（本经下品）
毒药攻病，不得不下毒手，亦不得轻下毒手。
【气味】辛温，有毒。
【主治】主伤寒，温疟寒热，破症瘕结聚坚积，留饮痰癖，大腹，荡练五脏六腑，开通
闭塞
【核】曰∶出巴郡川谷。今嘉州、眉州、戎州皆有之。木高一二丈。叶如樱桃而浓大，
初生青色，久渐黄赤，季冬渐凋，仲春渐发，仲夏旧叶落尽，新叶齐生，即开花成穗，其色
微黄。五六月结实作房，七八月成熟，渐渐自落。一房二瓣，一瓣一子，或三子。子仍有壳，
独
他处鲜有。修治，去壳敲碎，每两用麻油，并酒各七合，煮干，研膏用。芫花为之使。畏大
黄、黄连、芦笋、菰笋、藜芦、酱、豉、冷水，得火良，恶 草，与牵牛相反。中其毒者，
冷水、黄连、大豆汁解之。
【 】曰∶巴，蛇名。许氏云∶巴蛇吞象，捷取巧嗜，糜溃有形，性之至毒者也。谓巴
豆之荡练脏腑，开通闭塞，毒烈之性相类尔。故可对待阴凝至坚，结聚留癖。先人博议云∶
荡则龆龀不存，练则瑕疵尽净，苟非阳气消沮，形如死灰者，未免流毒不辜，慎之。
（本经下品）
【气味】苦寒，有小毒。
【主治】主蛊毒十二水，腹满急痛积聚，中风，皮肤疼痛，吐逆。
【核】曰∶出尝山。近道亦有，多生平泽。二三月抽芽红色，渐长丛高，茎直中空，折
之有白浆。叶狭长似柳，梢头叶攒密而上。三四月开黄紫色花，如杏及芜荑。根如苦参而细。
出
一种土大戟为下品。北方一种绵大戟，皮韧如绵而色白，气味峻利，弱人误服吐血。修事，
勿用附生者，误服令人气泄不禁，即煎荠 汤解之，采得即于槐砧上细锉，与海芋叶拌蒸，
从巳至申，去芋药，晒干用。反甘草，菖蒲能解之。
先人云∶双枝为戟，所用为门，我军彼敌，咽喉之地，疆界之域也。出入生死，莫不繇
之，其为用大矣。盖蛊毒唯入，十二水唯不出，风中欲入，吐逆欲出，四者之门能无枢要乎。
然人身枢要主心，犹三军之命在将，大戟花苗色味，悉属心象，诚急方之宣剂、通剂，上下
表里，谁能不繇其门，以为出入者。今人唯知逐水，尚可扩充治痘澄饮，以其咸从水类也。
客曰∶人身以九窍为门，越人别立七冲为衢，大戟惟堪下泄，何有疆界门户？答曰∶九窍者，
身形之门户，七冲者，六腑之衢路，如五脏十二经，及骨空腠理，亦莫不有疆界衢路门户者
。经云∶八万四千毛孔，孔孔作大壑流，非寓言也。大戟苦寒，行心之用，于时为夏，设人
身有一毛孔于时不大，便非灵活之身。唯其莫不夏大，乃成至大之用。大戟张大夏令，为门
为衢，则邪去有路，自外自中而汗而下矣。且心之表气为阳，而苦寒又得太阳寒水之化，故
为心之用，宣发太阳之开药也。以太阳经主开，开处为衢为门，可无惑矣。
【 】曰∶大以用言，戟者支兵也。周礼掌舍棘门，注云，以戟为门，主持开阖，且御
侮也。如治吐逆，此但从开；如治蛊毒十二水，以及腹满急痛积聚，与中风皮肤疼痛，此但
从阖。阖者持以开，开者持以阖，亦若拔戟以逐之，以灭不格也。
【《神农本草经》列为下品】
毒药攻治病邪，不得不使用猛烈的药物，但也绝不能轻易滥用。
【气味】辛、温，有毒。
【主治】主治伤寒病，温疟引起的寒热往来，破除症瘕（腹内结块）及坚积（顽固的积聚），消除留饮（停滞的水液）和痰癖（痰饮停聚），治疗大腹水肿，荡涤清洗五脏六腑，开通闭塞不通的经络脏腑。
【考证】曰：巴豆出产于巴郡的山谷中。如今嘉州、眉州、戎州等地都有出产。树木高一二丈。叶子像樱桃叶但更浓大，初生时呈青色，久了逐渐变成黄红色，季冬时节逐渐凋落，仲春时节逐渐萌发，仲夏时旧叶落尽，新叶同时生出，随即开花成穗，花色微黄。五六月结果实呈房状，七八月成熟，渐渐自然掉落。一个果房有两瓣，一瓣一粒种子，或者三粒种子。种子仍有外壳，其他地方很少见到这种形态。炮制方法：去掉外壳敲碎，每用一两巴豆，配合麻油七合、酒七合，煮至药液干透，研磨成膏使用。芫花作为其引经药（使药）。畏大黄、黄连、芦笋、菰笋、藜芦、酱、豉、冷水；遇火则药效良好；恶鬼箭羽（草名）；与牵牛子相反。误服中毒者，可用冷水、黄连、大豆汁解毒。
【释义】曰：“巴”是蛇的名字。许慎在《说文解字》中说：巴蛇吞象，敏捷取巧且贪婪，能将有形之物糜烂溃散，这是性质极其毒烈的表现。说巴豆荡涤清洗脏腑、开通闭塞的特性，与巴蛇之性相似。因此可以用来对抗阴寒凝结至极坚硬、结聚停留的癖块。先人广泛议论道：荡涤则连孩童般的稚嫩都不存，清洗则瑕疵全部洗净，如果不是阳气消损、形体如死灰般的人，难免会祸及无辜，务必谨慎。
【《神农本草经》列为下品】
【气味】苦、寒，有小毒。
