（《别录》中品）
【释名】凫茈（音疵）、凫茨（音瓷）、荸荠（《衍义》）、黑三棱（《博济方》）、芍（音晓）。
地栗（郑樵《通志》）。
时珍曰∶乌芋，其根如芋而色乌也。凫喜食之，故《尔雅》名凫茈，后遂讹为凫茨，又
讹为荸荠。盖切韵凫、荸同一字母，音相近也。三棱、地栗，皆形似也。
瑞曰∶小者名凫茈，大者名地栗。
【集解】颂曰∶乌芋，今凫茨也。苗似龙须而细，色正青。根如指头大，黑色，皮浓有
毛。又有一种皮薄无毛者，亦同。田中人并食之。
宗 曰∶皮浓色黑，肉硬而白者，谓之猪荸荠。皮薄泽，色淡紫，肉软而脆者，谓之羊
荸荠。正二月，人采食之。此二等药
时珍曰∶凫茈生浅水田中。其苗三、四月出土，一茎直上，无枝叶，状如龙须。肥田栽
者，粗近葱、蒲，高二、三尺。其根白 ，秋后结颗，大如山楂、栗子，而脐有聚毛，累累
下生入泥底。野生者，黑而小，食之多滓。种出者，紫而大，食之多毛。吴人以沃田种之，
三月下种，霜后苗枯，冬春掘收为果，生食、煮食皆良。
【正误】《别录》曰∶乌芋，一名借姑。二月生叶如芋。三月三日采
弘景曰∶借姑生水田中。叶有丫，状如泽泻，不正似芋。其根黄，似芋子而小，疑有乌
者，根极相似，细而美。叶状如苋，草呼为凫茨，恐即此也。
恭曰∶乌芋一名槎丫，一名慈菇。
时珍曰∶乌芋、慈菇原是二物。慈菇有叶，其根散生。乌芋有茎无叶，其根下生。气味
不同，主治亦异。而《别录》误以借菇为乌芋，谓其叶如芋。陶、苏二氏因凫茨、慈菇字音
相近，遂致混注，
根
【气味】甘，微寒，滑，无毒。
诜曰∶性冷。先有冷气人不可食，令人腹胀气满。小儿秋月食多，脐下结痛也。
【主治】消渴痹热，温中益气（《别录》）。下丹石，消风毒，除胸中实热气。可作粉食，
明耳目，消黄胆（孟诜）。开胃下食（大明）。作粉食，浓人肠胃，不饥，能解毒，服金石人
宜
之（苏颂）。疗五种膈气，消宿食，饭后宜食之。治误吞铜物（汪机）。主血痢下血血崩，辟
蛊毒（时珍）。
【发明】机曰∶乌芋善毁铜，合铜钱嚼之，则钱化，可见其为消坚削积之物。故能化五
种膈疾，而消宿食，治误吞铜也，时珍曰∶按∶王氏《博济方》∶治五积、冷气攻心、变为
五膈诸病，金锁丸中用黑三棱。注云∶即凫茈干者。则汪氏所谓消坚之说，盖本于此。又董
炳《集验方》云∶地栗晒干为末，白汤每服二钱，能辟蛊毒。传闻下蛊之家，知有此物，便
不敢下。此亦前人所未知者。
【附方】新五。
大便下血∶荸荠捣汁大半钟，好酒半钟，空心温服。三日见效。（《神秘方》）下痢赤白∶
午日午时取完好荸荠，洗净拭干，勿令损破，于瓶内入好烧酒浸之，黄泥密封收贮。遇有患
者，取二枚细嚼，空心用原酒送下。（唐瑶《经验方》）妇人血崩∶凫茈一岁一个，烧存性，
研末，酒服之。（李氏方）小儿口疮∶用荸荠烧存性，研末，掺之。（杨起《简便方》）误吞
铜钱∶生凫茈，研汁，细细呷之，自然消化成水。（王 《百一选方》）
（收录于《名医别录》中品）
【释名】凫茈（音同“疵”）、凫茨（音同“瓷”）、荸荠（出自《本草衍义》）、黑三棱（出自《博济方》）、芍（音同“晓”）。地栗（出自郑樵《通志》）。
李时珍说：乌芋，它的根像芋头但颜色发黑。野鸭喜欢吃它，所以《尔雅》称它为凫茈，后来逐渐讹传为凫茨，又讹传为荸荠。大概是因为在切韵中，“凫”和“荸”属于同一字母，读音相近的缘故。“三棱”和“地栗”，都是因为形状相似而得名。
【集解】苏颂说：乌芋，就是现在的凫茨。苗像龙须草那样细，颜色正青。根像手指头那么大，黑色，皮厚且有毛。还有一种皮薄无毛的，也相同。田里的人都食用它。
寇宗奭说：皮厚色黑、肉质硬而白的，叫做猪荸荠。皮薄有光泽、色淡紫、肉质软而脆的，叫做羊荸荠。正二月间，人们采集食用。这两种都可以入药。
李时珍说：凫茈生长在浅水田中。它的苗在三四月出土，一根茎直立向上，没有枝叶，形状像龙须。在肥沃田地种植的，粗近葱或蒲草，高二三尺。其根白色，秋后结成果实，大如山楂、栗子，且底部聚集着毛，累累下垂长入泥底。野生的，黑色且小，吃多了多渣滓。人工种植的，紫色且大，吃多了多纤维。吴地人将肥沃田地种植它，三月下种，霜降后苗枯死，冬春挖掘收获作为水果，生吃、煮吃都很好。
【正误】《名医别录》说：乌芋，又名借姑。二月生出叶子像芋头。三月三日采收。
陶弘景说：借姑生长在水田中。叶子有分叉，形状像泽泻，不像芋头那样端正。它的根是黄色的，像芋子但较小，怀疑其中有黑色的，根极相似，细小而美味。叶状像苋菜，草民称为凫茨，恐怕就是这个吧。
李时珍说：乌芋和慈菇原本是两个物种。慈菇有叶子，根散生。乌芋有茎无叶，根向下生长。气味不同，主治功效也不同。而《名医别录》错误地将借姑当作乌芋，说它的叶像芋头。陶弘景、苏颂两位先生因为凫茨、慈菇字音相近，导致混淆注释。
