与郑说合。孙思邈云，麦养心气与《
素问》合。参考其功，除烦、止渴、收汗、利溲、止血，皆心之病，当以《素问》为准。苏
恭云，小麦作汤，不令皮坼，坼则性温，不能消热止渴也。可知方中用麦皆取外麸之力，仍
取温性内存以辅助之。愚按∶五谷中惟麦得春升之气最早，故为五谷之长。察其性之优劣，
则南北地土所产之不同∶北麦性温，食之益气添力；南麦性热，食之助湿生痰。故北人以之
代饭，大能益人，养肝气，去客热，止烦渴，利小便，止漏血唾血，令妇人得孕。南方气卑
地湿，久食令人发热，乡土不同故也。干面益胃强肝，湿面生痰助湿，初夏新者尤甚。新麦
性柔，助湿热尤甚。而斩获时遇雨色变者，食之令人作呕，能伤胃气。麸皮多筋而性寒，能
发肝风脾气，且最难 化。受其伤者，惟草果能消去之，其治走气作痛，用酽醋拌麸皮炒热
，袋盛熨之。小麦粉乃麸皮洗筋澄出。《积善堂方》乌龙膏治一切肿毒未溃者，用陈年小麦
粉炒黑，醋调糊熬如漆，磁罐收贮，用时摊纸上剪孔贴之，其肿自消，药力尽自脱。用经霜
桑叶、大黄末和蜜调敷尤良。浮麦轻虚，象肺能敛盗汗，取其散皮腠之热也。麦奴乃麦将熟
时上有黑霉者，朱肱治阳毒、温毒、热渴、斑狂，麦奴丸用之。方用小麦奴、梁上尘、釜底
煤灶突墨，同黄芩、麻黄、硝黄等分为末，蜜丸，弹子大，水化服一丸，汗出或微利即愈，
取从火化之象也。大麦即牟麦，健胃化食，主消渴除热，久食令人多力健行。大麦作 温中
消食，即经发萌，大能耗伐肾气，凡人小便多者禁之。王好古云∶麦 、神曲二药，胃气虚
人宜服之。赵养葵曰，此不稽之言也。今人造饴必用麦 ，始化，伤中消导可知。产妇乳肿
不欲乳哺，用麦 半两入四物汤，服之即断，伤耗精血可知。雀麦一名杜姥草，益肝和脾，
《丹方》以此草同苦瓠叶醋渍炮熟，内口中齿外边熨之，冷则易，热者再熨。更取铜器置水
浸熟草与叶，乘热漱痛齿，得虫长三分。老者黄色，小者白色，多者得数十枚，少者得二三
十枚，出《千金方》。荞麦甘平，动风发热，能炼肠胃滓秽积滞，降气宽肠，治白浊白带，
气盛而湿热者宜之。孟诜言益气力者，殆未然也。炒焦热水冲服，治绞肠沙，腹痛。小儿丹
毒，赤肿，醋调涂之。然须北方者良，南方者味苦性劣不堪服食，久食令人动风头眩；不可
与猪羊肉食，令人须眉脱落，又不可合黄鱼食。其秆烧灰淋汁即碱，用化锻石，能去靥痣恶
肉。
小麦味甘、性平，皮部寒凉，无毒。
【发明】《素问》记载，麦属于心火之谷。郑玄说，麦有孚甲，属性为木。许慎说，麦属金，金旺则生，火旺则死。这三种说法各不相同。《名医别录》说，麦能养肝气，与郑玄的说法相合。孙思邈说，麦能养心气，与《素问》的说法相合。参考其功效，除烦、止渴、收汗、利小便、止血，这些都属于心的病症，应当以《素问》为准。苏恭说，用小麦煮汤时，不要让皮破裂，如果破裂了，药性就会变温，就不能起到清热止渴的作用了。由此可知，方剂中使用麦，都是取其外麸（麦皮）的力量，同时保留其内部的温性来辅助药效。我认为：五谷之中，只有麦最早得到春升之气，所以被称为五谷之长。考察其性质的优劣，取决于南北不同地域土壤所产出的差异：北麦性温，食用它能益气添力；南麦性热，食用它助湿生痰。所以北方人用它代替米饭，非常有益于人，能养肝气，去除客热，止住烦渴，通利小便，止住漏血和唾血，使妇女能够受孕。南方地势卑湿，久食会让人发热，这是因为乡土气候不同的缘故。干面益胃强肝，湿面生痰助湿，初夏新制的尤为严重。新麦性质柔腻，助湿热尤其厉害。而在收获时遇到雨水导致颜色改变的，食用后会让人作呕，损伤胃气。麸皮多筋且性寒，能引发肝风和脾气，而且最难消化。受到它伤害的，只有草果能消除它。治疗因走气引起的疼痛，用浓醋拌麸皮炒热，装在袋子里熨烫患处。小麦粉是洗去麸皮中的筋络后澄清得到的。《积善堂方》中的乌龙膏治疗一切未溃破的肿毒，用陈年小麦粉炒黑，用醋调成糊状熬得像漆一样，装在磁罐里储存，用时摊在纸上剪个孔贴在上面，肿胀自然消退，药力尽后会自动脱落。配合使用经霜的桑叶和大黄末加蜂蜜调敷效果更好。浮麦轻虚，象肺脏，能收敛盗汗，是取它散发皮肤腠理间热邪的作用。麦奴是麦子将熟时上面长出的黑霉，朱肱治疗阳毒、温毒、热渴、发斑狂躁，使用麦奴丸。方子用小麦奴、梁上尘、釜底煤、灶突墨，同黄芩、麻黄、硝黄等分研为末，蜜丸，如弹子大，用水化开服用一丸，出汗或轻微腹泻即愈，这是取从火化的意象。大麦即牟麦，健胃化食，主治消渴除热，久食使人力气增加、行走有力。大麦制成的面食具有温中消食的作用，但如果是经过发芽的大麦，会大量耗损肾气，凡是小便多的人禁止服用。王好古说：麦芽、神曲这两种药，胃气虚弱的人适宜服用。赵养葵说，这是没有考证的话。现在人制作饴糖必须用麦芽，才能转化，可知其伤中消导的特性。产妇乳房肿痛不想哺乳，用半两麦芽加入四物汤中，服用后即断奶，可知其耗伤精血的特性。雀麦又名杜姥草，益肝和脾，《丹方》将此草同苦瓠叶用醋浸泡炮熟，含在口中牙齿外侧熨烫，冷了再换，热的继续熨。再取铜器盛水浸熟草与叶，乘热漱口痛牙，能吐出虫子，长的三分，老的黄色，小的白色，多的能得几十枚，少的得二三十枚，出自《千金方》。荞麦味甘平，动风发热，能炼化肠胃中的滓秽积滞，降气宽肠，治疗白浊白带，气盛而湿热者适宜服用。孟诜说它能益气力，大概是不对的。炒焦后用热水冲服，治疗绞肠沙（急性腹痛）。小儿丹毒，红肿，用醋调涂。然而必须北方的才良，南方的味道苦、性质劣，不堪食用，久食让人动风头眩；不可与猪羊肉同食，让人须眉脱落，也不可与黄鱼同食。它的秆烧成灰淋汁就是碱，用来化锻石，能去除脸上的痣和恶肉。
Wheat is sweet in taste, neutral in nature, with a cool skin, and non-toxic.
[Invention] The *Suwen* (Basic Questions) states that wheat belongs to the grain of Heart Fire. Zheng Xuan said that wheat has a shell-like covering and belongs to Wood. Xu Shen said that wheat belongs to Metal; when Metal is prosperous, it grows, and when Fire is prosperous, it dies. These three theories differ. The *Bielu* (Supplementary Records of Famous Physicians) states that wheat nourishes Liver Qi, which aligns with Zheng's theory. Sun Simiao stated that wheat nourishes Heart Qi, which aligns