出陕西延安榆州等处，乃石中流液，土人取之。格物须知云∶石脑油真者透金银，惟真
琉璃
可贮，入水涓滴，烈焰遽发，余力入水，鱼鳖皆死。扑之以灰则灭，常中丞宦游笔记∶西陲
赤金卫东南一百五十里，有石油泉，油生水面如肥脂，色黑，气臭，土人多取以燃灯，极明
。可抵松膏，或云可治疮癣。 笔谈∶ 延脂，延安石油也。生于水际沙石，与泉水相杂，
惘惘而出，土人以雉尾 之入缶中，颇似漆，燃之极明。元和志∶石油泉在玉门县东一百八
十里，泉中有苔如肥肉，燃之可代烛，此油能于水中发火，如燃此油沃以水，其光愈炽，以
灰扑之则灭。按∶此即古之石漆也。汉书注∶延寿县南有山石，山泉漾漾，如不凝脂，燃之
极明，不可食。县人谓之石漆。张华言延寿县南山有沟脂，始黄后黑，谓之石漆。方镇编年
录∶谓之地脂。时珍以为石脑油。一曰硫黄油。今云南缅甸广之南雄皆有之。 闻见杂志∶
蜀富顺县火井，先以木火下引而上，用大竹破半去节，火由内行，可引入灶下煎盐，其火色
青绿不红，井中油用纸布捻燃，入水沉底不灭，搽疮疖立愈。此亦石脑油之类。 北史∶屈
茨川在龟兹国西北大山中，水如膏，流出成川，行数里入地，状如 糊，甚臭，服之齿发再
生，疠人服之亦愈。此亦石脑地溲之类。 通志略龟溺亦名石脑油，与此别。
治白秃堆灰∶俗名狗屎，蜡梨疮剃头，以此油涂上，立瘥。又治顽癣风癞恶疥。
无名肿毒∶救生苦海∶缅甸出石油，即石脑油，在石缝流，气臭恶不可闻，色黑，用涂
恶毒
东西洋考∶三佛齐在东南海中，本南蛮别种，后为爪哇所破，更名旧港，产猛火油，树
津也
。一名泥油，大类樟脑，第能腐人肌肉，燃置水中，光焰愈炽，蛮夷以制火器，其烽更烈，
鱼鳖过者，无不 烁。敏按∶此即石油，观其一名泥油，可知非树脂也。洋考误以为树津，
故取附石脑油下。
产于陕西延安、榆林等地，是从岩石中流出的液体，当地百姓采集它。《格物须知》记载：真正的石脑油能穿透金银，只有真正的琉璃容器可以盛装；滴入水中，立刻产生猛烈火焰；其余的假油倒入水中，鱼鳖都会死亡。用灰扑打即可灭火。常中丞在宦游笔记中记载：西部边境赤金卫东南一百五十里处，有石油泉，油浮在水面上像肥脂一样，颜色黑，气味臭，当地人多用来点灯，非常明亮。可以替代松脂，有人说可以治疗疮癣。《笔谈》记载：延脂，就是延安的石油。生长在水边的沙石间，与泉水混杂，浑浊地涌出，当地人用野鸡毛蘸取放入罐中，很像漆，燃烧时极其明亮。《元和志》记载：石油泉在玉门县东一百八十里，泉中有苔藓状物体像肥肉，燃烧时可代替蜡烛，这种油能在水中发火，如果点燃这种油并泼水，火光更加炽烈，用灰扑打即可熄灭。按语：这就是古代的“石漆”。《汉书注》记载：延寿县南有山石，山泉荡漾，像不凝固的脂膏，燃烧时极其明亮，不可食用。县人称它为石漆。张华说延寿县南山有沟脂，开始是黄色后来变黑，称为石漆。《方镇编年录》称之为地脂。李时珍认为是石脑油。又称硫黄油。现在云南、缅甸、广州、南雄都有出产。《闻见杂志》记载：四川富顺县的火井，先用木柴火把向下引而上行，用大竹剖开去掉节段，火从内部行进，可引入灶下煎盐，其火色青绿不红，井中的油用纸捻点燃，沉入水底不灭，涂抹疮疖立即痊愈。这也是石脑油的一类。《北史》记载：屈茨川在龟兹国西北的大山中，水如膏脂，流出形成河流，流动数里后渗入地下，形状像糊状，气味很臭，服用后头发牙齿重新生长，麻风病人服用也能痊愈。这也是石脑、地溲之类。《通志略》提到的龟溺又名石脑油，与此不同。
治疗白秃（头部脱发病）堆灰：俗名狗屎，剃头后涂蜡梨疮，将此油涂上，立即痊愈。又治疗顽固性癣疾、风癞、恶疥。
无名肿毒：《救生苦海》记载：缅甸出产石油，即石脑油，从石缝中流出，气味恶臭难闻，颜色黑，用于涂抹恶毒疮疡。《东西洋考》记载：三佛齐位于东南海中，本是南蛮的一支别种，后来被爪哇攻破，改名为旧港，出产猛火油，是树液。一名泥油，大类樟脑，只是能腐蚀人的肌肉，燃烧时置于水中，光焰更加炽烈，蛮夷用它制作火器，烽火更加猛烈，鱼鳖经过者，无不熔化。我赵学敏按语：这就是石油，看它的一个名字叫泥油，可知不是树脂。《洋考》误以为是树液，所以将其附在石脑油之下。
It is produced in places such as Yan'an and Yulin in Shaanxi Province. It is a liquid flowing from rocks, collected by local people. *Gewu Xuzhi* (A Need to Know the Principles of Things) records: Genuine Shinao Oil (Petroleum/Naphtha) can penetrate gold and silver; only genuine liuli (glazed glass) containers can store it. A single drop falling into water instantly ignites a fierce flame; if other fake oils are poured into water, fish and turtles all die. Sprinkling ash on it extinguishes the fire. Chang Zhongcheng, in his *Huanyou Biji* (Notes from Official Travels), recorded: One hundred and fifty li southeast of Chijinwei in the western frontier, there is a petroleum spring. The oil floats on the water surface like fat, is black in color, and has an offensive odor. Locals mostly use it for lamp fuel, producing very bright light. It can substitute for pine resin, and some say it can treat sores and tinea. *Bitan* (Brush Talks) records: Yan Zhi is Yan'an petroleum. It grows among sand and stones at the water's edge, mixing with spring water and emerging turbidly. Locals dip pheasant feathers into it and put it into jars; it resembles lacquer and burns extremely brightly. *Yuanhe Zhi* (Records of Yuanhe) states: The petroleum spring is located 180 li east of Yumen County. In the spring, there is moss-like matter resembling fat meat, which can be burned to replace candles. This oil can ignite