槐实，味苦、辛、咸，气寒，无毒。入大肠。止涎唾，补绝伤，凉大肠之火，消乳瘕，
除男
子阴疮湿痒，却女人产户痛痒，仍理火疮，且堕胎孕，酒吞七粒，催产尤良。大约槐树枝、
叶、花、根，共同治疗而子尤佳。然只可暂用为佐使，而不可久服，久服则大肠过寒，转添
泄利之苦矣。
或问槐实与槐米之功效何如？夫槐米，即花未开之蕊也，其气味与槐子正同，但子味太
重，
槐米轻清，入汤剂似胜于槐实，若用入丸药之中，槐蕊不若槐实也。
或问《太清草木方》中载槐应虚星之精，以十月上己日采子服之，去百病，长生通神。
而《
梁书》亦言，庾肩吾常服槐实，年七旬余，发鬓皆黑，目看细字，非通神之验耶？嗟乎。槐
实非长生之药，其性苦寒而属阴，久服则伤脾胃。庾肩吾服之而有效者，必阳旺而非阴虚，
实热而非虚热也。
枳实，味苦、酸，气寒，阴中微阳，无毒。枳实，本与枳壳同为一种，但枳实夏收，枳
壳秋
采。
枳壳性缓而治高，高者主气，治在胸膈。枳实性速而治下，下者主血，治在心腹。故胸
中痞
，肺气结也，用枳壳于桔梗之中，使之升提而上消。心下痞，脾血积也，用枳实于白术之内
，使之荡涤而下化。总之，二物俱有流通破结之功，倒壁推墙之用。凡有积滞壅塞、痰结瘕
痞，必须用之，俱须分在上、在下。上用枳壳缓治，下用枳实急治，断断无差也。然而切不
可单用，必附之补气、补血之药，则破气而气不耗，攻邪而正不伤，逐血而血不损，尤为万
全耳。
或问枳壳、枳实同是一种，枳壳乃秋收之物，其味之重，宜浓于枳实，何以不下沉而反
上浮
也？不知枳壳之性，愈熟则愈浮。枳壳收金之气，故能散肺金之结气，非枳壳性缓而留中也
。
或问枳实收于夏，其性轻，宜薄于枳壳，何以反峻烈于枳壳，量其未熟而然乎？曰∶枳实之
性，小而猛，大而弱，收于夏，得夏令之威也。脾乃土脏也，宜于夏气，故能下行，而推荡
其脾中之积滞，非枳实性急而速行也。
或问枳实过于迅利，病宜消导者，何不用枳壳之为善乎？夫枳壳与枳实，不可同用，一
治上
而一治下。枳壳之功，不如枳实之大。枳实攻坚，佐大黄以取胜，实为破敌之先锋，非若枳
壳居中调剂，仅可以攻城内之狐鼠也。
或问枳实无坚不破，佐之大黄，则祛除荡积之功更神，以之治急，何不可者，而必戒之
谆谆
乎？夫看症既清，用药之更当，何必顾瞻而不用。惟是病有变迁之不同，人有虚实之各异，
苟辨之不确，而妄用枳实，不几杀人乎，我有一辨之之法，腹中疼痛，而不可手按者，可用
无疑。倘按之不疼痛，而确是有坚积者，又将何法辨之？辨之于口中之舌，如有红黑者，即
用无疑。如此，则何至有失乎。
或问枳壳治胎气不安，古人入于瘦胎药中，以防难产，何子不言及耶？曰∶妇人怀孕，
全藉
气血以养胎，气血足而易产，气血亏而难产。用枳壳以安胎，必至胎动不安，而生产之时，
亦
必艰涩。是枳壳非安胎之药，乃损胎之药，非易产之剂，乃难产之剂也。况古人瘦胎饮，为
湖阳公主而设，以彼生长皇家，奉养太过，其气必实，不得已而损其有余，则胎易养也。岂
执之而概治膏梁之妇乎。膏梁之妇，既不可用枳壳以安胎，况荆布之家，原非丰浓，又胡可
损其不足哉，余所以略而不谈也。
或问枳壳治心下痞满与心中痞痛，何也？盖胃之上口，名曰贲门。贲门与心相连，胃气
壅住
，则心下亦急而不舒，故痞满也。邪塞于中焦，则欲升不能，欲降不可，必然气逆而上冲，
而肝经本郁，又不能条达而开畅，则胁亦胀满，而心中痞痛矣。得枳壳之破散消导，而痞满
、痞病尽去也。
槐实，味道苦、辛、咸，性质寒，没有毒性。进入大肠经。能止住唾液过多，补益严重的创伤，清泄大肠的火邪，消除乳房肿块，去除男子阴部疮疡湿痒，缓解妇女产道疼痛瘙痒，同时治疗火毒疮疡，且具有堕胎作用，用酒送服七粒，催产效果尤其好。大概槐树的枝、叶、花、根，共同治疗疾病而果实效果最佳。然而只能暂时作为辅助药物使用，不可长期服用，长期服用会导致大肠过寒，反而增加腹泻的痛苦。
有人问槐实与槐米的功效如何？槐米，就是未开放的花蕾，它的气味与槐子完全相同，只是槐子的味道太重，槐米轻清，入汤剂似乎比槐实更好，如果用于丸药中，槐蕊不如槐实。
有人问《太清草木方》中记载槐应虚星之精，在十月上巳日采集果实服用，可以去除百病，长生通神。而《梁书》也说，庾肩吾常服槐实，七十多岁，头发鬓角都黑，眼睛能看清小字，这不是通神的验证吗？唉。槐实不是长生的药物，它的性质苦寒且属阴，长期服用会损伤脾胃。庾肩吾服用有效，一定是阳气旺盛而非阴虚，实热而非虚热。
枳实，味道苦、酸，性质寒，阴中微含阳，没有毒性。枳实，本来与枳壳是同一种植物，但枳实夏季采收，枳壳秋季采摘。
枳壳性质缓和而治疗上部，上部主气，治疗部位在胸膈。枳实性质迅速而治疗下部，下部主血，治疗部位在心腹。所以胸中痞塞，是肺气结聚，将枳壳配合桔梗使用，使其升提而上消。心下痞塞，是脾血积滞，将枳实配合白术使用，使其荡涤而下化。总之，这两种药物都有流通破结的功效，有推倒墙壁的作用。凡是有积滞壅塞、痰结瘕痞，必须使用它们，都必须区分在上、在下。上部用枳壳缓和治疗，下部用枳实急治，绝对没有差错。然而切不可单独使用，必须配合补气、补血的药物，这样破气而气不耗损，攻邪而正气不受伤，逐血而血不亏损，尤为万全。
有人问枳壳、枳实同是一种，枳壳是秋季采收的物品，它的味道重，应该浓于枳实，为什么不下沉反而上浮呢？不知道枳壳的性质，越成熟则越浮。枳壳收敛金之气，所以能散肺金之结气，并非枳壳性缓而留滞在中焦。
