（《本经》下品）
【释名】乌扇（《本经》）、乌 （《别录》）、乌吹（《别录》）、乌蒲（《本经》）、凤翼
（《拾遗》）、鬼扇（《土宿》）、扁竹（《纲目》）、仙人掌（《土宿》）、
野萱花（《纲目》）、草姜（《别录》）、
弘景曰∶射干方书多音夜。
颂曰∶射干之形，茎梗疏长，正如射人长竿之状，得名由此尔。而陶氏以夜音为疑，盖
古字音多通呼，若汉官仆射，主射事，而亦音夜，非有别义也。
时珍曰∶其叶丛生，横铺一面，如乌翅及扇之状，故有乌扇、乌 、凤翼、鬼扇、仙
人掌诸名。俗呼扁竹，谓其叶扁生而根如竹也。根叶又如蛮姜，故曰草姜。 ，
扇也。
【集解】《别录》曰∶射干生南阳山谷田野。三月三日采根，阴干。
弘景曰∶此是乌 根，黄色，庭台多种之。人言其叶是鸢尾，而复有鸢头，此若相似尔，
恐非乌 也。又别有射干，相似而花白茎长，似射人之执竿者。故阮公诗云∶射干临层城。
此不入药用。
恭曰∶鸢尾叶都似射干，而花紫碧色，不抽高茎，根似高良姜而肉白，名鸢头。
保升曰∶射干高二、三尺，花黄实黑。根多须，皮黄黑，肉黄赤。所在皆有，二月、八
月采根，去皮日干。
藏器曰∶射干、鸢尾二物相似，人多不分。射干即人间所种为花卉名凤翼者，叶如鸟翅，
秋生红花，赤点。鸢尾亦人间所种，苗低下于射干，状如鸢尾，夏生紫碧花者是也。
大明曰∶射干根润，形似高良姜大小，赤黄色淡硬，五六七八月采。
颂曰∶今在处有之。人家种之，春生苗，高一、二尺。叶大类蛮姜，而狭长横张，疏如
翅羽
状，故名乌 。叶中抽茎，似萱草茎而强硬。六月开花，黄红色，瓣上有细纹。秋
中子黑色。一说∶射干多生山崖之间，其茎虽细小，亦类木。故《荀子》云∶西方有木，名
曰射干，茎长四寸，生于高山之上，是也。陶弘景所说花白者，自是射干之类。
震亨曰∶根为射干，叶为乌 ，紫花者是；红花者非。
机曰∶按诸注则射干非一种，有花白者，花黄者，花紫者，花红者。丹溪独取紫花者，
必曾试有验也。
时珍曰∶射干即今扁竹也。今人所种，多是紫花者，呼为紫蝴蝶。其花三、四月开，六
出，大如萱花。结房大如拇指，颇似泡桐子，一房四隔，一隔十余子。子大如胡椒而色紫，
极硬，咬之不破。七月始枯。陶弘景谓射干、鸢尾是一种。苏恭、陈藏器谓紫碧花者是鸢尾，
红花者是射干。韩保升谓黄花者是射干。苏颂谓花红黄者是射干，白花者亦其类。朱震亨谓
紫花者是射干，红花者非。各执一说，何以凭依？谨按∶张揖《广雅》云∶鸢尾，射干也。
《易
通卦验》云∶冬至射干生。《土宿真君本草
如之，青绿色。一种紫花，一种黄花，一种碧花。多生江南、湖广、川、浙平陆间。八月取
汁，煮雄黄，伏雌黄，制丹砂，能拒火。据此则鸢尾、射干本是一类，但花色不同。正如牡
丹、芍药、菊花之类，其色各异，皆是同属也。大抵入药功不相远。
藏器曰∶射干之名有三∶佛经射干貂KT ，此是恶兽，似青黄狗，食人，能缘木，阮
公云∶射干临层城者，是树，殊有高硕者，本草射干是草，即今人所种者也。
根
【修治】 曰∶凡采根，先以米泔水浸一宿，漉出，然后以 竹叶煮之，从午至亥，日
干用。
【气味】苦，平，有毒。《别录》曰∶微温。久服令人虚。保升曰∶微寒。权曰∶有小
毒。
元素曰∶苦，阳中阴也。
时珍曰∶寒。多服泻人。
【主治】咳逆上气，喉痹咽痛，不得消息，散结气，腹中邪逆，食饮大热（《本经》）。
疗老血在心脾间，咳唾，言语气臭，散胸中热气（《别录》）。苦酒摩涂毒肿（弘景）。治疰气，
消瘀血，通女人月闭
消痰，破症结，胸膈满腹胀，气喘 癖，开胃下食，镇肝明目
佳（宗 ）。去胃中痈疮（元素）。
（时珍）。
【发明】震亨曰∶射干属金，有木与火，行太阴、厥阴之积痰，使结核自消甚捷。又治
便毒，此足厥阴湿气，因疲劳而发。取射干三寸，与生姜同煎，食前服，利三两行，甚效。
时珍曰∶射干能降火，故古方治喉痹咽痛为要药。孙真人《千金方》，治喉痹有乌 膏。张
仲景《金匮玉函方》，治咳而上气，喉中作水鸡声，有
用乌扇烧过。皆取其降厥阴相火也。火降则血散肿消，而痰结自解，症
【附方】旧二，新八。
咽喉肿痛∶射干花根、山豆根、阴干为末，吹之如神。（《袖珍方》）
伤寒咽闭肿痛∶用生射干、猪脂各四两，合煎令微焦，去滓，每噙枣许取瘥。（庞安常
《伤寒论》）
喉痹不通，浆水不入∶《外台秘要》∶用射干一片，含咽汁良。《医方大成》∶用扁竹新根
擂汁咽之，大腑动即解。或醋研汁噙，引涎出亦妙。《便民方》∶用紫蝴蝶根一钱，黄芩、生
甘草、桔梗各五分，为末，水调顿服，立愈。名夺命散。
