菰米主止渴（本草拾遗）解烦热调肠胃（本草纲目）【名】茭米 雕蓬 雕 雕胡【地】
时珍曰）
菰本作菰茭草也其中生菌如瓜形可食故谓之菰其米须霜雕时采
七发谓之安胡（尔雅）啮雕
蓬
荐黍蓬也（孙炎注云）雕蓬即茭米古
故谓之啮其黍逢即茭之不结
实者
惟堪作
科结实
有焉（李时珍）按（郑杨）二说不同然皆有理盖蓬类非一种故也【苗】叶如
者谓菰蒋草至秋结实乃雕胡
米也
古人以为美馔今饥岁人犹采以当粮（陶弘景
菰蒋草米古人所贵故（内则
云）鱼
宜皆水物也
池边皆是雕胡紫箨
之类
盖菰之有米者长安人谓之雕胡菰之有首者谓之绿节葭芦之未解叶者谓之紫箨也
菰蒋草如苇结青子细若青麻
黄
长几寸野人收之合粟为粥食之甚济饥也（李时珍曰）
雕胡开花如苇芴结实长尺许大如茅针其米甚白而滑腻作饭香脆（杜甫诗）波漂菰米沉云黑者
即
此周礼供御乃六谷九谷之数管子书谓之鹰膳故收米入此其茭笋菰根别见菜部【时】九月抽茎
霜后采之【色】皮黑褐色米白【臭】香【味】甘【性】冷
阿芙蓉主泻痢脱肛不止能涩丈夫精气（本草纲目）【名】阿 （李时珍曰）俗作鸦片名
义未
花
色似芙蓉而得此名【苗】（李时珍曰）阿芙蓉前代罕闻近方有用者
结青苞时午后以大针刺其外面
青皮勿损里面硬皮或三五处次早津出
氏医林集要）言是天方国种
红
罂粟不令
同乎
房中术用之京师售一粒金丹云通治百病皆方技家之术耳○一粒金丹真
三丸每服一丸未效再进一丸
不可多服忌醋令人肠断风瘫热酒下口眼
川芎汤下眩晕防风汤下阴毒
豆淋酒下疟疾
黄连汤下白痢
白术汤下诸气痛木香酒下热痛栀子汤下脐下痛灯心汤下小肠气川楝茴香汤下血
胁痛热酒下噎食生姜丁香汤
下女人血崩五灵脂汤下小儿慢脾风砂仁汤下○久痢
浆水若渴饮蜜水解之○一方
罂粟花未开时外有两片
花者【味】酸涩【性】
治】赤白痢下鸦片木香黄连白术各一分研末饭丸小豆大壮者一分老幼半分空心米饮下
生冷油腻茶酒面无不止者口
渴略饮米汤
【背景信息】
书名：《本草品汇精要》 作者：王好古 朝代：元 章节：菰米 / 阿芙蓉 类别：本草
【待处理原文翻译】
**菰米（Zizania Latifolia Seed）**
主治：止渴（出自《本草拾遗》）；解除烦热，调理肠胃（出自《本草纲目》）。
【产地与考证】
李时珍说：“菰”原本写作“菰”，是茭草。其中生长出的菌类形状像瓜，可以食用，所以称为“菰”。它的米粒必须在霜降时节采摘。
《七发》中称之为“安胡”（出自《尔雅》）；《啮雕蓬》中提到：“荐黍蓬也”（孙炎注释说：“雕蓬”就是茭米，古代因此称其为“啮其黍”，逢即是不结实的茭）。
只有能够结出种子的才算是真正的菰（李时珍按语：郑玄和杨雄两种说法不同，但都有道理，大概是因为蓬类植物不止一种）。
【形态特征】
叶子像芦苇。这种草被称为“菰蒋草”，到了秋天结实，才是“雕胡米”。古人认为它是美味佳肴，如今在饥荒年份，人们仍采集它来充当粮食（陶弘景语）。
因为菰蒋草的米是古人所珍视的，所以《内则》中说：“鱼脍宜皆水物也。”池边到处都是雕胡、紫箨之类。
大概菰有米粒的，长安人称为“雕胡”；菰有嫩茎的，称为“绿节”；芦苇尚未舒展叶片的，称为“紫箨”。
菰蒋草像芦苇，结青色的籽粒，细小如同青麻，长几寸。野人收集它与粟米一起煮粥食用，非常有助于充饥（李时珍说）。
雕胡开花像芦苇，结实长约一尺多，大如茅针。它的米粒非常白且滑腻，做饭时香脆（杜甫诗云：“波漂菰米沉云黑”者，即指此）。
《周礼》中将其列为供御用的六谷或九谷之一，《管子》书中称之为“鹰膳”，所以将收得的米列入此类。其茭笋和菰根另见蔬菜部。
【性状】外皮黑褐色，米粒白色。气味香，味道甘，性质冷。
***
**阿芙蓉（Opium）**
主治：治疗痢疾、脱肛不止，能固涩男子精气（出自《本草纲目》）。
【名称】阿（李时珍说）：俗作“鸦片”。名字由来是因为其花颜色似芙蓉而得名。
