油粪
常中丞笔记∶山羊生平乐山崖间，能陟峻 ，跷捷若飞。其血可治跌损伤及诸血症。凡
跌扑
死者，未绝气，以一分许调酒饮之，遂苏，神效立见。第捕甚难，每见人，则决骤而去，飙
迅非常，非足力所能及，必密布绳网草间， 其足，始能生得之。刺其心血，待干凝结成块
，可以携远。盖凡血皆患凝滞，山羊逾高历险，旦夕不休，则其血活矣。而心为主，故心血
最良。语云∶流水不污，户枢不蠹。观此益信。 本经逢原云∶山羊产滇蜀诸山中，性善走
逐，好斗。肉能疗冷劳山岚疟痢，妇人赤白带下。其心血，濒湖纲目失载。苗人取血法∶以
麋竹通节削锋利，活刺心血收干者良，宰取者不堪用。 柑园小识∶山羊血产广西诸土郡。
山羊似羊而大，善斗，能上绝壁，每登高处失足，或至骨折，少顷如故，喜食三七苗。其血
主治损伤极妙，轻者服数厘，重者二、三分，以心血为上，身血次之。色黑有光，而质轻者
为真。陆祚蕃粤西偶记∶试山羊血，取鸡血半杯，投一粒，过宿变成水；或以久凝臭鸡血一
块，投入山羊血，过宿反变成鲜血乃真。 濒湖纲目云∶山羊即野羊也，一名 羊，非今之
家山羊也。时珍于山羊主治条，仅载其肉之功用，不及油与血之用，此并附之。 今人收得
干血成块者，必用糯米养之，云可久留不枯。
性温，味咸无毒。逢原云∶为和伤散血之神药，其治跌扑损伤，单用酒服取醉，醉醒，
其骨
自续，每用不过分许；不可过服，虽不耗伤元气，而力能走散阴血。然必初患便服，得效最
速；若过三五日，血凝气滞，无济于治矣。价等牛黄、心血亦不易得，渗血丹用之，真虚劳
失血之续命丹也。药性考∶山羊血味咸，疗跌扑损伤，咯、吐、呕、衄、便，溺诸血，能止
血消瘀，和酒服。其皮作茵褥，愈筋骨疼痛；角作火罐，灸头风。以入水一丝不散者真。
吐血 蒋莘田经验方∶临卧时，用广西真山羊血，每服三分，能引血归源，不过二、三服，
其血自止。
黎峒丸∶治跌打及一切痈肿。天竺黄八分，牛黄四分，冰片四钱，三七四钱，血竭四钱，
儿
茶四钱，麝香四分，没药四钱，阿魏二钱，雄黄二钱，藤黄四钱，孩儿骨一两，山羊血制浸
藤黄入药，共为细末，炼蜜为丸，如龙眼大，阴干，外用蜡为壳封固，三白酒服。
祝氏效方∶山羊血能解鲜菌、河 毒，伤损恶血。
治痘内无浆不起发。 集验良方∶用真山羊血三分，用甜酒酿调服，痘浆立起。
太乙神针方∶人参四两，三七八两，山羊血二两，千年健一斤，钻地风一斤，肉桂一斤，
真
川椒一斤，乳香一斤，没药一斤，穿山甲半斤，小茴香一斤，苍术一斤，真蕲艾四斤，甘草
二斤，麝香四两，防风四斤；以上共为细末，用绵纸一层，高方纸三层，纸宽裁尺二寸五分
，长一尺二寸，将药末薄薄铺匀在上，一针约用药七、八钱，紧卷如花炮式，务要紧实，两
头用纸封固，外用印花布包面，亦要齐整好看。此针能治一切痛风，寒湿筋骨疼痛诸症。用
时将针以火淬着，或按穴道，或在痛处下衬以方寸新红布数层，将针按上，若火旺布薄觉痛
，多垫布数层，但针必须三、四枝，一针已冷，再换一针，连进七针，无不立验。
治喉癣 喉症惟此最迟，久则失音，不可救。种福堂方∶西牛黄一分，真山羊血二分，
川连
五分，血珀三分、冰片一分，硼砂一钱，青果核灰三分，灯草灰五分，共为细末，每一茶匙
药，用一茶匙蜜，调放舌尖上，徐徐咽下，一日五次，两月可愈；或加蜒蝣梅灰，更妙。
马氏夹棍神方 吉云旅抄∶山左马家市夹棍药极效，方用蚺蛇胆二钱，山羊血一钱半，琥珀
一钱，大白颈地龙七条，（去泥）珍珠三分，辰砂一钱，儿茶八分，金箔一帖为衣，为细末
蜜
丸桐子大，金箔为衣，每服一钱五分，好酒下。如不打夹者，用刀破皮药自出。
治急心痛 集验方∶用山羊血一分烧酒化下。
中遇邪鬼 医铃∶此症乃阳气衰而阴甚，治须急补其阳，以存正气，则阴邪自平，即或
治痰
，然亦当加意补正为本。人参二钱，当归六钱，白术一两，菖蒲二钱，半夏三钱，白芥子三
钱，丹参五钱，皂角刺五分，山羊血八分，附子一钱，此方用山羊血、皂角刺为开关圣品，
以通邪祟之要路；半夏、白芥，消其寒痰，无寒之侵，断不中鬼；大用参以扶其阳，阳生阴
灭，此不易之理也。
救绝仙丹 石室秘录∶此丹专救五绝及有邪祟，昏迷一时卒倒者，皆可灌之，以起死回
生，
实神奇之极。宜端午日修合，备用济急，大可救人。山羊血三钱，菖蒲二钱，人参三钱，红
花一钱，皂刺一钱，制半夏三钱，苏叶二钱，麝香一钱，各为末，蜜丸如龙眼核大，酒化下
敏按∶山羊血以产滇黔及蜀者佳，以其地深山，多三七苗及理血定风诸草，山羊每食之，
峒
人追逐得之，山羊本迅跃，无一刻之停，其体血自顶贯尾，终日旋运如飞，又被逐捕，则躁
性顿发，血随气运，矫捷尤甚；黎峒人捕得，以竹枪刺入其心，取血用，此上品也。其血成