【主治】主治蛊毒及十二种水气病，腹部胀满急痛、积聚，中风，皮肤疼痛，呕吐逆气。
【考证】曰：出产于尝山。邻近道路也有，多生长于平原沼泽。二三月抽出红色的芽，逐渐长高丛生，茎干挺直中空，折断后有白色浆液流出。叶子狭长像柳叶，梢头的叶子密集向上生长。三四月开黄紫色的花，形状像杏花及芜荑。根像苦参但较细。有一种土大戟被列为下品。北方有一种绵大戟，皮坚韧如棉且颜色白，气味峻烈，体弱之人误服会导致吐血。炮制处理：不要用野生生长的，误服会让人气泄不止，即煎荠菜汤解毒。采得后要在槐木砧板上细细切碎，与海芋叶拌合蒸制，从巳时到申时，去掉芋叶，晒干后使用。反甘草，菖蒲能解其毒。
先人说：双枝称为“戟”，用作门闩，我军与敌军相对，咽喉之地，疆界领域，出入生死，无不由此经过，它的作用很大啊。大概蛊毒唯入其中，十二种水气唯不出其中，风邪欲入，呕吐逆气欲出，这四种情况的门户怎能没有枢纽作用呢？然而人身枢纽主宰于心，就像三军的命运在于将领，大戟的花苗颜色和味道，完全属于心的意象，确实是急救方中的宣通剂、通利剂，上下表里，谁能不通过它的门户作为出入的途径呢？现在的人只知道用它逐水，还可以扩充用于治疗痘疮、澄清饮邪，因为它们都归属于水类。客人问：人身以九窍为门户，扁鹊（越人）另外设立七冲穴为通道，大戟只能向下排泄，哪里有疆界门户？回答说：九窍，是身体的门户；七冲，是六腑的通道，至于五脏十二经脉，以及骨空腠理，也没有不是有疆界、通道、门户的。经书说：八万四千毛孔，每个毛孔都像巨大的沟壑流淌，这不是寓言。大戟味苦性寒，行使心的功能，对应季节为夏季，假设人身有一个毛孔在夏季不大，就不是灵活的身体。正因为所有毛孔都在夏季盛大，才成就了至大的作用。大戟张扬夏令之气，作为门和通道，那么邪气就有出路，自然从外、从中而汗出或下泄了。而且心之表气为阳，而苦寒又得到太阳寒水的化生，所以作为心的功能，是宣发太阳经开启作用的药物。因为太阳经主司开启，开启之处即为通道和门户，这就没有什么可疑惑的了。
【释义】曰：“大”是从功效而言，“戟”是支兵（兵器）。《周礼·掌舍》注解说棘门，注释说，以戟作为门，主持开合，并且抵御侮辱。比如治疗呕吐逆气，这只是侧重于“开”；比如治疗蛊毒十二水，以及腹部胀满急痛积聚，和中风皮肤疼痛，这只是侧重于“阖”。阖是持守以开启，开是持守以闭合，也如同拔出戟来驱逐敌人，以消灭不抵抗的敌寇。
(Shennong Bencao Jing, Lower Grade)
Poisons attack diseases; one must not hesitate to use toxic substances, yet one must not employ them lightly.
[Flavor and Properties] Acrid, warm, toxic.
[Indications] Primarily treats cold damage (Shanghan), the alternating chills and fever of warm malaria (Wen Nue), breaks up masses (Zheng Jia) and hard accumulations (Jian Ji), eliminates retained fluids (Liu Yin) and phlegm癖 (Tan Pi), treats abdominal distension (Da Fu), cleanses the five zang and six fu organs, and opens blockages (Bi Sai).
[Verification] Says: It originates from the valleys of Ba Commandery. Currently, it is found in Jiazhou, Meizhou, and Rongzhou. The tree is one or two zhang high. The leaves are like cherry leaves but thicker and larger; initially green, they gradually turn yellowish-red. They wither in late winter, sprout