（本经下品）
【气味】咸苦平，有毒。
【主治】逐恶血瘀血、月闭，破血症积聚，无子、利水道。
【核】曰∶生雷泽池泽，处处河池田 有之。色黄褐，间黑纹数道，腹微黄，背隆腹平，
中阔，两头尖，都有嘴呐者，可引可缩，两头咂人，及牛马胫股，不满其欲，不易落也。
虽燔汤烈火， 研成末，入水变生，子入人腹，为害弥深，唯蓄血人，随血下陨，方堪药用，
否则不敢当也。修治，五月六月采取，用米泔浸一宿，曝干，以冬猪脂煎令焦黄用。
【 】曰∶水蛭，一名至掌、马蟥也。盖蛭类有三∶曰山蛭，曰草蛭，药用水蛭也。生
水中，喜吮人及马牛足股，蛭吮若莫知至而至者，果复性遂，蛭乃去，否则确乎其不可拔，
宁断两头，入骨为患。故主力逐恶血瘀血，力破血症积聚，此皆血留而盈；至若太冲脉过盛，
任脉不通，月事不以时下，月闭无子者，平其太冲，辟其妊娠，月事仍以时下而有子。有余
于血者，则用此法；不足于血者，不在用之。利水道者，此湿生虫，水族也。用利水道，
故特易易，盖水入于经而血成，不行焉，为恶为瘀，水蛭乃行不留，则留者行，亦可留不行，
则行者留，非留行安能时下而有子，此行而后留，读农经者，大宜着眼。
（别录上品）
【气味】甘寒，无毒。
【主治】消渴，止心烦，逆奔豚气。
【核】曰∶李，处处有之。树高丈许，绿叶白花，果极繁茂，与麦同候，麦秋至，李熟
矣。种类近百，子大者如 如卵，小者如弹如樱。味有甘、酸、苦、涩之别；色有青、绿、
紫、赤、黄赤、缥绮、胭脂、青皮、灰紫之殊；形有牛心、马肝、柰李、杏李、水李、离核、
合核、无核、匾缝之异。生有武陵、房陵诸李。早则麦李、御李，四月熟。迟则晚李、冬
李，十月、十一月熟。又有季春李，冬花春实也。王祯农书云∶北方一种御黄李，大如碗，
肉浓核小，甘津香美；江南建宁一种均亭李，色紫肥大，香如兰蕙，味若醍醐；一种璧李，
熟则拆裂糕液，如乳如酪，香甜可口；一种御李，花色红黄，实状樱桃，先诸李熟；一种夫
人李，表绿里赤，肉好肥满，干之，嘉庆子也。素问云∶李韭皆酸。李，东方之果，木子也。
埤雅云∶李从木从子，性颇难老，老虽枝枯，子亦不细，品处桃上，果属有六，桃最为下。
孔子饭黍，不以雪桃。诗曰，投我以桃，报之以李。又曰，丘中有麻，彼留子嗟；丘中有麦
，彼留子国；丘中有李，彼留之子。言麻以衣之，麦以食之。又有李焉，且皆丘中植之，则
留子之政修矣。此人之所以思之，法言曰，男子亩，妇人桑之，谓思吕子产相郑，桃李之垂
于街者，莫之援也。然则丘中有李，又能使人不盗也。尔雅曰∶桃曰胆之，枣李曰 之，
盖枣李之脐，去 而已。旧云∶桃李种法，大率欲方，两步一株，密则阴辄相扇，不惟子细
，味亦不隹也。谭子化书云∶李接桃而本强者，其实毛；梅接杏而本强者，其实甘。此明造
化之权，有以知巧而移矣。本根皮白，甘酸二种，入药甘者良。修事，取东行者，刮去皱皮
，灸黄用。
【 】曰∶李，木之多子，老至犹繁，累不易落。若荔实专力在系也，与麦同候，继绝
续乏，承顺天施，养生之道也。仲景先生用治水逆犯上，病名奔豚，横滑难制者，用甘李根
白皮，甘禀土味，秉制为用，转承水下，且木实得酸，根白金色，环承制化，在本则子令母
实，在金则虚则补母，在土则承乃制之。溯流而上者，顺流而下矣。乃克治平，斯无不顺，
何逆之有。子名嘉庆，良有以也。隐居别录广推奔豚者，肾之积，气从少腹上冲心，心烦逆
，又若厥状，撞心消渴也。
【本草经·下品】
【气味】味咸、苦，性平，有毒。
【主治】驱逐恶血、瘀血，治疗闭经，破除症瘕积聚，治疗不孕，通利水道。
【考证】卢之颐曰：水蛭生长在雷泽的池塘沼泽中，各地的河池田地里都有。体色黄褐，间有几道黑色纹路，腹部微黄，背部隆起腹部平坦，中间宽两头尖，都有口器，能伸缩，两头吸人及牛马的小腿和大腿，如果不满足其吸血欲望，它不会脱落。即使经过火烧或沸水烫煮，研成粉末，放入水中仍能复活；若进入人腹，危害更深。只有对于有蓄血证的患者，它能随血下行排出，才堪当药用，否则不敢使用。炮制方法：在五月、六月采收，用米泔水浸泡一夜，晒干，再用冬季猪脂煎至焦黄色后使用。
【名医别录·上品】
【气味】味甘，性寒，无毒。
【主治】消渴病，止心烦，治疗奔豚气上逆。
【考证】卢之颐曰：李树到处都有。树高约一丈，绿叶白花，果实非常繁茂，成熟期与小麦相同，麦收时节李子就熟了。种类近百种，大的像梨或鸡蛋，小的像弹丸或樱桃。味道有甘、酸、苦、涩的区别；颜色有青、绿、紫、赤、黄赤、缥绮、胭脂、青皮、灰紫的不同；形状有牛心形、马肝形、柰李形、杏李形、水李形、离核、合核、无核、扁缝等差异。产地有武陵、房陵等地的李子。早熟品种有麦李、御李，四月成熟；晚熟品种有晚李、冬李，十月、十一月成熟。还有季春李，冬天开花春天结果。王祯《农书》记载：北方有一种御黄李，大如碗，肉厚核小，甘甜多汁香气美；江南建宁有一种均亭李，色紫肥大，香如兰蕙，味如醍醐；有一种璧李，成熟时裂开流出浆液，如乳如酪，香甜可口；有一种御李，花色红黄，果实状如樱桃，比其他李子先熟；有一种夫人李，表皮绿里肉赤，肉质肥满，干燥后成为嘉庆子。