（《本经》中品）
【释名】白水石（《本经》）、寒水石、凌水石（《别录》）、盐精石、泥精、盐枕（《纲
目》）、盐根。
时珍曰∶拆片投水中，与水同色，其水凝动；又可夏月研末，煮汤入瓶，倒悬井底，即
成凌冰，故有凝水、白水、寒水、凌水诸名。生于积盐之下，故有盐精以下诸名。石膏亦有
寒水之名，与此不同。
【集解】《别录》曰∶凝水石，色如云母可析者，盐之精也。生常山山谷、中水县及邯
郸。
弘景曰∶常山（即恒山）属并州。中水属河间，邯郸属赵郡。此处地皆碱卤，故云盐精，
而碎之亦似朴硝。此石末置水中，夏月能为冰者，佳。
时珍曰∶《别录》言凝水，盐之精也。陶氏亦云卤地所生，碎之似朴硝。《范子计然》
云∶出河东。
河东，卤地也。独孤滔《丹房镜源》云∶盐精出盐池，状如水精。据此诸说，则凝水即
盐精石也，一名泥精，昔人谓之盐枕，今人谓之盐根。生于卤地积盐之下，精液渗入土中，
年久至泉，结而成石，大块有齿棱，如马牙硝，清莹如水精，亦有带青黑色者，皆至暑月回
润，入水浸久亦化。陶氏注戎盐，谓盐池泥中自有凝盐如石片，打破皆方，而色青黑者，即
此也。苏颂注玄精石，谓解池有盐精石，味更咸苦，乃玄精之类；又注食盐，谓盐枕作精块，
有孔窍，若蜂窠，可缄封为礼贽者，皆此物也。唐宋诸医不识此石，而以石膏、方解石为注，
误矣。今正之于下。
【正误】恭曰∶凝水石有纵理、横理两种，色清明者为上。或云纵理为寒水石，横理为
凝水石。今出同州韩城，色青横理如云母为良；出澄州者，斜理纹色白为劣也。
颂曰∶今河东汾、隰州及德顺军亦有之，三月采。又有一种冷油石，全与此相类，但投
沸油铛中，油即冷者，是也。此石性冷有毒，误服令人腰以下不能举。
宗 曰∶凝水石纹理通澈，人或磨刻为枕，以备暑月之用。入药须烧过。或市人末入轻
粉以乱真，不可不察。陶氏言夏月能为冰者佳，如此则举世不能得矣。
阎孝忠曰∶石膏，洁白坚硬，有墙壁。寒水石软烂，可以手碎，外微青黑，中有细纹。
王隐君曰∶寒水石，坚白晶洁，状若明矾、硼砂之质。或有碎之，粒粒大小皆四方，
故又名方解石，今人谓之硬石膏者是也。
时珍曰∶寒水石有二∶一是软石膏，一是凝水石。惟陶弘景所注，是凝水之寒水石，与
本文相合。苏恭、苏颂、寇宗 、阎孝忠四家所说，皆是软石膏之寒水石。王隐君所说，则
是方解石。诸家不详本文盐精之说，不得其说，遂以石膏、方解石指为寒水石。唐宋以来相
承其误，通以二石为用，而盐精之寒水，绝不知用，此千载之误也。石膏之误近千载，朱震
亨氏始明；凝水之误，非时珍深察，恐终于绝响矣。
【修治】 曰∶凡使，须用生姜自然汁煮干研粉用。每十两，用生姜一镒也。
【气味】辛，寒，无毒。《别录》曰∶甘，大寒。
普曰∶神农∶辛；岐伯、医和、扁鹊∶甘，无毒；李当之∶大寒。时珍曰∶辛、咸。之
才曰∶解巴豆毒，畏地榆。独孤滔曰∶制丹砂，伏玄精。
【主治】身热，腹中积聚邪气，皮中如火烧，烦满，水饮之。久服不饥（《本经》）。除
时气热盛，五脏伏热，胃中热，止渴，水肿，小腹痹（《别录》）。压丹石毒风，解伤寒劳复
（甄权）。治小便白，内痹，凉血降火，止牙疼，坚牙明目（时珍）。
【发明】时珍曰∶凝水石禀积阴之气而成，其气大寒，其味辛咸，入肾走血除热之功，
同于诸盐。古方所用寒水石是此石，唐宋诸方寒水石是石膏，近方寒水石则是长石、方解石，
俱附各条之下，用者详之。
【附方】旧二，新二。
男女转脬，不得小便∶寒水石二两，滑石一两，葵子一合。为末。水一斗，煮五升，时
服一升，即利。（《永类方》）