条，深紫有光，以少许入水中，自然旋运如飞，盖矫捷之性犹存也；若网取刀剖而得者，血
色黯滞，入水亦不能迅捷。他省产者，亦能如峒苗之合众追逐，令其腾跃上下，而后刺取其
心血用，亦可，较次于滇黔山羊血。惟今之各处所获山羊，皆用网取，其或枪毙，而后剖其
死血，以伪充心血，则力微性缓。更有以他血代充者，则尤属赝质无用。故今市中每多此物
，高索重价，非亲历其地，真知灼见而得者，勿用也。
油粪
常中丞的笔记记载：山羊生性喜爱在山崖间活动，能够攀登陡峭的山峰，动作矫健敏捷如同飞翔。它的血液可以治疗跌打损伤以及各种血症。凡是因跌倒撞击而看似死亡、但气息尚未断绝的人，取一分左右的血调酒饮用，患者随即苏醒，神效立刻显现。只是捕捉非常困难，山羊每次见到人，就会迅速奔跑逃离，速度极快，不是靠脚力能追上的，必须在草丛中密布绳网，绊住它的脚，才能活捉到它。刺取它心脏的血，等待其干燥凝结成块，就可以携带到远处。大概所有的血液都担心凝滞不通，山羊越过高险之地，日夜不停奔跑，所以它的血液就具有了活血的特性。而心是主宰，所以心血效果最好。俗话说：“流水不腐，户枢不蠹。”看了这个就更相信这个道理了。《本经逢原》说：山羊产于云南、四川等地的山中，性善奔走追逐，喜欢争斗。其肉能治疗冷劳、山岚疟疾和痢疾，妇女赤白带下。它的心血，《濒湖纲目》失载。苗人取血的方法：用麋竹打通节段并削得锋利，活体刺取心血，晾干后使用效果最好，宰杀后取的血液不堪使用。《柑园小识》记载：山羊血产于广西各土郡。山羊像羊但体型较大，善于争斗，能登上绝壁，每次在高处失足，甚至导致骨折，过一会儿又像没事一样，喜欢吃三七的幼苗。它的血液主治损伤极为奇妙，轻者服用几厘，重者二、三分，以心血为上乘，身体其他部位的血液次之。颜色黑而有光泽，质地轻的为真品。陆祚蕃在《粤西偶记》中记载：测试山羊血真伪，取半杯鸡血，投入一粒山羊血，过夜变成水；或者将一块久置凝固发臭的鸡血，投入山羊血中，过夜反而变成鲜血，这才是真品。《濒湖纲目》说：山羊即野羊，一名羱羊，不是现在的家山羊。李时珍在山羊主治条目中，仅记载了其肉的功用，没有涉及油和血的用途，这里一并附上。现在人们收集到的干血成块的，必定用糯米养护，据说可以长久保存不干枯。
性温，味咸，无毒。《本经逢原》说：它是调和创伤、消散瘀血的神药，治疗跌打损伤，单用酒送服至醉，醒来后，骨头自然接续，每次用量不过一分左右；不可过量服用，虽然不会耗伤元气，但力量能走散阴血。然而必须是在受伤初期就服用，见效最快；如果过了三五天，血液凝固、气机阻滞，就无法起到治疗作用了。价格等同于牛黄，心血也不易得到，渗血丹中使用它，真是虚劳失血者的续命丹。《药性考》记载：山羊血味咸，治疗跌打损伤，咯血、吐血、呕血、鼻衄、便血、尿血等各种出血症，能止血消瘀，加酒服用。它的皮做褥垫，能治愈筋骨疼痛；角做成火罐，灸治头风。放入水中一丝不散的为真品。
吐血 蒋莘田的经验方：临睡前，用广西产的真山羊血，每次服用三分，能引血归源，不超过二、三服，出血自然停止。
黎峒丸：治疗跌打及一切痈肿。天竺黄八分，牛黄四分，冰片四钱，三七四钱，血竭四钱，儿茶四钱，麝香四分，没药四钱，阿魏二钱，雄黄二钱，藤黄四钱，孩儿骨一两，山羊血制浸藤黄入药，共研为细末，炼蜜为丸，如龙眼大小，阴干，外用蜡封固壳，用三白酒送服。
祝氏效方：山羊血能解鲜菌、河豚毒，以及损伤恶血。
治疗痘疮内无浆液不起发。集验良方：用真山羊血三分，用甜酒酿调服，痘浆立刻升起。
太乙神针方：人参四两，三七八两，山羊血二两，千年健一斤，钻地风一斤，肉桂一斤，真川椒一斤，乳香一斤，没药一斤，穿山甲半斤，小茴香一斤，苍术一斤，真蕲艾四斤，甘草二斤，麝香四两，防风四斤；以上共研为细末，用一层绵纸，三层高方纸，纸宽裁尺二寸五分，长一尺二寸，将药末薄薄铺匀在上面，一针约用药七、八钱，紧卷如花炮样式，务必紧实，两头用纸封固，外用印花布包裹表面，也要整齐好看。此针能治疗一切痛风，寒湿筋骨疼痛诸症。使用时将针用火点燃，或按压穴位，或在痛处下衬以方寸大小的新红布数层，将针按在上面，如果火势旺布薄觉得痛，多垫几层布，但针必须有三、四枝，一针已冷，再换一针，连续进七针，无不立即见效。
治疗喉癣 喉症中以此病最迟缓和，久了则失音，不可救。种福堂方：西牛黄一分，真山羊血二分，川黄连五分，血珀三分、冰片一分，硼砂一钱，青果核灰三分，灯草灰五分，共研为细末，每一茶匙药，用一茶匙蜜，调匀放在舌尖上，徐徐咽下，一日五次，两个月可痊愈；或者加蜒蝣梅灰，更妙。
马氏夹棍神方 吉云旅抄：山东马家市的夹棍药极有效，方用蚺蛇胆二钱，山羊血一钱半，琥珀一钱，大白颈地龙七条（去泥），珍珠三分，辰砂一钱，儿茶八分，金箔一帖为衣，研为细末，蜜丸如桐子大，金箔为衣，每服一钱五分，好酒送下。如果不打夹棍的，用刀破皮，药自流出。