二便不通，诸药不效∶紫花扁竹根，生水边者佳，研汁一盏服，即通。（《普济》）水蛊
腹大，动摇水声，皮肤黑∶用鬼扇根捣汁，服一杯，水即下。（《肘后方》）
阴疝肿刺，发时肿痛如刺∶用生射干捣汁与服取利。亦可丸服。（《肘后方》）
乳痈初肿∶扁竹根如僵蚕者，同萱草根为末，蜜调敷之，神效。（《永类方》）
中射工毒，生疮者。乌 、升麻各二两，水三升，煎二升，温服。以滓敷疮上。（姚僧
坦《集验方》）
【《神农本草经》列为下品】
【释名】乌扇（出自《本经》）、乌翣（出自《别录》）、乌吹（出自《别录》）、乌蒲（出自《本经》）、凤翼（出自《拾遗》）、鬼扇（出自《土宿本草》）、扁竹（出自《纲目》）、仙人掌（出自《土宿本草》）、野萱花（出自《纲目》）、草姜（出自《别录》）。
苏颂说：射干的形态，茎秆疏朗细长，正像射箭之人所持长竿的样子，因此得名。而陶弘景对读“夜”音表示怀疑，大概是因为古字读音多有通用，比如汉代官职“仆射”，主管射箭事务，但也读作“夜”音，并没有其他特殊的含义。
李时珍说：它的叶子丛生，横向铺展一面，像乌鸦的翅膀和扇子的形状，所以有乌扇、乌翣、凤翼、鬼扇、仙人掌等名称。俗称为扁竹，是说它的叶子扁平生长且根部像竹子。根和叶又像蛮姜，所以叫草姜。翣，就是扇子的意思。
【集解】《名医别录》说：射干生长在南阳的山谷和田野中。三月三日采集根部，阴干备用。
陶弘景说：这是乌翣的根，呈黄色，庭院台阁中多种植它。人们说它的叶子是鸢尾，但又说有鸢头，这两者只是相似罢了，恐怕不是乌翣。另外还有一种射干，相似但花朵白色茎秆较长，像射箭的人拿着长竿。所以阮籍的诗中说：“射干临层城。”这种不入药用。
甄权说：鸢尾的叶子都像射干，但花朵是紫碧色，不抽出高茎，根部像高良姜但肉质白色，名叫鸢头。
韩保升说：射干高二三尺，花黄实黑。根部须根多，皮黄黑色，肉黄红色。各地都有，二月、八月采集根部，去皮后晒干。
陈藏器说：射干和鸢尾两种植物相似，人们大多分不清。射干就是人间所种作为花卉名为凤翼的那种，叶子像鸟翅，秋天开红花，带有赤色斑点。鸢尾也是人间所种，苗比射干低矮，形状像鸢尾，夏天开紫碧色花的就是它。
马志说：射干根部润泽，形状像高良姜大小，颜色淡红黄且质地硬，五、六、七、八月采集。
苏颂说：现在到处都有。人家种植它，春天生苗，高一二尺。叶子大类同蛮姜，但狭长横向张开，稀疏如翅羽状，所以名叫乌翣。叶中抽出茎秆，像萱草的茎秆但更强硬。六月开花，黄红色，花瓣上有细纹。秋天结黑色种子。另一种说法：射干多生长在山崖之间，它的茎虽然细小，也像木本植物。所以《荀子》中说：“西方有木，名叫射干，茎长四寸，生于高山之上。”就是这个。陶弘景所说的白花者，自然是射干的一类。
寇宗奭说：查考各种注释，则射干不是一种，有开白花的，开黄花的，开紫花的，开红花的。丹溪（朱震亨）唯独选取紫花者，一定是曾经试验过有效的。
李时珍说：射干就是现在的扁竹。现在人所种植的，多是紫花者，称为紫蝴蝶。它在三、四月开花，花瓣六片，大如萱花。结的房大如拇指，很像泡桐的种子，一房有四隔，一隔有十余粒种子。种子大如胡椒但颜色紫，极硬，咬不破。七月开始枯萎。陶弘景认为射干、鸢尾是同一种。苏恭、陈藏器认为紫碧色花的是鸢尾，红花的是射干。韩保升认为黄花的是射干。苏颂认为花红黄的是射干，白花者也是其同类。朱震亨认为紫花的是射干，红花者不是。各执一说，依据什么？谨按：张揖《广雅》说：鸢尾，就是射干。《易通卦验》说：冬至日射干生长。《土宿真君本草》也如此记载，青绿色。一种开紫花，一种开黄花，一种开碧花。多生长在江南、湖广、四川、浙江的平地上。八月取汁，煮雄黄，伏雌黄，制丹砂，能拒火。据此则鸢尾、射干本来是一类，只是花色不同。正如牡丹、芍药、菊花之类，颜色各异，但都是同属。大致入药功效不相上下。
陈藏器说：射干这个名字有三个来源：佛经中的“射干貂[虫戾]”，这是一种恶兽，像青黄色的狗，吃人，能爬树，阮籍诗中说“射干临层城”的，是树，特别高大的那种，本草中的射干是草，就是今人所种的。
根
【修治】雷敩说：凡是采集根部，先用米泔水浸泡一夜，捞出，然后用竹叶煮它，从午时到亥时，晒干使用。
【气味】苦，平，有毒。《名医别录》说：微温。久服使人虚弱。韩保升说：微寒。李珣说：有小毒。
王好古说：苦，属于阳中之阴。
李时珍说：寒。多服会泻人。