牙龈出血有窍∶寒水石粉三两，朱砂二钱，甘草脑子一字。为末。
干掺。（《普济方》）
汤火伤灼∶寒水石，烧研敷之。（《卫生易简方》）
小儿丹毒，皮肤热赤∶寒水石半两，白土一分。为末。米醋调涂之。（《经验方》）
【《神农本草经》列为中品】
【名称解释】白水石（出自《本经》）、寒水石、凌水石（出自《别录》）、盐精石、泥精、盐枕（出自《纲目》）、盐根。
李时珍说：将这种石头掰成片状投入水中，其颜色与水相同，且水面会凝结波动；又可在夏季将其研成粉末，煮成汤液装入瓶中，倒悬于井底，立刻就能结成冰凌，因此有凝水、白水、寒水、凌水等名称。它生长在积盐层的下方，所以又有盐精等以下这些名称。石膏也有被称为寒水的，但与此不同。
【集解】《别录》记载：凝水石，颜色像云母一样可以剥离的，是盐的精华。产于常山山谷、中水县以及邯郸。
陶弘景说：常山（即恒山）属于并州。中水属于河间，邯郸属于赵郡。这些地方土地都是咸碱地，所以说它是盐的精华，而且打碎后也类似朴硝。这种石头磨成粉放入水中，在夏季能结冰的，品质最佳。
李时珍说：《别录》说凝水是盐的精华。陶氏也说它生于咸卤之地，打碎后像朴硝。《范子计然》说：出产于河东。
河东，是咸卤之地。独孤滔《丹房镜源》说：盐精出产于盐池，形状像水晶。根据以上各种说法，那么凝水就是盐精石，又名泥精，古人称之为盐枕，今人称之为盐根。它生长在咸卤之地积盐的下面，盐的精华液体渗入土中，经过长年累月到达泉水处，凝结而成石头，大块的形成有棱角的牙齿状，像马牙硝一样，清澈晶莹如水晶，也有带青黑色的，都在盛夏时节回润，在水中浸泡久了也会溶解。陶氏注释戎盐时说，盐池泥土中自然有像石片一样的凝盐，打破后都是方形的，而颜色青黑的，就是这个东西。苏颂注释玄精石时说，解池有盐精石，味道更咸苦，属于玄精一类；又注释食盐时说，盐枕结成块状，有孔窍，像蜂巢一样，可以密封作为礼物赠送的，都是这种东西。唐宋以来的医生不认识这种石头，而用石膏、方解石来注释，这是错误的。现在在下面进行纠正。
【正误】苏恭说：凝水石有纵理和横理两种，颜色清明的是上品。有人说纵理的是寒水石，横理的是凝水石。现在出产于同州韩城的，颜色青黑、横理像云母的是优良的；出产于澄州的，斜理纹色白的是劣等的。
苏颂说：现在河东的汾州、隰州以及德顺军也有出产，三月采集。又有一种冷油石，完全与此相似，只是投入沸油的铛中，油就会变冷的，就是这种。这种石头性质寒冷且有剧毒，误服会导致腰部以下不能活动。
寇宗奭说：凝水石纹理通透清澈，有人把它磨刻成枕头，以备夏季使用。入药必须煅烧过。或者市场上有人掺入轻粉来混淆真假，不可不仔细辨别。陶氏说夏季能结冰的品质好，如果是这样，那么世上就没人能得到它了。
阎孝忠说：石膏洁白坚硬，有墙壁般的质感。寒水石软烂，可以用手捏碎，外面微呈青黑色，里面有细纹。
王隐君说：寒水石，坚硬洁白晶莹，质地像明矾、硼砂。有的被打碎后，颗粒大小都是四方形的，所以又名方解石，今人称之为硬石膏的就是这个。
李时珍说：寒水石有两种：一种是软石膏，一种是凝水石。只有陶弘景所注释的，是凝水之寒水石，与本文相符。苏恭、苏颂、寇宗奭、阎孝忠四家所说的，都是软石膏之寒水石。王隐君所说的，则是方解石。各家不详察本文关于盐精的说法，无法理解其真意，于是把石膏、方解石指认为寒水石。唐宋以来沿袭了这个错误，通用这两种石头药用，而真正盐精类的寒水石，完全不知道使用，这是千年的错误啊。石膏的错误近千年，直到朱震亨氏才阐明；凝水石的错误，如果不是我李时珍深入考察，恐怕最终就要失传了。