【形态与来源】
李时珍说：“阿芙蓉”前代很少听闻，近代方剂中有使用。
在花朵结青色苞时，午后用大针刺破外面的青皮，不要损伤里面的硬皮，刺三五处。次日清晨会有汁液流出。
《氏医林集要》中说这是天方国种植的红色罂粟，不让其与房中术混同。京师售卖的“一粒金丹”，声称通治百病，这都是方技家的把戏罢了。
○ “一粒金丹”真正配方：三丸，每次服用一丸，未见效再进一丸。不可多服，忌醋，否则令人肠断风瘫。
用法：热酒送下治口眼歪斜；川芎汤送下治眩晕；防风汤送下治阴毒；豆淋酒送下治疟疾；黄连汤送下治白痢；白术汤送下治各种气痛；木香酒送下治热痛；栀子汤送下治脐下痛；灯心汤送下治小肠气；川楝茴香汤送下治血胁痛；热酒送下治噎食；生姜丁香汤送下治女人血崩；五灵脂汤送下治小儿慢脾风；砂仁汤送下治久痢。
若口渴，可饮浆水；若极渴，饮蜜水解之。
○ 另一方：罂粟花未开时，外有两片花瓣包裹者。
【味道与性质】味酸涩，性寒（注：原文此处虽未明示性味，但根据上下文及常规药性推断，通常阿芙蓉性温或平，此处依原文留白或根据后续功效推测，原文仅列“治”字前部分，最后列出“味酸涩”，性未明写于末尾，但前文有“泻痢...能涩”，结合后世认知多为温。但在严格忠实原文翻译任务中，原文最后只写了“【味】酸涩【性】”后直接接“治】”，中间缺了性的描述，或者“冷/温”等字被省略。观察原文结构，“【性】”后紧跟“治】”，说明原文可能缺失性或默认承接上文。为严谨起见，翻译时指出原文结构）。
*修正：细读原文结尾“【味】酸涩【性】 治】赤白痢下...”，这里“性”字后面似乎漏掉了具体的性味描述，或者“性”字即为标题，后面内容混杂。根据常见版本，阿芙蓉性温。但作为翻译任务，必须忠实于提供的文本。文本显示“【性】”后直接是“治】”，故译为“性质：[原文此处未明确记载具体性味，仅列出功效]”。*
【功效与用法】
治疗赤白痢疾：取鸦片、木香、黄连、白术各一分，研成末，用米饭做成小豆大小的丸剂。成人每次服一分，老幼减半，空腹时用米饮送下。生冷、油腻、茶、酒、面食均不可吃，否则痢疾不止。
**Zizania Latifolia Seed (Gumi)**
Main Actions: Relieves thirst (from *Bencao Shiyi*); Resolves vexatious heat and regulates the intestines and stomach (from *Bencao Gangmu*).
[Names]: Jiaomi, Diaopeng, Diao, Diaohu.
[Origin and Textual Research]:
Li Shizhen stated: "Gu" was originally written as "Gu", referring to the Zizania plant. Fungi growing within it resemble melons in shape and are edible, hence the name "Gu". Its seeds must be harvested after the frost.
The *Qifa* text refers to it as "Anhu" (from *Erya*); the *Nie Diaopeng* mentions: "Jianshu Peng ye" (Sun Yan's annotation states: "Diaopeng" is indeed Jiaomi; ancient texts thus called it "Nie Qi Shu", where "Peng" refers to the non-seed-bearing Zizania).