治疗急心痛 集验方：用山羊血一分，烧酒化开服下。
中遇邪鬼 《医铃》：此症乃阳气衰微而阴气甚盛，治疗须急补其阳，以存正气，则阴邪自然平息，即使治疗痰证，也应当注重补正为本。人参二钱，当归六钱，白术一两，石菖蒲二钱，半夏三钱，白芥子三钱，丹参五钱，皂角刺五分，山羊血八分，附子一钱，此方用山羊血、皂角刺作为开关通窍的圣品，以通邪祟的要路；半夏、白芥子，消除其寒痰，无寒邪侵袭，绝不会中鬼；大用人参以扶助其阳，阳生阴灭，这是不易的道理。
救绝仙丹 《石室秘录》：此丹专救五绝及有邪祟，昏迷一时卒倒者，皆可灌之，以起死回生，实在神奇至极。适宜端午日配制，备用济急，大可救人。山羊血三钱，石菖蒲二钱，人参三钱，红花一钱，皂刺一钱，制半夏三钱，苏叶二钱，麝香一钱，各研为末，蜜丸如龙眼核大小，酒化开服下。
赵学敏按语：山羊血以产于云南、贵州及四川者为佳，因为那些地方深山之中，多有三七苗及理血定风等草药，山羊经常食用，峒人追逐捕获它，山羊本性迅捷跳跃，无一刻停歇，其血从头顶贯穿到尾，终日旋转运行如飞，又被追逐捕猎，则躁性顿发，血随气运，矫健敏捷尤为厉害；峒人捕获后，用竹枪刺入其心，取血使用，这是上品。其血成条状，深紫色有光泽，取少许放入水中，自然旋转运行如飞，大概是矫健的本性犹存；如果用网捕捉刀剖而得到的，血色黯滞，放入水中也不能迅捷。其他省份出产的，也能像峒苗那样集合众人追逐，令其腾跃上下，然后刺取其心血使用，也可以，但较次于云南、贵州的山羊血。只是现在各地所获的山羊，都是用网捕捉，或者枪毙后剖取其死血，以假充真作心血，则药效微弱性质缓慢。更有用其他血液代替充数的，则更是赝品无用。所以现在市场上多见这种东西，高价索取，如果不是亲历其地，真知灼见而获得的，不要使用。
You Fen (Oil Feces - *Note: Contextually refers to the section on Goat Blood, likely a typo in original text or specific local name, translated as context implies Goat Blood*)
Notes from Vice Minister Chang: Goats naturally love to live among mountain cliffs; they can climb steep precipices and move with agility like flying. Their blood can treat traumatic injuries and various bleeding disorders. For those who appear dead after falling or being struck but whose breath has not yet ceased, drinking about one fen of blood mixed with wine will cause them to revive immediately, showing miraculous efficacy. However, capturing them is very difficult; whenever they see people, they flee swiftly and rapidly, faster than human legs can manage. One must densely lay rope nets in the grass to entangle their feet before they can be captured alive. Puncture their heart blood and wait for it to dry and coagulate into blocks, which can then be carried far. Generally, all blood suffers from stagnation; because goats traverse high and dangerous places without rest day and night, their blood becomes active. Since the heart is the master, heart