【修治】某人（原文缺名，通常指前代医家或泛指）说：凡使用，必须用生姜的自然汁煮干后研成粉末使用。每十两药，需用生姜一镒。
【气味】辛味，寒性，无毒。《别录》说：甘味，大寒性。
雷斅说：神农认为：辛味；岐伯、医和、扁鹊认为：甘味，无毒；李当之认为：大寒性。李时珍说：辛味、咸味。张之才说：能解巴豆毒，畏忌地榆。独孤滔说：能制约丹砂，伏制玄精。
【主治】身体发热，腹中有积聚的邪气，皮肤中感觉如火烧，烦闷胀满，饮水可缓解。（出自《本经》）。去除时令热病热势亢盛，五脏潜伏的热邪，胃中热，止渴，水肿，小腹部痹痛（出自《别录》）。压制丹石毒风，解除伤寒病愈后因劳累复发（甄权）。治疗小便色白，内痹，凉血降火，止牙疼，坚固牙齿明目（李时珍）。
【发明】李时珍说：凝水石禀受积聚的阴气而成，其气大寒，其味辛咸，进入肾脏、走血分以除热的功效，与各种盐类相同。古方中所用的寒水石是这个石头，唐宋各方的寒水石是石膏，近世的方剂中的寒水石则是长石、方解石，都附在各条之下，使用者请详细查阅。
【附方】旧方二首，新方二首。
男女转脬，无法小便：寒水石二两，滑石一两，葵子一合。研为末。用水一斗，煮取五升，每次服用一升，即可通利。（《永类方》）
牙龈出血且有破溃：寒水石粉三两，朱砂二钱，甘草脑子一字。研为末。
直接干撒患处。（《普济方》）
汤火烫伤灼伤：寒水石，煅烧后研末敷贴。（《卫生易简方》）
小儿丹毒，皮肤热红：寒水石半两，白土一分。研为末。用米醋调匀涂抹。（《经验方》）
[Classified as Middle Grade in the *Shennong Bencao Jing*]
【Names】Baishui Shi (White Water Stone) (*Benjing*), Hanshui Shi (Cold Water Stone), Lingshui Shi (Ice Water Stone) (*Bielu*), Yanjing Shi (Salt Essence Stone), Nijing (Mud Essence), Yanzhen (Salt Pillow) (*Gangmu*), Yangen (Salt Root).
Li Shizhen states: When broken into slices and thrown into water, its color matches the water, and the surface appears to congeal and move; furthermore, in summer, it can be ground into powder, boiled into a decoction, put into a bottle, and suspended upside down at the bottom of a well, where it instantly forms ice. Hence the names Ning Shui (Congealed Water), Baishui, Hanshui, and Lingshui. It grows beneath accumulated salt deposits, hence the names such as Salt Essence. Gypsum also bears the name "Hanshui," but it is different from this stone.
