味甘辛。入足太阴阳明经。功专升胃气。散胃中郁热。得香豉治伤寒头痛。得粟米
治小儿热渴。得葱白治头痛如破神效。开腠发汗。解肌退热。为脾胃虚弱泄泻之圣药。葛花
解酒毒尤良。生葛汁大寒。解温病大热吐衄诸血。凡斑痘已见点忌用。
味辛。入手阳明手太阴足太阴经。功专升发。火在上非升不散。气陷下非升莫举。
惟东垣善用之。得葱白散手阳明风邪。得石膏止阳明齿痛。得柴胡引生气上升。得葛根发阳
明之汗。阴虚火动者忌。去须芦用。
味辛温。通行手足阳明经。功专疗风止痛排脓。得土贝、栝蒌治乳痈。得辛夷细辛
治鼻病。得单叶红蜀葵根排脓。得椿根皮、黄柏治妇人湿热带下。其性升散。血热有虚火者
禁用。微炒。当归为使。恶旋复花。
味苦辛。入足少阴厥阴经。功专宣达甲胆。得黄连治口疮齿 。得决明、鲤鱼胆、
青羊肝疗目疾疼痛。恶黄 、山茱。畏硝石、滑石。反藜芦。
味苦辛。入足少阳经。功专入经达气。入络和血。升不上颠顶。下不散皮毛。故入
胆而合其无出无入之性。得益气药则升阳。得清气药则散邪。阴虚火炎气升者禁用。外感生
用。内伤升气酒炒用。根治中焦及下降用梢。有汗咳者蜜水炒。前胡、半夏为使。恶皂角。
苗主治卒聋。捣汁滴之良。出江南古城山名齐界面者佳。内杂他药。须拣净用。银州柴胡。
宣治虚劳饥热。骨蒸劳疟。热从髓出。及小儿五疳羸热。根长丈余微白。
味甘、辛。入足太阴脾经和足阳明胃经。功效专于升提胃气，疏散胃中郁结之热。配伍香豉可治疗伤寒引起的头痛；配伍粟米可治疗小儿因热导致的口渴；配伍葱白治疗剧烈头痛（如破头般疼痛）有显著疗效。能开泄腠理、发汗解表、解除肌表邪热退热，是治疗脾胃虚弱所致泄泻的圣药。葛花解酒毒效果尤佳。生葛汁性大寒，可治疗温病引起的大热及吐血、衄血等各种出血症状。凡斑疹痘疮已经透发见点的患者忌用。
味辛。入手阳明大肠经、手太阴肺经和足太阴脾经。功效专于升发阳气。火邪在上部，非升散不能消散；气陷于下部，非升提不能举托。只有李东垣善于使用柴胡。配伍葱白可疏散手阳明经的风邪；配伍石膏可止阳明经齿痛；配伍柴胡（此处原文似有误，结合语境应为配伍其他引经药或指其自身特性，但依原文翻译为“得柴胡”）引导生气上升；配伍葛根可发阳明经之汗。阴虚火旺者忌用。使用时需去除须和芦头。
味辛、温。通行手足阳明经。功效专于祛风止痛、排脓。配伍土贝母、栝蒌可治疗乳痈；配伍辛夷、细辛可治疗鼻部疾病；配伍单叶红蜀葵根可排脓；配伍椿根皮、黄柏可治疗妇女湿热下注引起的带下病。其性质升散，血热且有虚火者禁用。微炒后使用。以当归为使药。畏旋复花。
味苦、辛。入足少阴肾经和足厥阴肝经。功效专于宣达甲胆（即胆腑）。配伍黄连可治疗口疮、齿痛；配伍决明子、鲤鱼胆、青羊肝可治疗眼部疾病疼痛。畏黄芩、山茱萸。反藜芦。
味苦、辛。入足少阳胆经。功效专于入经通达气机，入络调和血液。它不能上升至头顶，也不能发散至皮毛，因此入胆经而契合胆无出无入的特性。配伍补气药则能升举阳气；配伍清气药则能疏散邪气。阴虚火炎、气机上逆者禁用。外感病宜生用；内伤导致气陷者宜用酒炒。根部用于中焦及下降作用时需用梢。有汗且咳嗽者宜用蜜水炒制。以前胡、半夏为使药。畏皂角。苗主治突然耳聋，捣汁滴耳效果良好。产于江南古城山名为齐界面者为佳。若混杂其他药物，须拣选干净后使用。银州产的柴胡，擅长治疗虚劳引起的饥热、骨蒸劳疟（热从骨髓发出），以及小儿五疳羸弱发热。根长达一丈多，颜色微白。
Sweet and pungent in flavor. Enters the Foot-Taiyin Spleen Meridian and Foot-Yangming Stomach Meridian. Its action is specifically to raise Stomach Qi and dissipate stagnant heat in the Stomach. Combined with Xiangchi (Fermented Soybean), it treats headache caused by Shanghan (Cold Damage). Combined with Sumi (Millet), it treats thirst due to heat in children. Combined with Congbai (Scallion White), it is highly effective for severe headaches described as feeling like the head is breaking open. It opens the Cou Li (pores/skin texture), induces sweating, resolves the muscle layer, and reduces fever. It is considered a sacred medicine for diarrhea caused by Spleen and Stomach deficiency. Ge Hua (Kudzu Flower) is particularly excellent for resolving alcohol toxicity. Raw Ge Zhi (Kudzu Juice) is very cold in nature and treats high fever from Wenyi (Warm Pathogens) along with various bleeding symptoms such as hematemesis (vomiting blood) and epistaxis (nosebleed). It is contraindicated when macules and pustules have already appeared.