on water; if this oil is ignited and water is splashed upon it, the light becomes even more intense, but it is extinguished by sprinkling ash. Commentary: This is the ancient "Shiqi" (Stone Lacquer). *Hanshu Zhu* (Commentary on Book of Han) records: South of Yanshou County, there are mountain rocks where mountain springs flow like uncoagulated fat. It burns extremely brightly but is inedible. The locals call it Shiqi. Zhang Hua said that south of Yanshou County, there is "Gouzhi" (Ditch Fat), initially yellow then turning black, called Shiqi. *Fangzhen Biannianlu* (Chronicles of Regional Governors) calls it Dizhi (Earth Fat). Li Shizhen considered it Shinao Oil. It is also called Liuhuang You (Sulfur Yellow Oil). Currently, it is found in Yunnan, Burma, Guangzhou, and Nanxiong. *Wenjian Zazhi* (Magazine of Heard and Seen) records: In Fushun County, Sichuan, there is a Fire Well. First, wood fires are used to guide the flame downwards and upwards. Large bamboo tubes are split open and their nodes removed; the fire travels inside and can be led under the stove to boil salt. The flame color is greenish-blue, not red. Oil from the well, ignited with paper wicks, does not go out when sinking to the bottom of water. Applying it to boils cures them immediately. This is also a type of Shinao Oil. *Beishi* (History of the Northern Dynasties) records: Quci River is located in the large mountains northwest of the Qiuci Kingdom. The water is like ointment, flowing out to form a river, traveling several miles before seeping underground. Its shape is like paste, and it smells very bad. Taking it causes hair and teeth to regrow; lepers who take it are also cured. This is also a type of Shinao or Disou (Earth Urine). *Tongzhi Lue* (Brief Records of Comprehensive History) mentions Guiniào (Turtle Urine), also named Shinao Oil, which is different from this.
To treat Bald Head Tinea (Bai Tu Dui Hui): Commonly known as Dog Shit. After shaving the head for Waxy Pear Sores, apply this oil, and it heals immediately. It also treats stubborn tinea, wind-leprosy, and severe scabies.
For Nameless Swelling and Toxic Sores: *Jiusheng Kuhai* (Sea of Suffering Saved by Life) records: Burma produces Petroleum, i.e., Shinao Oil, flowing from rock crevices. It has an unbearable foul odor and is black in color. Used to smear malignant toxic sores. *Dongyang Kao* (Examination of the Eastern and Western Oceans) records: Samudra (Sanfoqi) is located in the southeastern sea. It was originally a branch of the Southern Barbarians, later defeated by Java, and renamed Jiugang. It produces Menghuo You (Blazing Fire Oil), which is tree sap. Also known as Niyou (Mud Oil), it is similar to camphor in category but can corrode human flesh. When burning and placed in water, the flame becomes fiercer. Barbarians use it to make fire weapons, making the beacon flames more intense. Fish and turtles passing by are all melted. Zhao Xuemin comments: This is Petroleum. Judging by its name Niyou, it is known not to be resin. *Yangkao* mistakenly identified it as tree sap, so it is attached here under Shinao Oil.