【Collected Explanations】The *Bielu* records: Ning Shui Shi resembles mica in color and can be split; it is the essence of salt. It is produced in the valleys of Changshan, Zhongshui County, and Handan.
Tao Hongjing states: Changshan (i.e., Hengshan) belongs to Bingzhou. Zhongshui belongs to Hejian, and Handan belongs to Zhao Commandery. The land in these areas is all saline-alkaline, hence it is called the essence of salt, and when crushed, it resembles Puxiao (Mirabilite). This stone, when powdered and placed in water, forms ice in summer; this quality is considered superior.
Li Shizhen states: The *Bielu* says Ning Shui is the essence of salt. Tao also stated it grows in saline lands and resembles Puxiao when crushed. The *Fanzi Jiran* states it comes from Hedong.
Hedong is a saline land. Dugu Tao's *Danfang Jingyuan* states: Salt Essence comes from salt pools and looks like rock crystal. Based on these various accounts, Ning Shui is indeed Yanjing Shi, also known as Nijing, formerly called Yanzhen by ancients, and now called Yangen by modern people. It grows beneath accumulated salt in saline lands; the liquid essence seeps into the soil, reaches the spring over many years, and condenses into stone. Large pieces have tooth-like edges, resembling Mayaxiao (Sodium Sulfate Crystal); they are clear and lustrous like crystals, though some are greenish-black. All become moist in midsummer and dissolve after long immersion in water. Tao's commentary on Rongyan (Roc Salt) mentions that within the mud of salt pools, there is naturally condensed salt like stone flakes; when broken, they are square, and those that are greenish-black are this substance. Su Song's commentary on Xuanjing Shi mentions that Jiexi has Yanjing Shi, which tastes saltier and more bitter, belonging to the class of Xuanjing; he also commented on edible salt, stating that Yanzhen forms solid blocks with pores like honeycombs, which can be sealed and given as gifts; all these refer to this same substance. Physicians of the Tang and Song dynasties did not recognize this stone and annotated it using Gypsum and Calcitum, which was erroneous. I correct this below.
【Correction of Errors】Su Gong states: Ning Shui Shi has two types based on grain: longitudinal and transverse. Those with clear and bright color are superior. Some say longitudinal grain is Hanshui Shi, while transverse grain is Ning Shui Shi. Currently, those from Hancheng in Tongzhou, with greenish-black color and transverse grain like mica, are good; those from Chengzhou, with oblique grain and white color, are inferior.
Su Song states: They are also found in Fenzhou, Xizhou, and Deshun Jun in Hedong, harvested in March. There is another type called Lengyou Shi (Cold Oil Stone), which is entirely similar to this, but when thrown into a wok of boiling oil, the oil cools immediately. This stone is cold in nature and toxic; accidental ingestion causes paralysis from the waist down.
Kou Zongshi states: Ning Shui Shi has transparent and clear grain. Some grind and carve it into pillows for use in summer. For medicinal use, it must be calcined. Market vendors sometimes mix in Qingfen (Calomel) to pass it off as genuine, so one must be careful. Tao said that the ability to form ice in summer indicates superior quality; if so, no one in the world could obtain it.
Yan Xiaozhong states: Gypsum is white, clean, hard, and has a wall-like texture. Hanshui Shi is soft and rotten, can be crushed by hand, is slightly greenish-black on the outside, and has fine grains inside.
Wang Yinjun states: Hanshui Shi is hard, white, and crystalline, resembling the texture of Mingfan (Alumen) or Pengsha (Borax). When crushed, the particles are all square-shaped regardless of size, hence also named Fangjie Shi (Calcitum); what modern people call Ying Gao Shi (Hard Gypsum) is this.
