泻，凉血
甘温（《大明》曰凉）。皆能破血下气，行而带补。治吐衄肠痈，女子赤白浊，安胎（凉
血之功）。
小蓟力微，能破瘀生新，保精养血，退热补虚，不能如大蓟之消痈毒（丹溪曰∶小蓟治
下焦结热血淋。《本事方》∶一人冷气入阴囊，肿满疼痛，煎大蓟汁服，立瘥）。
两蓟相似，花如髻。大蓟茎高而叶皱，小蓟茎低而叶不皱，皆用根。
一名山漆
泻，散瘀，定痛
甘苦微温。散血定痛。
治吐血衄血，血痢血崩，目赤痈肿（醋磨涂即散，已破者为末掺之）。为金疮杖疮要药
（杖时先服一二钱，则血不冲心；杖后敷之，去瘀消肿易愈。大抵阳明、厥阴血分之药，故
治血病）。
此药近时始出，军中恃之。从广西山洞来者，略似白芨、地黄，有节，味微甘，颇似人
参。以末掺猪血中，血化为水者真（近出一种，叶似菊艾，而劲浓有岐尖，茎有赤棱，夏秋
开黄花，蕊如金丝，盘纽可爱，而气不香，根大如牛蒡，味甘极。《易繁衍》云是三七，治
金疮折伤血病甚效，与南中来者不同）。
涩，止血
苦酸微寒。性沉而涩（本草未尝言涩，然能收汗止血，皆酸敛之功也），入下焦，除血
热。
治吐衄崩中（血虚禁用），肠风（血鲜者为肠风，随感而见也；血瘀者为脏毒，积久而
发也。粪前为近血，出肠、胃；粪后为远血，出肺、肝）血痢（苏颂曰∶古方断下多用之。
寇宗 曰∶虚寒泻痢，及初起者忌用。苏颂，着《本草图科》）。
似柳根，外黑里红。取上截，炒黑用。梢皮行血。得发良。恶麦冬。
【大蓟、小蓟】
性味：甘，温（《开宝本草》记载为凉）。功效：均能破血散瘀、降气，具有行散兼补的特点。主治：吐血、鼻衄、肠痈，妇女赤白带下，安胎（依靠其凉血的功效）。
小蓟药力较弱，能破瘀生新，保精养血，退热补虚，但不能像大蓟那样消除痈毒（朱丹溪说：小蓟治疗下焦结热血淋。《本事方》记载：一人冷气侵入阴囊，肿胀疼痛，煎服大蓟汁，立即痊愈）。
两种植物相似，花朵形状如发髻。大蓟茎高且叶片皱缩，小蓟茎低且叶片不皱缩，两者都使用根部入药。
【三七】
一名：山漆
性味：甘、苦，微温。功效：散血定痛。
主治：吐血、鼻衄、血痢、崩漏，目赤肿痛（用醋磨涂可消散，已溃破者研末外敷）。是治疗金属创伤和杖疮的重要药物（受杖责前先服用一二钱，则血液不会上冲心脏；受杖后外敷，去除瘀血、消肿，容易愈合。大致属于阳明经、厥阴经血分的药物，所以治疗血证）。
此药近代才开始流行，军队中依赖它。从广西山洞出产的，略微类似白芨、地黄，有节，味道微甘，很像人参。将粉末掺入猪血中，若血液化为水状则为真品（近期出现一种，叶子像菊艾，但强劲浓密且有分叉尖端，茎有红色棱边，夏秋开黄花，花蕊如金丝盘绕可爱，但气味不香，根大如牛蒡，味道极甘。《易繁衍》称这是三七，治疗金疮折伤血证非常有效，与从南方来的不同）。
【地榆】
性味：苦、酸，微寒。功效：收敛止血。
性质沉降而涩（本草书中未曾提及“涩”字，但能止汗止血，都是酸敛的功效），入下焦，清除血热。
主治：吐血、鼻衄、崩漏（血虚者禁用），肠风（血色鲜红者为肠风，随感受邪气而发作；血色瘀暗者为脏毒，积久才发作。便前出血为近血，出自肠、胃；便后出血为远血，出自肺、肝）血痢（苏颂说：古方治疗腹泻多用此药。寇宗奭说：虚寒泻痢及初起者忌用。苏颂著有《本草图经》）。
外形似柳根，外皮黑内里红。取上部截段，炒黑后使用。梢皮可行血。与头发配伍效果好。畏麦冬。
[Da Ji, Xiao Ji]
Nature and Flavor: Sweet, warm (Kai Bao Ben Cao records it as cool). Efficacy: Both can break blood stasis and descend qi, possessing characteristics of both dispersing and tonifying. Indications: Hematemesis, epistaxis, intestinal abscess, leukorrhea in women (red and white discharge), calming the fetus (relying on its blood-cooling efficacy).