blood is the best. As the saying goes, "Running water never grows stale, and a door hinge never gets worm-eaten." This confirms the truth of this principle. *Benjing Fengyuan* states: Goats are produced in the mountains of Yunnan and Sichuan; they have a nature good at running and chasing, and enjoy fighting. Their meat can treat cold consumption, mountain miasma malaria, and dysentery, as well as leukorrhea (red and white discharge) in women. Their heart blood was omitted in *Binhu Gangmu*. The Miao people's method of obtaining blood: use a segmented Mi bamboo pole sharpened to a point, puncture the heart of a living goat to collect the blood, dried is best; blood from slaughtered goats is unsuitable. *Ganyuan Xiaoshi* records: Goat blood is produced in various local commanderies of Guangxi. Goats resemble sheep but are larger, are good at fighting, and can ascend sheer cliffs. Whenever they lose footing at high places, even suffering bone fractures, they recover shortly as if nothing happened; they like to eat the seedlings of Panax notoginseng. Their blood is excellent for treating injuries; for mild cases, take a few li; for severe cases, two or three fen. Heart blood is superior, body blood is secondary. True product is black with luster and light in texture. Lu Zuofan in *Yuexi Ouji* records: To test goat blood, take half a cup of chicken blood, drop in one grain of goat blood, and overnight it turns to water; or throw a piece of old, coagulated, smelly chicken blood into goat blood, and overnight it turns back into fresh blood—this is true. *Binhu Gangmu* says: Goat refers to wild sheep, also known as Yang sheep, not the domestic goat of today. Shizhen only recorded the functions of goat meat in the treatment section, omitting oil and blood; these are appended here. Currently, collected dry blood blocks must be nourished with glutinous rice, said to preserve them from drying out indefinitely.