【主治】咳嗽气逆，喉痹咽痛，呼吸困难，散结气，腹中邪逆，饮食大热（出自《本经》）。治疗心脾间的陈旧瘀血，咳唾，说话口气臭，散胸中热气（出自《别录》）。用醋磨涂毒肿（陶弘景）。治疗疰气，消瘀血，通女人月经闭止，消痰，破症结，胸膈满腹胀，气喘，癖积，开胃下食，镇肝明目佳（寇宗奭）。去胃中痈疮（王好古）。
【发明】朱震亨说：射干属金，含有木与火的性质，能行太阴、厥阴经的积痰，使结核自行消除很快。又治疗便毒，这是足厥阴经湿气，因疲劳而发作。取射干三寸，与生姜同煎，饭前服用，利下三两行，非常有效。
李时珍说：射干能降火，所以古方治疗喉痹咽痛将其作为要药。孙思邈《千金方》，治疗喉痹有乌翣膏。张仲景《金匮玉函方》，治疗咳嗽气逆，喉中发出如水鸡声，有用乌扇烧过的。都是取其降厥阴相火的作用。火降则血散肿消，而痰结自然解除，症状自除。
【附方】旧方两个，新方八个。
咽喉肿痛：射干花根、山豆根，阴干研为末，吹入鼻中或喉中，如神效。（《袖珍方》）
伤寒咽闭肿痛：用生射干、猪脂各四两，合煎令微焦，去渣，每次含枣核大小许，直至痊愈。（庞安常《伤寒论》）
喉痹不通，浆水不入：《外台秘要》：用射干一片，含咽汁液良效。《医方大成》：用扁竹新根擂汁咽之，大便动即解。或用醋研磨汁液含咽，引出涎液也很好。《便民方》：用紫蝴蝶根一钱，黄芩、生甘草、桔梗各五分，研为末，水调顿服，立即痊愈。名叫夺命散。
二便不通，诸药不效：紫花扁竹根，生长在水边的为佳，研汁一盏服用，即通。（《普济方》）
水蛊腹大，动摇有水声，皮肤黑：用鬼扇根捣汁，服一杯，水湿即下。（《肘后方》）
阴疝肿刺，发作时肿痛如针刺：用生射干捣汁与服取利。也可以制成丸剂服用。（《肘后方》）
[Classified as Lower Grade in the *Shennong Bencao Jing*]
**Names:** Wushan (Crow Fan, from *Benjing*), Wusha (from *Bielu*), Wuchui (from *Bielu*), Wupu (from *Benjing*), Fengyi (Phoenix Wing, from *Shiyi*), Guishan (Ghost Fan, from *Tusuxiang*), Bianzhu (Flat Bamboo, from *Gangmu*), Xianrenzhang (Immortal's Palm, from *Tusuxiang*), Yexuanhua (Wild Daylily, from *Gangmu*), Caojiang (Grass Ginger, from *Bielu*).
Tao Hongjing stated: In medical formularies, "Shegan" is often pronounced as "Ye".
Su Song stated: The morphology of Shegan (*Belamcanda chinensis*) features stems that are sparse and long, resembling the long pole held by an archer, which is how it got its name. Tao Hongjing expressed doubt about pronouncing it as "Ye", likely because ancient character pronunciations were often interchangeable. For instance, the Han dynasty official title "Puye" (Assistant Minister), who was in charge of archery matters, was also pronounced as "Ye", without any distinct meaning difference.
Li Shizhen stated: Its leaves grow in clusters, spreading horizontally on one side, resembling a crow's wing or a fan; hence the names Wushan, Wusha, Fengyi, Guishan, and Xianrenzhang. Commonly called Bianzhu (Flat Bamboo) because its leaves grow flat and its roots resemble bamboo. The roots and leaves also resemble Barbarian Ginger, hence the name Caojiang (Grass Ginger). "Sha" means fan.