Xiao Ji has weaker potency; it can break stasis and generate new tissue, preserve essence and nourish blood, reduce fever and tonify deficiency, but cannot eliminate carbuncle toxins like Da Ji (Zhu Danxi stated: Xiao Ji treats lower jiao congealed blood and painful stranguria due to blood. Ben Shi Fang recorded: A person had cold qi invading the scrotum, causing swelling and pain; after decocting and drinking Da Ji juice, he recovered immediately).
The two plants are similar, with flowers resembling hair buns. Da Ji has tall stems and wrinkled leaves, while Xiao Ji has short stems and smooth leaves; both use the roots for medicinal purposes.
[San Qi]
Also known as: Shan Qi
Nature and Flavor: Sweet, bitter, slightly warm. Efficacy: Scatters blood and relieves pain.
Indications: Hematemesis, epistaxis, bloody dysentery, metrorrhagia, redness and swelling of the eyes (grinding with vinegar and applying dissipates it; for ulcerated lesions, apply powder externally). It is a crucial herb for treating metal wounds and beating injuries (taking one or two qian before being beaten prevents blood from rushing to the heart; applying it after beating removes stasis, reduces swelling, and facilitates healing. Generally, it is an herb entering the blood aspect of the Yangming and Jueyin meridians, thus treating blood disorders).
This herb became popular only recently and was relied upon by the military. Those coming from caves in Guangxi resemble Baiji and Dihuang slightly, having nodes, a slightly sweet taste, and looking somewhat like Renshen. When powder is mixed into pig's blood, if the blood turns into water, it is authentic (A variety appearing recently has leaves resembling Ju Ai but stronger and thicker with forked tips, stems with red ridges, yellow flowers blooming in summer and autumn with golden-wire-like stamens that are pleasingly coiled but odorless, roots as large as Niubang with an extremely sweet taste. Yi Fanyan claimed this is San Qi, which is very effective for metal wounds, fractures, and blood disorders, differing from those coming from the south).
[Di Yu]
Nature and Flavor: Bitter, sour, slightly cold. Efficacy: Astringes and stops bleeding.
Nature is sinking and astringent (Ben Cao texts did not previously mention "astringent," but its ability to stop sweating and bleeding is due to the astringent property of sour flavors). It enters the lower jiao and clears heat from the blood.
Indications: Hematemesis, epistaxis, metrorrhagia (contraindicated in blood deficiency), Chang Feng (blood that is bright red is Chang Feng, occurring upon exposure to pathogens; blood that is dark and stagnant is Zang Du, manifesting after accumulation over time. Bleeding before defecation is near blood, originating from the intestines and stomach; bleeding after defecation is far blood, originating from the lungs and liver) bloody dysentery (Su Song stated: Ancient formulas often used this herb to treat diarrhea. Kou Zongshi stated: Contraindicated in deficiency-cold diarrhea/dysentery and early-stage cases. Su Song authored Ben Cao Tu Jing).
Resembling willow roots, black on the outside and red on the inside. Use the upper section, stir-fried until charred. The tip bark promotes blood circulation. It pairs well with human hair. It is incompatible with Maidong.