with the *Suwen*. Referring to its functions—relieving irritability, quenching thirst, stopping sweating, promoting urination, and stopping bleeding—all these address diseases of the Heart, so the *Suwen* should be taken as the standard. Su Gong said that when making wheat decoction, the bran should not be allowed to split; if it splits, the nature becomes warm and cannot clear heat and quench thirst. This indicates that in prescriptions, wheat is used primarily for the power of its outer bran, while retaining its internal warm nature to assist efficacy. I observe: Among the five grains, only wheat receives the ascending energy of Spring earliest, thus being regarded as the chief of the five grains. Examining the superiority or inferiority of its nature depends on the differences produced by northern and southern soils: Northern wheat is warm in nature; consuming it supplements Qi and adds strength. Southern wheat is hot in nature; consuming it promotes dampness and generates phlegm. Therefore, northerners use it as a substitute for rice, which greatly benefits people, nourishes Liver Qi, removes external heat, stops irritability and thirst, promotes urination, stops leakage of blood and spitting of blood, and enables women to conceive. In the south, where the climate is low-lying and damp, long-term consumption causes fever due to local climatic differences. Dry flour benefits the Stomach and strengthens the Liver; wet flour generates phlegm and promotes dampness, especially those newly made in early summer. New wheat has a soft nature and strongly promotes damp-heat. Wheat changed in color due to rain during harvest causes nausea when eaten and damages Stomach Qi. Bran is fibrous and cold in nature; it can stir up Liver Wind and Spleen Qi, and is hardest to digest. For injuries caused by it, only Caoguo (Black Cardamom) can eliminate it. To treat pain caused by wandering Qi, mix bran with strong vinegar, stir-fry until hot, place in a bag, and apply as a compress. Wheat flour is obtained by washing away the veins from the bran and clarifying. The *Jishan Tang Fang* (Accumulated Good Hall Formulas) contains Wulong Gao (Black Dragon Ointment) for treating all types of swelling and toxicity before ulceration: use aged wheat flour, stir-fry until black, mix with vinegar to form a paste, boil until like lacquer, store in a porcelain jar. When using, spread on paper, cut a hole, and apply to the site; the swelling will subside naturally, and the medicine will fall off on its own. Applying a mixture of mulberry leaves after frost and Rhubarb powder with honey is even better. Floating wheat is light and void, resembling the Lung, and can consolidate night sweats by dispersing heat from the skin and interstices. Mainu (Wheat Mold) refers to the black mold appearing on wheat just before ripening. Zhu Gong used Mainu Wan to