**Collection and Explanation:** *Mingyi Bielu* states: Shegan grows in valleys and fields of Nanyang. The roots are harvested on the third day of the third lunar month and dried in the shade.
Tao Hongjing stated: This is the root of Wusha, which is yellow in color and widely planted in courtyards and terraces. People say its leaves are those of Iris (*Iris tectorum*), yet there is also something called Yuantou (Iris Head); these two are merely similar, and likely not Wusha. Additionally, there is another plant called Shegan that resembles this but has white flowers and longer stems, looking like an archer holding a pole. Thus, Ruan Ji's poem says: "Shegan overlooks the layered city." This variety is not used for medicinal purposes.
Zhen Quan stated: The leaves of Iris (*Iris tectorum*) all resemble Shegan, but the flowers are purple-green, and it does not shoot up tall stems. The root resembles Galangal (*Alpinia officinarum*) but with white flesh, named Yuantou.
Han Baosheng stated: Shegan is two to three chi tall, with yellow flowers and black seeds. The root has many fibrous hairs, the skin is yellow-black, and the flesh is yellow-red. It is found everywhere; roots are harvested in the second and eighth lunar months, peeled, and sun-dried.
Chen Cangqi stated: Shegan and Iris (*Iris tectorum*) are similar, and people often fail to distinguish them. Shegan is the plant cultivated as the ornamental flower Fengyi (Phoenix Wing), with leaves like bird wings, blooming red flowers with crimson spots in autumn. Iris (*Iris tectorum*) is also cultivated; its seedlings are lower than Shegan, shaped like Iris, and blooms purple-green flowers in summer.