in mid-spring, fall completely in mid-summer when new leaves emerge simultaneously, then flower into spikes with a slightly yellow color. Fruits form in chambers in May and June, ripen in July and August, and drop naturally. One chamber has two valves, each containing one seed, or sometimes three. The seeds retain their shells, a feature rarely seen elsewhere. Processing: Remove the shell and crush. For every liang of the drug, boil with seven he of sesame oil and seven he of wine until dry, then grind into a paste. Yuanhua (Radix Genkwa) serves as its guiding herb (shi). It is incompatible with Dahuang (Rhubarb Rhizome), Huanglian (Coptis Rhizome), Lusun (Reed Shoots), Gusun (Water Bamboo Shoots), Lilu (Veratrum Rhizome), Jiang (Fermented Bean Curd), Chi (Black Soybeans), and Lengshui (Cold Water); fire enhances its efficacy; it is adverse to Gujianyu (Artemisia capillaris? Note: Text says 草, likely specific weed or typo for 鬼箭羽/Artemisiae Ramulus, but literal translation used here as generic grass/weed context implies incompatibility); it opposes Qiuniu (Pharbitidis Semen). If poisoned, antidote with cold water, Huanglian, or soybean juice.
[Interpretation] Says: "Ba" is the name of a snake. Xu Shen states: "The Ba snake swallows an elephant," agile, cunning, and greedy, capable of rotting and dissolving solid forms, representing the utmost toxicity in nature. This describes how Badou's cleansing of organs and opening of blockages resembles the nature of the Ba snake. Thus, it can counteract extreme yin condensation and hard accumulations. Ancestors have extensively discussed: "Dang" (cleansing) leaves nothing tender behind; "Lian" (refining) removes all flaws. Unless the patient's yang qi is exhausted and the body is like dead ash, using this drug may harm the innocent; caution is essential.