有人问枳实收于夏季，它的性质轻，应该薄于枳壳，为什么反而峻烈于枳壳，是衡量其未成熟才这样的吗？回答说：枳实的性质，小的猛烈，大的虚弱，收于夏季，得到夏令的威势。脾是土脏，适宜于夏气，所以能下行，而推荡脾中的积滞，并非枳实性急而速行。
有人问枳实过于迅利，病情适合消导的，为什么不使用枳壳更好呢？枳壳与枳实，不可同时使用，一个治疗上部，一个治疗下部。枳壳的功效，不如枳实的大。枳实攻坚，佐助大黄以取胜，实在是破敌的先锋，不像枳壳居中调剂，仅可以处理内部的狐鼠（指轻微病变）。
有人问枳实无坚不破，佐以大黄，则祛除荡积的功效更神奇，用它来治疗急症，为什么不可以，而一定要谆谆告诫禁止呢？看症状既然清楚，用药更应该恰当，何必顾虑而不使用。只是病情有变迁的不同，人有虚实各异，如果不能准确辨别，而妄用枳实，岂不是杀人吗？我有一种辨别的方法，腹中疼痛，不能用手按压的，可以使用无疑。如果按压不疼痛，而确实是有坚硬积滞的，又将用什么方法辨别？通过口中的舌头来辨别，如果有红黑色的，就使用无疑。如此，怎么会失误呢。
有人问枳壳治疗胎气不安，古人放入瘦胎药中，以防难产，为什么你不提及呢？回答说：妇人怀孕，全靠气血来养胎，气血足而易产，气血亏而难产。用枳壳来安胎，必然导致胎动不安，而在生产之时，也必然艰涩。所以枳壳不是安胎的药物，而是损胎的药物，不是易产的药剂，而是难产的药剂。况且古人的瘦胎饮，是为湖阳公主而设，因为她生长皇家，奉养太过，她的气必实，不得已而损害其有余，那么胎容易养。难道执着于此而一概治疗富贵妇孺吗。富贵妇孺，既然不可用枳壳来安胎，何况荆布之家（贫家），原本就不丰浓，又怎么可以损害其不足呢，所以我略而不谈。
有人问枳壳治疗心下痞满与心中痞痛，为什么呢？胃的上口，名叫贲门。贲门与心相连，胃气壅住，则心下也急迫而不舒坦，所以痞满。邪气堵塞于中焦，则想升不能，想降不可，必然气逆而上冲，而肝经本郁结，又不能条达而开畅，则胁肋也胀满，而心中痞痛了。得到枳壳的破散消导，而痞满、痞病全部去除。
Huai Shi (Sophorae Fructus), with bitter, acrid, and salty flavors, and cold nature, is non-toxic. It enters the Large Intestine meridian. It stops excessive saliva, supplements severe injuries, cools fire in the Large Intestine, eliminates breast masses, removes male genital sores with dampness and itching, relieves female postpartum vaginal pain and itching, treats fire-toxin sores, and has an abortifacient effect. Swallowed with wine, seven grains are particularly effective for inducing labor. Generally, the branches, leaves, flowers, and roots of the Sophora tree share similar therapeutic effects, but the fruit is superior. However, it should only be used temporarily as an adjunctive herb and not taken long-term; long-term use causes excessive cold in the Large Intestine, leading to diarrhea.
One asks about the efficacy difference between Huai Shi (Sophorae Fructus) and Huai Mi (Sophorae Flos). Huai Mi refers to the unopened flower buds. Its flavor and qi are identical to Huai Shi, but Huai Shi has a heavier flavor, while Huai Mi is light and clear. In decoctions, Huai Mi seems superior to Huai Shi; however, in pills, Huai Mi is inferior to Huai Shi.