Ma Zhi stated: The root of Shegan is moist, resembling Galangal in size, pale reddish-yellow and hard. Harvested in the fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth lunar months.
Su Song stated: It is now available everywhere. Households cultivate it; shoots emerge in spring, growing one to two chi high. Leaves are large like Barbarian Ginger but narrow, long, and spread horizontally, sparse like wing feathers, hence named Wusha. Stems shoot up from the leaves, resembling Daylily (*Hemerocallis citrina*) stems but stiffer. Flowers bloom in June, yellow-red with fine veins on petals. Black seeds form in autumn. Another theory: Shegan often grows between mountain cliffs; although its stems are slender, they are woody. Thus, *Xunzi* states: "In the west there is a tree named Shegan, with stems four cun long, growing atop high mountains." This refers to that. The white-flowered variety mentioned by Tao Hongjing is naturally a type of Shegan.
Zhu Zhenheng stated: The root is called Shegan, the leaf is called Wusha; those with purple flowers are correct, while those with red flowers are not.
Kou Zongshi stated: According to various annotations, Shegan is not a single species; there are varieties with white, yellow, purple, and red flowers. Danxi (Zhu Zhenheng) exclusively selected the purple-flowered variety, presumably having tested it and found it effective.
Li Shizhen stated: Shegan is currently known as Bianzhu. What people cultivate today are mostly the purple-flowered variety, called Zijiehudie (Purple Butterfly). It blooms in the third and fourth lunar months, with six petals, large as Daylily flowers. The fruit capsules are as large as a thumb, resembling Paulownia seeds, divided into four compartments, each containing over ten seeds. The seeds are as large as peppercorns but purple, extremely hard, and unbreakable by biting. Withers starting in July. Tao Hongjing believed Shegan and Iris (*Iris tectorum*) were the same species. Su Gong and Chen Cangqi believed the purple-green flowering ones were Iris (*Iris tectorum*) and the red-flowering ones were Shegan. Han Baosheng believed the yellow-flowering ones were Shegan. Su Song believed the red and yellow-flowering ones were Shegan, and the white-flowering ones were also related. Zhu Zhenheng believed the purple-flowering ones were Shegan, and the red-flowering ones were not. Each holds a different view; what is the basis? Carefully examined: Zhang Yi's *Guaya* states: Iris (*Iris tectorum*) is Shegan. *Yitongguayan* states: At Winter Solstice, Shegan grows. *Tusuxiang Jun Bencao* agrees, describing it as green. There are varieties with purple flowers, yellow flowers, and green-blue flowers. It grows abundantly in Jiangnan, Huguang, Sichuan, and Zhejiang plains. Juice extracted in August can be used to process Realgar (*Xionghuang*), reduce Orpiment (*Fuhuang*), and refine Cinnabar (*Dansha*), possessing fire-resistant properties. Based on this, Iris (*Iris tectorum*) and Shegan belong to the same category, differing only in flower color. Just as Peony (*Mudan*), Herbaceous Peony (*Shaoyao*), and Chrysanthemum (*Juhua*) differ in color but belong to the same genus. Generally, their medicinal efficacy is not far apart.
Chen Cangqi stated: The name Shegan has three origins: In Buddhist scriptures, "Shegan Diaoli" refers to a vicious beast resembling a blue-yellow dog that eats humans and climbs trees. The "Shegan" in Ruan Ji's poem "Shegan overlooks the layered city" refers to a tree, specifically a very tall one. The Shegan in Materia Medica is a herb, which is what people cultivate today.
Root
**Processing:** Lei Xiao stated: Whenever harvesting roots, first soak them in rice washing water overnight, drain, then boil them with Bamboo Leaves (*Zhuye*) from Wu hour (11 AM-1 PM) to Hai hour (9 PM-11 PM), and sun-dry for use.
**Flavor and Properties:** Bitter, Neutral, Toxic. *Mingyi Bielu* states: Slightly Warm. Long-term use causes deficiency. Han Baosheng states: Slightly Cold. Li Xun states: Slightly toxic.
Wang Haogu stated: Bitter, belonging to Yang within Yin.