【气味】甘味，微寒，滑利，无毒。
孟诜说：性冷。先有冷气的人不可食用，会让人腹胀气满。小儿在秋月吃多了，会导致脐下结痛。
【主治】治疗消渴痹热，温中益气（出自《名医别录》）。排出丹石毒，消除风毒，清除胸中实热气。可以制成粉食用，明目聪耳，消退黄疸（出自孟诜）。开胃进食（出自《嘉祐本草》）。制成粉食用，能增厚肠胃，使人不饥饿，能解毒，服用金石类药物的人适宜食用（出自苏颂）。治疗五种膈气，消除宿食，饭后适宜食用。治疗误吞铜物（出自汪机）。主治血痢、便血、血崩，辟除蛊毒（出自李时珍）。
【发明】汪机说：乌芋善于腐蚀铜，与铜钱一起咀嚼，则铜钱会融化，可见它是消磨坚硬、削减积滞之物。所以它能化解五种膈疾，消除宿食，治疗误吞铜器。
李时珍说：按：王怀隐《博济方》中记载：治疗五积、冷气攻心、变为五膈诸病，金锁丸中使用黑三棱。注解说：这就是干制的凫茈。那么汪氏所说的消坚之说，大概源于此。另外董炳《集验方》说：将地栗晒干研成末，每次用白开水送服二钱，能辟除蛊毒。传闻被下蛊的人家，知道有这个物品，就不敢下蛊了。这也是前人所未知的。
【附方】新收五首。
大便下血：荸荠捣汁大半钟，好酒半钟，空腹温服。三日见效。（出自《神秘方》）
下痢赤白：端午午时取完好的荸荠，洗净擦干，不要弄破，放入瓶内用好烧酒浸泡，用黄泥密封收藏。遇到患者，取两枚细细咀嚼，空腹用原酒送下。（出自唐瑶《经验方》）
妇人血崩：一岁一个的凫茈，烧至存性，研成末，用酒送服。（出自李氏方）
(Recorded in the Middle Category of *Bie Lu*)
**[Names]** Fuzi (pronounced "ci"), Fu Ci (pronounced "ci"), Bqi (from *Yanyi*), Heisangling (from *Boji Fang*), Shao (pronounced "xiao"). Dili (from Zheng Qiao's *Tongzhi*).
Li Shizhen said: Wuyu, its root resembles taro but is black. Wild ducks like to eat it, so *Erya* named it Fuzi, which later evolved into Fu Ci, and then into Bqi. This is likely because in the Qieyun rhyme book, "Fu" and "Bi" belong to the same initial letter, making their sounds similar. "Sangling" and "Dili" are named for their similar shapes.
Su Song said: The small ones are called Fuzi, and the large ones are called Dili.
**[Collection and Explanation]** Su Song said: Wuyu is what is now known as Fu Ci. The sprout resembles dragon whiskers grass (*Liriope*) but is finer, with a pure green color. The root is about the size of a finger, black, with thick skin and hairs. There is another variety with thin skin and no hairs, which is also used. People in the fields consume both.
Kou Zongshi said: Those with thick skin, black color, hard white flesh are called Zhu Bqi (Pig Bqi). Those with thin, glossy skin, pale purple color, and soft, crisp flesh are called Yang Bqi (Sheep Bqi). They are harvested and eaten in the first and second lunar months. Both varieties can be used as medicine.