Pungent in flavor. Enters the Hand-Yangming Large Intestine Meridian, Hand-Taiyin Lung Meridian, and Foot-Taiyin Spleen Meridian. Its action is specifically to ascend and disperse. Fire located above cannot be dispersed without ascending; Qi sinking below cannot be lifted without ascending. Only Li Dongyuan was skilled in its use. Combined with Congbai (Scallion White), it disperses Wind pathogen in the Hand-Yangming meridian. Combined with Shigao (Gypsum Fibrosum), it stops toothache in the Yangming meridian. Combined with Chaihu (Bupleuri Radix), it guides healthy Qi to ascend. Combined with Gegen (Puerariae Lobatae Radix), it induces sweating in the Yangming meridian. It is contraindicated for those with Yin deficiency and hyperactive fire. The roots' whiskers and rhizomes should be removed before use.
Pungent and warm in flavor. Circulates through the Hand-Yangming and Foot-Yangming meridians. Its action is specifically to dispel Wind, relieve pain, and drain pus. Combined with Tubei Mu (Fritillaria Thunbergii Bulb) and Gualou (Trichosanthis Fructus), it treats Ru Yong (mastitis). Combined with Xinyi (Magnolia Flower) and Xixin (Asari Radix et Rhizoma), it treats nasal diseases. Combined with Dan Ye Hong Shu Kui Gen (Root of Malva verticillata var. sinensis), it drains pus. Combined with Chun Gen Pi (Toosendan Cortex) and Huangbai (Phellodendri Cortex), it treats leukorrhea due to Damp-Heat in women. Its nature is ascending and dispersing; it is strictly prohibited for those with Blood Heat and deficient fire. It should be slightly stir-fried. Dang Gui (Angelicae Sinensis Radix) serves as an assistant herb. It is inimical to Xuan Fuhua (Inulae Flos).
Bitter and pungent in flavor. Enters the Foot-Shaoyin Kidney Meridian and Foot-Jueyin Liver Meridian. Its action is specifically to unblock and reach the Jia Gallbladder (referring to the Gallbladder organ/function). Combined with Huanglian (Coptidis Rhizoma), it treats mouth ulcers and toothache. Combined with Jueming Zi (Cassiae Semen), Liyu Dan (Cyprini Carpio Bile), and Qingyang Gan (Caprae Hircus Hepatis), it treats eye diseases and pain. It fears Huangqin (Scutellariae Radix) and Shanzhuyu (Corni Fructus). It is incompatible with Lifu (Veratri Radix).
Bitter and pungent in flavor. Enters the Foot-Shaoyang Gallbladder Meridian. Its action is specifically to enter the meridians to conduct Qi and enter the collaterals to harmonize Blood. It does not ascend to the vertex nor descend to disperse in the skin and hair. Therefore, entering the Gallbladder, it aligns with the Gallbladder's nature of having no exit and no entry. Combined with Qi-tonifying herbs, it raises Yang Qi. Combined with Clearing-Heat herbs, it disperses pathogens. It is contraindicated for those with Yin deficiency, flaming fire, and ascending Qi. For external contraction, raw root is used; for internal injury causing Qi sinking, wine-fried root is used. When using the root for Middle Jiao issues or descending function, the tips (shao) are used. For patients with sweating and cough, honey-fried preparation is used. Qian Hu (Peucedani Radix) and Banxia (Pinelliae Rhizoma) serve as assistant herbs. It is inimical to Zaojiao (Gleditsiae Sinensis Spina). The seedling treats sudden deafness; crushing it into juice and dripping it into the ear is beneficial. The best quality comes from Qijie Mountain in the ancient city of Jiangnan. If mixed with other drugs, they must be picked clean before use. Chaihu from Yinzhou is particularly effective for treating deficiency consumptive disease with hunger-fever, bone-steaming malaria (heat emanating from the marrow), and five types of childhood malnutrition with emaciation and fever. The root can be over ten feet long and is slightly white in color.