《素问》说：李和韭菜都是酸味的。李是东方之果，属木之果实。《埤雅》说：李字从木从子，性质很难老，老了虽然枝干枯，果实也不细小，品质排在桃之上，六种果树中桃最差。孔子吃黍米时不用雪桃（指陈年干桃）。《诗经》说：“投我以桃，报之以李。”又说：“丘中有麻，彼留子嗟；丘中有麦，彼留子国；丘中有李，彼留之子。”意思是种麻供穿衣，种麦供食用，又有李子种植，且都种在丘中，说明留子的政教修明。这是人们思念他的原因。扬雄《法言》说：“男子耕亩，妇人养蚕”，比喻思念吕子产辅佐郑国时，街上的桃李无人攀折。那么“丘中有李”又能使人不盗窃。《尔雅》说：桃叫“胆之”，枣和李叫“葸之”，大概是指枣和李的脐部，去掉蒂而已。旧传：桃李种植法，大致要求方形排列，两步一株，太密则阴气互相扇动，不仅果实细小，味道也不好。谭子《化书》说：李嫁接在桃树上而本根强壮的，果实多毛；梅嫁接在杏树上而本根强壮的，果实甘甜。这说明造化的权变，可以通过技巧来转移。李根皮白色，分甘、酸两种，入药以甘味者为良。炮制处理：取向东生长的枝条，刮去皱皮，灸至黄色后使用。
【按语】卢之颐曰：李树是多果之木，到老依然繁盛，果实累累不易掉落。如果荔枝果实专门依靠果柄连接，与李同于顺应天时，接续断绝补充匮乏，顺应天施，这是养生之道。张仲景先生用于治疗水饮上逆犯胃，病名奔豚，横逆滑脱难以控制者，使用甘李根白皮。甘味禀受土味，秉承克制之用，引导水气下行。且木实得酸味，根皮呈白色金色，环抱承制变化，在本脏则是子令母实，在金脏则是虚则补母，在土脏则是承乃制之。逆流而上的，变为顺流而下。于是克制平复，无不顺畅，何来逆乱？所以子名为嘉庆，确实有其道理。陶隐居在《别录》中广泛推广奔豚的说法，认为是肾之积，气从少腹上冲心，心烦气逆，又类似厥证，撞击心脏导致消渴。
[Shennong Bencao Jing · Lower Grade]
【Flavor and Property】 Salty, bitter, neutral in nature, toxic.
【Indications】 Drives out foul blood and stasis, treats amenorrhea, breaks up mass and accumulation, treats infertility, promotes urination.
【Commentary】 Lu Zhiyi says: Leeches grow in the ponds and marshes of Lei Ze, and are found everywhere in river pools and fields. Their color is yellowish-brown with several black stripes; the abdomen is slightly yellow, the back is convex and the belly flat, wider in the middle and pointed at both ends. They have mouths that can extend and retract, sucking on humans as well as the calves and thighs of cattle and horses. If their desire for blood is not satisfied, they do not detach easily. Even if roasted over fire or boiled in hot water and ground into powder, they become alive again when put into water; if they enter the human abdomen, the harm is even deeper. Only for patients with blood retention (blood stasis), where they can descend with the blood and be expelled, are they suitable for medicinal use; otherwise, they should not be used. Processing method: Harvest in May and June, soak in rice washing water overnight, dry in the sun, then fry in winter lard until scorched yellow for use.