treat Yang Du (Yang Toxicity), Wen Du (Warm Toxicity), heat-thirst, macules, and mania. The formula uses wheat mainu, dust from above beams, coal from under the cauldron, and soot from the chimney, mixed in equal parts with Scutellariae Radix (Huangqin), Ephedrae Herba (Mahuang), Natrii Sulfas (Xiaoming), and Natrii Sulfatis Oxidatus (Dashuang). Grind into powder, make pills with honey the size of a bullet, dissolve one pill in water and take orally. Recovery occurs with sweating or mild diarrhea, taking the imagery of transformation through fire. Dae Mai (Barley) is also known as Mou Mai; it strengthens the Stomach and transforms food, treats polydipsia and clears heat, and long-term consumption increases strength and walking ability. Barley products have a warming middle and digestive function. However, sprouted barley heavily depletes Kidney Qi and is contraindicated for those with frequent urination. Wang Haogu stated: Maiya (Sprouted Barley) and Shenqu (Medicated Leaven) are suitable for people with deficient Stomach Qi. Zhao Yangkui said this is unverified. Nowadays, maltose production requires sprouted barley to transform, showing its damaging to the middle and digestive-dispersing nature. For postpartum breast swelling and reluctance to nurse, half an ounce of Maiya added to Siwu Tang stops lactation immediately, revealing its essence-consuming nature. Que Mai (Oat) is also called Du Lao Cao; it benefits the Liver and harmonizes the Spleen. The *Danfang* prescribes soaking this herb with bitter gourd leaves in vinegar, cooking thoroughly, placing it outside the teeth in the mouth to compress, changing when cold, re-compressing when hot. Then take a copper vessel, soak the cooked herb and leaves in water, and gargle the painful tooth while hot. Worms can be expelled, three fen long; older ones are yellow, younger ones white; many cases yield dozens, few yield twenty or thirty. This is from the *Qianjin Fang*. Buckwheat is sweet and neutral, stirs wind and causes fever, refines turbid residues and stagnation in the intestines and stomach, descends Qi and widens the intestines, treats leukorrhea and cloudy urine, and is suitable for those with excess Qi and damp-heat. Meng Shen’s claim that it supplements Qi and strength is likely incorrect. Stir-fried until charred and taken with hot water treats Jiaochang Sha (intestinal colic) and abdominal pain. For pediatric erysipelas with redness and swelling, apply with vinegar. However, northern buckwheat is superior; southern buckwheat is bitter and inferior, unsuitable for consumption, causing wind stirring and dizziness with long-term use. It must not be eaten with pork or mutton, as it causes beard and eyebrow loss, nor with yellow croaker. Its stalks burned to ash and leached produce alkali, used to process lime, capable of removing facial nevi and malignant flesh.