(Shennong Bencao Jing, Lower Grade)
[Flavor and Properties] Bitter, cold, slightly toxic.
[Indications] Primarily treats gu poison (Gu Du) and twelve types of water diseases, abdominal fullness with acute pain and accumulations, wind-stroke (Zhong Feng), skin pain, and vomiting/rebellious qi.
[Verification] Says: It originates from Changshan. It is also found near roadsides, mostly growing in plains and marshes. In February and March, red buds emerge, growing tall and dense. The stem is straight, hollow, and exudes white latex when broken. Leaves are narrow and long like willow leaves, with dense growth at the tips. In March and April, yellow-purple flowers bloom, resembling apricot and myrobalan flowers. Roots resemble Kushen (Sophorae Flavescentis Radix) but are finer. A variety called Tu Dajing is classified in the lower grade. In the north, there is Mian Dajing, with bark tough as cotton and white in color; its properties are harsh, and weak individuals who take it by mistake may vomit blood. Processing: Do not use wild-grown plants; accidental ingestion causes uncontrollable qi leakage, which can be treated with decoction of Qicai (Shepherd's Purse). After harvesting, finely chop on a locust wood cutting board, mix with Haiyu (Arisaema cum Baccis) leaves, steam from Si hour to Shen hour, remove the Yu leaves, and sun-dry. It is incompatible with Gancao (Licorice Root); Changpu (Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma) can resolve its toxicity.
Ancestor said: Double branches form a "ji" (halberd), used as a door bolt. When our army faces the enemy, at throat locations or border regions, life and death depend on entry and exit; its utility is great. Essentially, gu poison enters only through it, twelve waters do not exit without it, wind pathogens desire entry, and rebellious vomiting desires exit; can these four pathways lack a pivotal gate? However, the pivot of the human body is governed by the Heart, just as the fate of troops lies with the general. The color and flavor of Dajing flowers and shoots entirely correspond to the Heart image. Indeed, it is a dispersing and unblocking agent for emergency prescriptions. Who among the upper, lower, exterior, and interior would not pass through its gate for entry and exit? Nowadays, people only know it for purging water, yet it can be expanded to treat smallpox and clarify fluid retention, as it belongs to the water category. A guest asked: The human body uses nine orifices as gates, and Yue Ren (Bian Que) established seven Chong points as thoroughfares. Dajing only drains downward; where are its borders and gates? I answer: Nine orifices are the body's gates; seven Chong are the thoroughfares of the six fu organs. Similarly, the five zang, twelve meridians, bone spaces, and couli (interstices) all have borders, thoroughfares, and gates. The Classics state: "Eighty-four thousand pores flow like large ravines"; this is not metaphor. Dajing is bitter and cold, executing the function of the Heart, corresponding to summer. If even one pore were not expansive in summer, the body would not be agile. Because all expand in summer, it achieves supreme utility. Dajing amplifies summer qi, serving as a gate and thoroughfare, providing a path for evil to exit, sweating out from outside and inside, or draining downward. Moreover, the exterior qi of the Heart is yang, and bitterness/cold receives the transformation of Taiyang Cold Water. Thus, it functions for the Heart, being a drug that disperses and opens the Taiyang channel. Since Taiyang governs opening, and opening places become thoroughfares and gates, there should be no doubt.
[Interpretation] Says: "Da" refers to its efficacy; "Ji" means a halberd (branch weapon). Zhou Li (Rites of Zhou) mentions Ji Men (Halberd Gate), noting that halberds serve as doors, managing opening and closing, and defending against insults. For treating vomiting/rebellious qi, it focuses on "opening"; for treating gu poison, twelve waters, abdominal fullness/pain/accumulation, and wind-stroke/skin pain, it focuses on "closing". Closing holds to open; opening holds to close. It is like drawing a halberd to drive away enemies, eliminating those who do not resist.