One asks that *Taiqing Caomu Fang* records Sophora as the essence of the Xu Star, suggesting that harvesting and consuming the fruit on the Shangsi day in the tenth month can eliminate hundred diseases and grant longevity and spiritual insight. *Book of Liang* also states that Yu Jianwu frequently consumed Huai Shi (Sophorae Fructus); in his seventies, his hair remained black, and he could read small print. Is this not proof of spiritual insight? Alas. Huai Shi (Sophorae Fructus) is not a drug for longevity. Its nature is bitter, cold, and yin; long-term consumption damages the Spleen and Stomach. Yu Jianwu’s effectiveness was likely due to robust yang rather than yin deficiency, and excess heat rather than deficient heat.
Zhi Shi (Immature Bitter Orange), with bitter and sour flavors, and cold nature (slightly yang within yin), is non-toxic. Zhi Shi (Immature Bitter Orange) and Zhi Ke (Ripe Bitter Orange) originate from the same plant, but Zhi Shi (Immature Bitter Orange) is harvested in summer, while Zhi Ke (Ripe Bitter Orange) is harvested in autumn.
Zhi Ke (Ripe Bitter Orange) has a mild nature and treats the upper jiao; the upper jiao governs qi, and treatment focuses on the chest and diaphragm. Zhi Shi (Immature Bitter Orange) has a rapid nature and treats the lower jiao; the lower jiao governs blood, and treatment focuses on the heart and abdomen. Therefore, chest fullness/stagnation results from Lung qi knotting; combining Zhi Ke (Ripe Bitter Orange) with Jie Geng (Platycodonis Radix) promotes ascending and resolving upward. Epigastric fullness/stagnation results from Spleen blood accumulation; combining Zhi Shi (Immature Bitter Orange) with Bai Zhu (Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma) promotes purging and resolving downward. In summary, both herbs have the function of promoting circulation and breaking stagnation, acting like pushing down walls. For any accumulation, obstruction, phlegm nodules, or mass-fullness, they must be used, distinguishing between upper and lower locations. Use Zhi Ke (Ripe Bitter Orange) for mild treatment of the upper, and Zhi Shi (Immature Bitter Orange) for urgent treatment of the lower; there will be no error. However, they must never be used alone; they must be accompanied by Qi-tonifying and Blood-nourishing herbs. This ensures that breaking qi does not deplete qi, attacking pathogens does not injure healthy qi, and expelling blood does not damage blood, making it the safest approach.