[Mingyi Bie Lu · Upper Grade]
【Flavor and Property】 Sweet, cold in nature, non-toxic.
【Indications】 Treats Xiao Ke (wasting-thirst syndrome), relieves mental restlessness, treats reversal of Ben Tun Qi (fleeing pig qi).
【Commentary】 Lu Zhiyi says: Plum trees are found everywhere. The tree is about one zhang high, with green leaves and white flowers, bearing abundant fruit. It ripens at the same time as wheat; when the wheat harvest arrives, the plums are ripe. There are nearly a hundred varieties. Large ones are like pears or eggs, small ones like pellets or cherries. Flavors vary among sweet, sour, bitter, and astringent. Colors differ among green, light green, purple, red, yellow-red, pale silk-like, rouge, dark green skin, and gray-purple. Shapes include ox-heart, horse-liver, Nai plum, apricot-plum, water-plum, pit-separating, pit-integrated, seedless, and flattened-seam types. Originating places include Wuling and Fangling plums. Early-ripening varieties include Mai Li and Yu Li, ripening in April. Late-ripening varieties include Wan Li and Dong Li, ripening in October and November. There is also Ji Chun Li, which flowers in winter and fruits in spring. Wang Zhen's *Nong Shu* records: In the north, there is a type called Yu Huang Li, large as a bowl, with thick flesh and small pits, sweet juice and fragrant flavor; in Jiangnan Jianning, there is Jun Ting Li, purple and fat, fragrant as orchids, tasting like clarified butter; there is Bi Li, which splits open when ripe, oozing liquid like milk or cheese, sweet and palatable; there is another Yu Li, with red-yellow flowers and cherry-like fruit, ripening before other plums; there is Fu Ren Li, green outside and red inside, with good fleshy fullness, dried to become Jia Qing Zi. *Su Wen* states: Plums and leeks are both sour. Plums are fruits of the East, belonging to Wood. *Pi Ya* states: The character Li consists of Wood and Son; its nature resists aging; even when old and branches wither, the fruit remains substantial, ranking above peaches among six fruit categories, while peaches are considered the lowest. Confucius did not eat snow peels (dried peels) with millet. The *Classic of Poetry* says: "They gave me a peach, I returned a plum." It also says: "In the mound there is hemp, there is Liu Zijia; in the mound there is wheat, there is Liu Ziguo; in the mound there is plum, there is the son of Liu." This means hemp is grown for clothing, wheat for food, and plums are also planted, all in the mounds, indicating that the governance of Liu Zi was well-maintained. This is why people miss him. Yang Xiong's *Fayan* says: "Men till the fields, women tend silkworms," metaphorically referring to missing Lü Zichan who assisted Zheng, where plums and peaches hanging on the street were not touched. Thus, "plums in the mound" can also prevent theft. *Erya* states: Peaches are called "Dan Zhi", dates and plums are called "Xi Zhi", likely referring to removing the navel/stem of dates and plums. Old texts state: The planting method for peaches and plums generally requires square spacing, two steps between plants. If too dense, shade fans each other, resulting in small fruits and poor taste. Tan Zi's *Hua Shu* states: When plum is grafted onto peach and the rootstock is strong, the fruit is hairy; when plum is grafted onto apricot and the rootstock is strong, the fruit is sweet. This shows the power of creation can be shifted through skill. The root bark is white, divided into sweet and sour types; the sweet variety is superior for medicine. Processing: Take branches growing eastward, scrape off wrinkled skin, moxa until yellow for use.
【Analysis】 Lu Zhiyi says: The plum tree bears many fruits and remains abundant even in old age, with clusters of fruit difficult to drop. If lychee fruits rely solely on the stem connection, it follows the timing of wheat, continuing what is cut off and supplementing what is lacking, complying with heavenly decree, which is the way of nourishing life. Master Zhang Zhongjing used Gan Li Gen Bai Pi (Sweet Plum Root White Bark) to treat water fluid reversing upward, a condition named Ben Tun (Fleeing Pig), characterized by horizontal slipperiness and difficulty in control. Sweet flavor inherits the Earth element, utilizing the controlling mechanism to guide water downward. Since wood fruits acquire sourness, and root bark has white/golden metal color, it forms a cycle of control and transformation. In the liver, it follows "son enriches mother"; in the lung, it follows "tonify mother when deficient"; in the spleen, it follows "receive the controlling influence". Upstream flow becomes downstream flow. Thus, conflict is resolved, everything becomes smooth, how can there be reversal? Hence the name Jia Qing (Good Celebration) is justified. Tao Hongjing in *Bie Lu* expanded on Ben Tun as an accumulation of the Kidney, where Qi rushes from the lower abdomen to the heart, causing mental restlessness and reversal, resembling Jue syndrome, striking the heart and causing Xiao Ke (wasting-thirst).