Nature is warm, taste is salty, non-toxic. *Benjing Fengyuan* says: It is a divine medicine for harmonizing trauma and dispersing blood stasis. Treating traumatic injuries, taking it alone with wine until drunk, upon waking, the bones will naturally knit together; each dose should not exceed one fen. Do not overdose; although it does not consume primordial Qi, its power can scatter Yin blood. However, it must be taken immediately after injury for the fastest effect; if taken after three to five days, when blood is coagulated and Qi is stagnant, it will not aid treatment. Its price equals that of Calculus Bovis (Niuhuang), and heart blood is also hard to obtain; used in Shenxue Dan, it is truly a life-extending pill for deficiency consumptive hemorrhage. *Yaoxing Kao* records: Goat blood tastes salty, treats traumatic injuries, hemoptysis, hematemesis, epistaxis, hematochezia, and hematuria; it can stop bleeding and resolve stasis, taken with wine. Its skin made into mats cures bone and tendon pain; its horns made into fire cups moxa head wind. True product does not disperse when placed in water.
Hematemesis Jiang Xintian's empirical formula: Before sleep, use genuine Guangxi goat blood, take three fen each time; it can guide blood back to its source. Within two or three doses, bleeding stops spontaneously.
Litong Wan: Treats bruises and all kinds of carbuncles and swellings. Calamines (Tianzhuhuang) eight fen, Calculus Bovis (Niuhuang) four fen, Borneolum Syntheticum (Bingpian) four qian, Radix Notoginseng (Sanqi) four qian, Sanguis Draconis (Xuejie) four qian, Catechu (Ercha) four qian, Moschus (Shexiang) four fen, Myrrha (Moyao) four qian, Ferulae Resina (awei) two qian, Realgar (Xionghuang) two qian, Spina Gleditsiae Sinensis (Tenghuang) four qian, Child's Bone (Haiergu) one liang, Goat blood treated Tenghuang added to medicine. All ground into fine powder, refined honey made into pills the size of longan seeds, dried in shade, sealed with wax shell externally, taken with Sanbai wine.
Zhu's Effective Formula: Goat blood can detoxify poisonous mushrooms and pufferfish poison, as well as traumatic evil blood.
Treating smallpox with no pustules and failure to erupt. Jiyan Liangfang: Use three fen of genuine goat blood, mix with sweet fermented rice wine and take orally; pustules rise immediately.
Taiyi Divine Needle Formula: Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma (Renshen) four liang, Radix Notoginseng (Sanqi) eight liang, Goat blood two liang, Radix Drynariae (Qiannianjian) one jin, Herba Siegesbeckiae (Zuandifeng) one jin, Cortex Cinnamomi (Rougui) one jin, Zanthoxyli Pericarpium (Chuanjiao) one jin, Resina Burserae (Ruxiang) one jin, Myrrha (Moyao) one jin, Squama Manis (Chuanshanjia) half jin, Fructus Foeniculi (Xiaohuixiang) one jin, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (Cangzhu) one jin, Folium Artemisiae Argyi (Qiai) four jin, Radix Glycyrrhizae (Gancao) two jin, Moschus (Shexiang) four liang, Radix Saposhnikoviae (Fangfeng) four jin; All above ground into fine powder. Use one layer of cotton paper and three layers of Gao square paper, cut paper width to 2.5 cun, length to 1 chi 2 cun. Spread the powder thinly on top. Each needle uses about seven or eight qian of powder. Roll tightly like a flower cracker, ensuring it is solid. Seal both ends with paper. Wrap exterior with printed cloth neatly. This needle treats all types of wind-dampness bi syndrome, cold-damp bone and tendon pain syndromes. When using, ignite the needle with fire, press on acupoints, or place several layers of new red cloth under the painful area and press the needle on top. If the fire is strong and cloth thin causing pain, add more layers. Must have three or four needles; replace when one cools. Insert seven needles consecutively, all effective immediately.