One asks: Since Zhi Ke (Ripe Bitter Orange) and Zhi Shi (Immature Bitter Orange) are from the same source, and Zhi Ke (Ripe Bitter Orange) is harvested in autumn with a heavier flavor, why does it float upward rather than sink? The nature of Zhi Ke (Ripe Bitter Orange) becomes more floating as it matures. Zhi Ke (Ripe Bitter Orange) collects Metal qi, thus dispersing Lung Metal stagnation; it is not merely because its mild nature stays in the middle jiao.
One asks: Zhi Shi (Immature Bitter Orange) is harvested in summer when it is light and thin, yet why is it more potent than Zhi Ke (Ripe Bitter Orange)? Is it due to immaturity? Answer: The nature of Zhi Shi (Immature Bitter Orange) is fierce when small and weak when large. Harvested in summer, it gains the momentum of summer qi. The Spleen is an Earth organ, harmonizing with summer qi, allowing it to descend and push out Spleen accumulations; it is not simply because Zhi Shi (Immature Bitter Orange) acts rapidly due to urgency.
One asks: Since Zhi Shi (Immature Bitter Orange) is too rapid and sharp, for conditions suitable for resolution/digestion, why not use Zhi Ke (Ripe Bitter Orange) instead? Zhi Ke (Ripe Bitter Orange) and Zhi Shi (Immature Bitter Orange) should not be used together; one treats the upper, the other the lower. The efficacy of Zhi Ke (Ripe Bitter Orange) is less than that of Zhi Shi (Immature Bitter Orange). Zhi Shi (Immature Bitter Orange) attacks hardness and assists Da Huang (Rhei Radix et Rhizoma) to win victory, serving as the vanguard of enemy-breaking, unlike Zhi Ke (Ripe Bitter Orange) which mediates centrally and only handles minor internal issues.
One asks: Zhi Shi (Immature Bitter Orange) breaks all hardness; assisted by Da Huang (Rhei Radix et Rhizoma), its power to purge accumulation is miraculous. Why caution against using it for urgent conditions? If the syndrome is clearly identified and medication is appropriate, why hesitate? Conditions change, and patients vary in deficiency/excess. If not accurately differentiated, reckless use of Zhi Shi (Immature Bitter Orange) could be fatal. My method of differentiation: If abdominal pain prevents palpation, use without doubt. If palpation causes no pain but hard accumulation exists, how to differentiate? Check the tongue in the mouth; if red-black spots appear, use without doubt. Thus, errors are avoided.
One asks: Zhi Ke (Ripe Bitter Orange) treats fetal unrest; ancients included it in "Slimming Fetus" formulas to prevent difficult labor. Why do you omit this? Answer: Pregnancy relies on Qi and Blood to nourish the fetus. Abundant Qi and Blood facilitate easy delivery; deficiency leads to difficulty. Using Zhi Ke (Ripe Bitter Orange) to calm the fetus inevitably causes fetal restlessness and difficult labor. Thus, Zhi Ke (Ripe Bitter Orange) is not a fetal-calming herb but a fetal-damaging one; not an easy-delivery agent but a difficult-delivery agent. Moreover, the ancient "Slimming Fetus Drink" was designed for Princess Huyang, who lived in luxury with excessive nourishment, resulting in excess Qi. Damaging her excess made pregnancy easier. One cannot apply this generally to wealthy women. Wealthy women should not use Zhi Ke (Ripe Bitter Orange) to calm the fetus; nor should poor women (Jingbu zhi jia), who lack abundance, have their deficiency further damaged. Hence, I omit discussion.
One asks: Why does Zhi Ke (Ripe Bitter Orange) treat epigastric fullness and cardiac fullness/pain? The upper opening of the Stomach is called the贲门 (Cardia). The Cardia connects to the Heart. When Stomach Qi is obstructed, the area below the heart becomes tight and uncomfortable, causing fullness. Pathogens blocking the Middle Jiao prevent ascending and descending, forcing Qi to rebel upward. The Liver Meridian, originally stagnant, fails to flow freely, causing hypochondriac distension and cardiac fullness/pain. Zhi Ke (Ripe Bitter Orange)'s dispersing and resolving action eliminates these fullness and stagnation symptoms.