Li Shizhen stated: Cold. Excessive use causes purging/diarrhea.
**Indications:** Cough with rebellious Qi, throat obstruction (*Houbi*) and sore throat, inability to breathe freely, disperses stagnant Qi, evil rebellion in the abdomen, excessive heat from food and drink (*Benjing*). Treats old blood stasis in the Heart and Spleen, coughing and spitting, foul breath odor, disperses hot Qi in the chest (*Bielu*). Rubbing with Vinegar (*Ku Jiu*) treats toxic swellings (Tao Hongjing). Treats Zhuguan (infectious disease/possession), resolves blood stasis, unblocks female amenorrhea, resolves phlegm, breaks masses, chest and diaphragm fullness/distension, asthma, Pi accumulation, opens the stomach and promotes appetite, calms the Liver and brightens the eyes (Kou Zongshi). Removes abscesses in the Stomach (Wang Haogu).
**Elucidation:** Zhu Zhenheng stated: Shegan belongs to Metal, containing Wood and Fire qualities. It moves accumulated Phlegm in the Taiyin and Jueyin meridians, causing nodules to dissolve rapidly. It also treats "Biandu" (abscess in the perineum/anus), caused by Dampness in the Foot Jueyin meridian triggered by fatigue. Take three cun of Shegan, decoct with Fresh Ginger, take before meals; promoting defecation three times is highly effective.
Li Shizhen stated: Shegan can descend Fire, thus it is a key herb in ancient formulas for treating *Houbi* (throat obstruction) and sore throat. Sun Simiao's *Qianjin Fang* uses Wusha Paste for *Houbi*. Zhang Zhongjing's *Jingui Yufang Fang* uses calcined Wushan (Shegan) for cough with rebellious Qi and a "toad-like" sound in the throat. All utilize its ability to descend the Ministerial Fire of the Jueyin meridian. When Fire descends, blood disperses, swelling subsides, and phlegm nodules resolve spontaneously, leading to symptom relief.
**Attached Prescriptions:** Two old prescriptions, eight new ones.
Sore throat and swelling: Powdered Shegan flowers/roots and Dougen (*Sophorae Tonkinensis Radix*), dried in shade, insufflated into the nose/throat. Miraculous effect. (*Xiuzhen Fang*)
Cold damage with throat closure and swelling: Decoct raw Shegan and Pig Lard (each 4 liang) until slightly charred, remove dregs, hold a date-sized amount in the mouth until healed. (Pang Anchang, *Shanghan Lun*)
Throat obstruction preventing intake of fluids: *Waitai Miyao*: Hold a slice of Shegan and swallow the juice. *Yifang Dacheng*: Grind fresh Bianzhu root to extract juice and swallow; bowel movement indicates resolution. Alternatively, grind with vinegar and hold in mouth to induce salivation. *Bianmin Fang*: One qian Zijiehudie root, 5 fen Huangqin (*Scutellariae Radix*), 5 fen Sheng Gancao (*Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma*), 5 fen Jiegeng (*Platycodonis Radix*), powdered, mixed with water and taken at once. Instant cure. Named "Duoming San" (Life-Seizing Powder).
Obstruction of both urination and defecation, unresponsive to other drugs: Juice of purple-flowered Bianzhu root (preferably from water edges), one cup orally. Immediately unblocks. (*Puji Fang*)
Hydropsy (*Shuigu*) with abdominal distension, splashing fluid sounds, dark skin: Juice of Guishan root, one cup orally. Water immediately drains. (*Zhouhou Fang*)
Yin hernia with swelling and stabbing pain, severe during attacks: Raw Shegan juice orally to promote evacuation. Can also be made into pills. (*Zhouhou Fang*)
Early stage Mastitis (*Ruyong*): Bianzhu root pieces resembling silkworm pupae, powdered with Daylily root, mixed with honey and applied externally. Miraculous effect. (*Yonglei Fang*)
Poison from "Shegong" (water bug/spider toxin) causing sores: Wusha and Shengma (*Cimicifugae Rhizoma*), each 2 liang, decocted in 3 sheng of water to 2 sheng. Take warm. Apply residue to sores. (Yaoengt'an, *Jiyan Fang*)