Treating Pharyngeal Tinea (Houxuan): Among throat diseases, this is the most lingering; prolonged leads to loss of voice, incurable. Zhongfu Tang Formula: Western Calculus Bovis (Xi Niuhuang) one fen, Genuine Goat blood two fen, Coptidis Rhizoma (Chuanlian) five fen, Succinum (Xuepo) three fen, Borneolum Syntheticum (Bingpian) one fen, Borax (Pengsha) one qian, Ash of Olea Europaea Fruit Core (Qingguohe Hui) three fen, Ash of Junci Medulla (Dengcao Hui) five fen. All ground into fine powder. For each tea spoon of medicine, use one tea spoon of honey, mix and place on tongue tip, swallow slowly. Five times a day, curable in two months; adding Ash of Prunus Mume (Yanyoumei Hui) is even better.
Ma's Magic Formula for Leg Torture (Jiagun) Jiyun Lvchao: Ma family market in Shandong has extremely effective leg torture medicine. Formula uses Bilis Viperis (Ranshedan) two qian, Goat blood one and a half qian, Succinum (Hupo) one qian, Seven large earthworms (Dilong) (cleaned of mud), Pearl (Zhenzhu) three fen, Cinnabar (Chensha) one qian, Catechu (Ercha) eight fen, Gold leaf (Jinbo) one sheet as coating. Ground into fine powder, honey-made pills the size of sesame seeds, coated with gold leaf. Take one and a half qian each time, down with good wine. If not using leg torture, cut the skin open, medicine flows out.
Treating Acute Heart Pain Jiyan Fang: Use one fen of goat blood, dissolve in burning wine and take.
Struck by Evil Spirits/Yi Gui *Yiling*: This syndrome is due to decline of Yang Qi and excess of Yin. Treatment requires urgent tonification of Yang to preserve righteous Qi, so Yin evil naturally pacifies. Even if treating phlegm, attention must be paid to tonifying righteousness as the root. Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma (Renshen) two qian, Angelicae Sinensis Radix (Danggui) six qian, Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma (Baizhu) one liang, Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (Changpu) two qian, Pinelliae Tuber (Banxia) three qian, Brassicae Semis Mustardae (Baijiezi) three qian, Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix (Danshen) five qian, Spina Gleditsiae Sinensis (Zaocis Ci) five fen, Goat blood eight fen, Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata (Fuzi) one qian. This formula uses Goat blood and Spina Gleditsiae Sinensis as sacred items for opening orifices and unblocking, to clear the main path of evil influences; Banxia and Baijiezi eliminate cold-phlegm; without cold invasion, one will not be struck by ghosts; large dose of Renshen supports Yang; Yang generation extinguishes Yin, an unchangeable principle.
Jiuexian Dan *Shishi Milu*: This pill specifically saves the Five Extinctions and those possessed by evil spirits, fainting or suddenly collapsing for a moment; all can be force-fed to bring back the dead to life, truly extremely magical. Suitable to prepare on Dragon Boat Festival day for emergency use, greatly saving lives. Goat blood three qian, Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii (Changpu) two qian, Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma (Renshen) three qian, Carthami Flos (Honghua) one qian, Spina Gleditsiae Sinensis (Zaoci) one qian, Processed Pinelliae Tuber (Banxia) three qian, Perilla Leaf (Suye) two qian, Moschus (Shexiang) one qian. Each ground into powder, honey-made pills the size of longan pit, dissolved in wine and taken.
Author Zhao Xuemin's Note: Goat blood is best when produced in Yunnan, Guizhou, and Sichuan, because deep mountains there have many Radix Notoginseng (Sanqi) seedlings and other herbs for regulating blood and calming wind. Goats often eat them. Dong people chase and capture them. Goats are naturally swift and leaping, never stopping for a moment. Their blood runs from head to tail, rotating daily like flying. Being chased and hunted, their restless nature erupts, blood follows Qi movement, becoming exceptionally agile. Dong people capture them, pierce the heart with bamboo spear, and take blood; this is the premium grade. The blood forms strips, deep purple with luster. A small amount put in water rotates naturally like flying, retaining its agile nature. If caught by net and butchered with knife, the blood color is dull and stagnant, and does not rotate swiftly in water. Other provinces' production can also mimic Dong Miao methods of collective chasing to make them leap up and down, then puncture heart blood; this is acceptable but inferior to Yunnan/Guizhou goat blood. However, currently obtained goats everywhere are caught by nets or shot dead, then dissected for dead blood passed off as heart blood; thus potency is weak and nature slow. Some substitute other bloods, which are fake and useless. Therefore, the market is full of such goods asking high prices. Unless one has personally visited the region and gained true insight, do not use it.