Only those that bear fruit are considered true Gu (Li Shizhen's note: The interpretations of Zheng Xuan and Yang Xiong differ, yet both have merit, likely because the category of 'Peng' plants includes more than one species).
[Morphological Characteristics]:
Leaves resemble reeds. This plant is called "Gu Jiang Cao"; when it bears fruit in autumn, it becomes "Diaohu Mi". Ancient people regarded it as a delicacy; even today during famine years, people still harvest it as a staple food substitute (Tao Hongjing).
Because the seed of Gu Jiang Cao was highly valued by ancients, the *Neize* states: "Fish sashimi should preferably be paired with aquatic plants." Ponds are full of Diaohu, Zi Tuo, and similar varieties.
Generally, Zizania bearing seeds is called "Diaohu" by people in Chang'an; Zizania bearing tender stems is called "Lv Jie"; unopened reed leaves are called "Zi Tuo".
Gu Jiang Cao resembles reeds, bearing small green seeds fine as hemp, several inches long. Rural people collect them and cook porridge with millet to alleviate hunger effectively (Li Shizhen said).
Diaohu flowers like reeds; its fruits are about a foot long and large as a cattail needle. Its seeds are very white and slippery; when cooked into rice, they are fragrant and crisp (Du Fu's poem: "Floating Zizania seeds sink like black clouds" refers to this).
The *Zhou Li* lists it among the six or nine grains for imperial supply; the *Guanzi* calls it "Ying Shan", so the harvested grain is included here. Its tender shoots and roots are detailed separately in the Vegetable section.
[Harvest Time]: Stems emerge in September; harvested after frost.
[Physical Properties]: Skin is dark brown; seeds are white. Odor is fragrant; taste is sweet; nature is cold.
***
**Opium (Afuyou)**
Main Actions: Treats dysentery and persistent rectal prolapse; can astringe and conserve male essence (from *Bencao Gangmu*).
[Name]: A (Li Shizhen said): Commonly written as "Yapian". It is named so because its flower color resembles that of the hibiscus (Furong).
[Morphology and Source]:
Li Shizhen said: "Afuyou" was rarely heard of in previous dynasties but is used in recent prescriptions.
When the flower forms a green bud, use a large needle to prick the outer green skin in the afternoon, without damaging the inner hard skin, making three to five punctures. Clear fluid will exude the next morning.
*Shi Yilin Jiyao* states this is red poppy cultivated in the Heavenly Country (Tianfang), distinct from sexual arts practices. In the capital, "One Pill Golden Elixir" is sold, claiming to cure all diseases, which are merely tricks of quacks.
○ True Formula for "One Pill Golden Elixir": Three pills total. Take one pill per dose. If ineffective, take another. Do not overdose. Avoid vinegar, as it may cause intestinal rupture and wind-stroke paralysis.
Administration: With hot wine for facial paralysis; with Chuanxiong Tang for vertigo; with Fangfeng Tang for Yin toxicity; with Doulin Jiu for malaria; with Huanglian Tang for white dysentery; with Baizhu Tang for various Qi pains; with Muxiang Jiu for heat pain; with Zhizi Tang for umbilical pain; with Dengxin Tang for Small Intestine Qi; with Chuanlián Huixiang Tang for blood-related hypochondriac pain; with hot wine for dysphagia; with Shengjiang Dingxiang Tang for women's metrorrhagia; with Wulingzhi Tang for pediatric slow spleen wind; with Sharen Tang for chronic dysentery.
If thirsty, drink fermented grain water; if extremely thirsty, drink honey water to resolve it.
○ Another method: When the poppy flower has not yet opened, select those with two outer petal-like bracts.
[Taste and Nature]: Taste is sour and astringent; [Nature: Not explicitly specified in the provided text fragment immediately following the label].
[Therapeutic Applications and Usage]:
For treating red and white dysentery: Take Opium, Muxiang, Huanglian, and Baizhu, each one fen. Grind into powder and make pills the size of small beans. Adults take one fen; children and the elderly take half a fen. Take on an empty stomach with rice water decoction. Avoid raw, cold, greasy foods, tea, alcohol, and flour products, otherwise dysentery will not cease.