Li Shizhen states: There are two types of Hanshui Shi: one is Ruan Gao Shi (Soft Gypsum), and the other is Ning Shui Shi. Only Tao Hongjing's annotation refers to the Hanshui Shi of Ning Shui, which aligns with this text. The descriptions by Su Gong, Su Song, Kou Zongshi, and Yan Xiaozhong all refer to the Hanshui Shi of Ruan Gao Shi. Wang Yinjun's description refers to Fangjie Shi. Various scholars failed to investigate the text's mention of Salt Essence, failing to understand its true nature, and thus identified Gypsum and Calcitum as Hanshui Shi. Since the Tang and Song dynasties, this error has been passed down, with both stones used interchangeably, while the true Salt Essence Hanshui Shi has never been used. This is a millennium-old error. The error regarding Gypsum persisted for nearly a thousand years until Zhu Zhenheng clarified it; the error regarding Ning Shui Shi, had I not investigated it deeply, would likely have remained lost forever.
【Preparation】It is stated: Whenever used, it must be boiled dry in fresh ginger juice and then ground into powder. For every ten taels of the stone, one yi of fresh ginger is used.
【Nature and Flavor】Acrid, Cold, Non-toxic. The *Bielu* states: Sweet, Great Cold.
Lei Xiao states: Shennong considered it Acrid; Qibo, Yi He, and Bian Que considered it Sweet and Non-toxic; Li Dangzhi considered it Great Cold. Li Shizhen states: Acrid, Salty. Zhang Zhicai states: It resolves Radicis Codonopsis (actually Baidu Dou/Adzuki Bean toxin context implies resolving specific toxins, here specifically Baidu Dou/Bean Poison) toxicity, and is incompatible with Diyu (Sanguisorba Officinalis Root). Dugu Tao states: It controls Dansha (Cinnabar) and subdues Xuanjing.
【Indications】Body heat, accumulation of pathogenic qi in the abdomen, sensation of fire burning in the skin, irritability and fullness, relieved by drinking water. Long-term use prevents hunger (*Benjing*). Eliminates epidemic heat excess, latent heat in the five zang organs, stomach heat, relieves thirst, treats edema, and bi-syndrome in the lower abdomen (*Bielu*). Suppresses Dan Shi (mineral pill) toxicity and wind, resolves recurrence of Shanghan (cold damage) due to overexertion (Zhen Quan). Treats white urine, internal bi-syndrome, cools blood and descends fire, stops toothache, strengthens teeth and improves vision (Li Shizhen).
【Elucidation】Li Shizhen states: Ning Shui Shi is formed by inheriting accumulated yin qi. Its nature is greatly cold, and its flavor is acrid and salty. Its function of entering the Kidney, moving through the Blood, and removing heat is similar to various salts. The Hanshui Shi used in ancient formulas is this stone; the Hanshui Shi in Tang and Song formulas is Gypsum; the Hanshui Shi in recent formulas is Feldspar and Calcitum. These are attached to their respective entries for detailed reference by users.
【Attached Prescriptions】Two old prescriptions, two new prescriptions.
For men and women experiencing Zhuan Pao (bladder torsion/dysuria) with inability to urinate: Hanshui Shi 2 liang, Huashi (Talcum) 1 liang, Kuizi (Abutilon Seeds) 1 he. Grind into powder. Boil in 1 dou of water until reduced to 5 sheng. Take 1 sheng at a time, and urination will be facilitated (*Yonglei Fang*).
For bleeding gums with ulcers: Hanshui Shi powder 3 liang, Zhusha (Cinnabar) 2 qian, Gancao Naonzi (Licorice Brain/Extract) 1 zi. Grind into powder.
Apply dry powder directly to the affected area (*Puji Fang*).
For scalds and burns: Hanshui Shi, calcined and ground into powder, applied topically (*Weisheng Yijian Fang*).
For pediatric Dan Du (erysipelas) with hot, red skin: Hanshui Shi 0.5 liang, Baitu (Kaolin) 1 fen. Grind into powder. Mix with rice vinegar and apply topically (*Jingyan Fang*).