Li Shizhen said: Fuzi grows in shallow paddy fields. Its shoots emerge from the soil in the third and fourth lunar months. It has a single stem growing straight up, without branches or leaves, resembling dragon whiskers. When planted in fertile fields, it is thick, resembling scallions or cattails, reaching two or three chi in height. Its roots are white; after autumn, they form tubers the size of hawthorns or chestnuts, with clustered hairs at the base, hanging down into the mud. Wild ones are black and small, leaving much residue when eaten. Cultivated ones are purple and large, leaving more fibers when eaten. People in Wu plant them in fertile fields, sowing in the third month. After frost, the shoots wither, and they are dug up in winter and spring as fruit; both raw and cooked consumption are excellent.
**[Correction of Errors]** *Bie Lu* states: Wuyu, also known as Jiegu. Leaves emerge in the second lunar month resembling taro. Harvested on the third day of the third lunar month.
Tao Hongjing said: Jiegu grows in paddy fields. The leaves have lobes, resembling *Alisma* (Zexie), not exactly like taro. Its root is yellowish, smaller than taro tubers. Suspecting there might be black varieties, the roots are extremely similar, fine and delicious. The leaf shape resembles amaranth (*Xiancai*); common people call it Fu Ci, which is likely this plant.
Zhen Quan said: Wuyu is also known as Chaya and Cigu.
Li Shizhen said: Wuyu and Cigu are originally two different plants. Cigu has leaves, and its roots grow scattered. Wuyu has stems but no leaves, and its roots grow downward. Their flavors and properties differ, as do their therapeutic indications. However, *Bie Lu* mistakenly identified Jiegu as Wuyu, stating its leaves resemble taro. Tao Hongjing and Su Song, due to the phonetic similarity between Fu Ci and Cigu, caused confusion in their annotations.
**[Flavor and Properties]** Sweet, slightly cold, slippery, non-toxic.
Meng Shen said: It is cold in nature. People with pre-existing cold qi should not eat it, as it causes abdominal distension and fullness. If children eat too much in autumn, it causes pain and knotting below the navel.
**[Therapeutic Indications]** Treats thirst and bi-heat, warms the middle and benefits qi (*Bie Lu*). Expels Dan Shi toxicity, eliminates wind toxicity, and removes excess heat and qi from the chest. Can be made into powder for food, brightens eyes and ears, and resolves jaundice (Meng Shen). Opens the stomach and promotes appetite (*Jia You Ben Cao*). Made into powder, it thickens the intestines and stomach, prevents hunger, detoxifies, and is suitable for those taking mineral stones (Su Song). Treats five types of diaphragmatic qi stagnation, resolves retained food, and is suitable to eat after meals. Treats accidental swallowing of copper objects (Wang Ji). Mainly treats bloody dysentery, hematochezia, and metrorrhagia, and wards off gu poison (Li Shizhen).
**[Elucidation]** Wang Ji said: Wuyu is good at dissolving copper. When chewed together with copper coins, the coins melt, showing that it is a substance that dissolves hardness and reduces accumulation. Therefore, it can resolve the five types of diaphragmatic diseases, eliminate retained food, and treat accidental swallowing of copper.
Li Shizhen said: According to Wang Huaiyin's *Boji Fang*: To treat five accumulations, cold qi attacking the heart, transforming into various diaphragmatic diseases, Black Sanleng is used in Jin Suo Wan. The annotation states: This is dried Fuzi. Thus, Wang's theory of dissolving hardness likely originates from here. Additionally, Dong Bing's *Ji Yan Fang* states: Sun-dried Dili ground into powder, taken with warm water, two qian per dose, can ward off gu poison. Rumor has it that families targeted by gu magic know of this substance and dare not perform the hex. This was unknown to predecessors.
**[Attached Prescriptions]** Five new prescriptions.
Blood in stool: Crush Bqi to extract juice, half zhong, mixed with half zhong of good wine. Take warm on an empty stomach. Effective within three days (*Shen Mi Fang*).
Dysentery with red and white discharge: On the noon hour of Dragon Boat Festival, select intact Bqi, wash and dry thoroughly without breaking. Soak in good distilled liquor in a bottle, seal tightly with yellow mud for storage. For patients, take two pieces, chew finely, and swallow with the original liquor on an empty stomach (Tang Yao's *Jing Yan Fang*).
Metrorrhagia in women: One-year-old Fuzi, burned until carbonized (preserving efficacy), ground into powder, taken with wine (Li Shi's Prescription).
Mouth ulcers in children: Burn Bqi until carbonized, grind into powder, and apply topically (Yang Qi's *Jian Bian Fang*).
Accidental swallowing of copper coins: Raw Fuzi, ground into juice, swallowed slowly, naturally digests into water (Wang Qiu's *Bai Yi Xuan Fang*).