（《本经》下品）
【释名】巴菽（《本经》）、刚子（《炮炙》）、
时珍曰∶此物出巴蜀，而形如菽豆，故以名之。《宋本草》一名巴椒，乃菽字传讹也。
雷《炮炙论》又分紧小色黄者为巴，有三棱色黑者为豆，小而两头尖者为刚子。云巴与豆
可用，刚子不可用（杀人）。其说殊乖。盖紧小者是雌，有棱及两头尖者是雄。雄者峻利，
雌者稍缓也。用之得宜，皆有功力；用之失宜，参、术亦能为害，况巴豆乎？
【集解】《别录》曰∶巴豆生巴郡川谷。八月采，阴干用之，去心、皮。
颂曰∶今嘉州、眉州、戎州皆有之。木高一、二丈。叶如樱桃而浓大，初生青色，后渐
黄赤，至十二月叶渐凋，二月复渐生，四月旧叶落尽，新叶齐生，即花发成穗，微黄色。五、
六月结实作房，生青，至八月熟而黄，类白豆蔻，渐渐自落，乃收之。一房有三瓣，一瓣一
子，共三子。子仍有壳，用之去壳。戎州出者，壳上有纵纹，隐起如线，一道至两、三道。
彼土人呼为金线巴豆，最为上等，他处亦稀有。
时珍曰∶巴豆房似大风子壳而脆薄，子及仁皆似海松子。所云似白豆蔻者，殊不类。
【修治】弘景曰∶巴豆最能泻人，新者佳，用之去心、皮，熬令黄黑，捣如膏，乃和丸
散。
曰∶凡用巴与豆，敲碎，以麻油并酒等煮干研膏用。每一两，用油、酒各七合。
大明曰∶凡入丸散，炒用不如去心、膜，换水煮五度（各一沸也）。
时珍曰∶巴豆有用仁者，用壳者，用油者，有生用者，麸炒者，醋煮者，烧存性者，有
研烂以纸包压去油者（谓之巴豆霜）。
【气味】辛，温，有毒。
《别录》曰∶生温、熟寒，有大毒。
普曰∶神农、岐伯、桐君∶辛，有毒；黄帝∶甘，有毒。李当之∶热。
元素曰∶性热味苦，气薄味浓，体重而沉降，阴也。
杲曰∶性热味辛，有大毒，浮也，阳中阳也。
时珍曰∶巴豆气热味辛，生猛熟缓，能吐能下，能止能行，是可升可降药也。《别录》
言其熟则性寒，张氏言其降，李氏言其浮，皆泥于一偏矣。盖此物不去膜则伤胃，不去心则
作呕，以沉香水浸则能升能降，与大黄同用泻入反缓，为其性相畏也。王充《论衡》云∶万
物含太
之才曰∶芫花为之使。畏大黄、黄连、芦笋、菰笋、藜芦、酱、豉、冷水，得火良，恶
草，与牵牛相反。中其毒者，用冷水、黄连汁、大豆汁解之。
【主治】伤寒温疟寒热，破症瘕结聚坚积留饮痰癖，大腹水胀，荡练五脏六腑，开通闭
塞，利水谷道，去恶肉，除鬼毒蛊疰邪物，杀虫鱼（《本经》）。
疗女子月闭烂胎，金疮脓血，不利丈夫阴。杀斑蝥蛇虺毒。可炼饵之，益血脉，令人色
好，变化与鬼神通（《别录》）。治十种水肿，痿痹，落胎（《药性》）。通宣一切病，泄壅滞，
除风补劳，健脾开胃，消痰破血，排脓消肿毒，杀腹脏虫，治恶疮息肉，及疥癞疔肿（《日
华》）。
导气消积，去脏腑停寒，治生冷硬物所伤（元素）。治泻痢惊痫，心腹痛疝气，风 ，
耳聋，喉痹牙痛，通利关窍（时珍）
【发明】元素曰∶巴豆乃斩关夺门之将，不可轻用。
震亨曰∶巴豆去胃中寒积。无寒积者勿用。
元素曰∶世以巴豆热药治酒病膈气，以其辛热能开肠胃郁结也。但郁结虽开，而亡血液
，损其真阴。
从正曰∶伤寒风湿，小儿疮痘，妇人产后，用之下膈，不死亦危。奈何庸人畏大黄而不
畏巴豆，以其性热而剂小耳。岂知以蜡匮之，犹能下后使人津液枯竭，胸热口燥，耗却天真，
留毒不去，他病转生。故下药宜以为禁。
藏器曰∶巴豆主症癖 气，痞满积聚，冷气血块，宿食不消，痰饮吐水。取青黑大者，
每日空腹服一枚，去壳勿令白膜破，乃作两片（并四边不得有损缺）吞之，以饮压令下。少
顷
腹内热如火，利出恶物。虽利而不虚，若久服亦不利。白膜破者不用。
好古曰∶若急治，为水谷道路之剂，去皮、心、膜、油，生用。若缓治为消坚磨积之剂，
炒去烟令紫黑用，可以通肠，可以止泻，世所不知也。张仲景治百病客忤备急丸用之。
时珍曰∶巴豆峻用则有戡乱劫病之功，微用亦有抚缓调中之妙。譬之萧、曹、绛、灌，
乃勇猛武夫，而用之为相，亦能辅治太平。王海藏言其可以通肠，可以止泻，此发千古之秘
也。一老妇年六十余，病溏泄已五年，肉食、油物、生冷犯之即作痛。服调脾、升提、止涩
诸药，入腹则泄反甚。延余诊之，脉沉而滑，此乃脾胃久伤，冷积凝滞所致。王太仆所谓大
寒凝内，久利溏泄，愈而复发，绵历岁年者。法当以热下之，则寒去利止。遂用蜡匮巴豆丸
药五十丸与服，二日大便不通亦不利，其泄遂愈。自是每用治泄痢积滞诸病，皆不泻而病愈
者近百人。妙在配合得宜，药病相对耳。苟用所不当用，则犯轻用损阴之戒矣。
【正误】弘景曰∶道家亦有炼饵法，服之云可神仙。人吞一枚便死，而鼠食之三年重三
十斤，物性乃有相耐如此。
时珍曰∶汉时方士言巴豆炼饵，令人色好神仙，《名医别录》采入本草。张华《博物志
》言鼠食巴豆重三十斤。一谬一诬，陶氏信为实语，误矣。又言人吞一枚即死，亦近过情，
今并正之。
【附方】旧十三，新二十六。
一切积滞∶巴豆一两，蛤粉二两，黄柏三两，为末，水丸绿豆大。每水下五丸。（《医
学切问》）
寒 宿食久饮不消，大便闭塞∶巴豆仁一升，清酒五升，煮三日三夜，研熟，合酒微火
煎令可，丸如豌豆大。每服一丸，水下。欲吐者，二丸。（《千金方》）。
水蛊大腹，动摇水声，皮肤色黑∶巴豆九十枚（去心、皮，熬黄）。杏仁六十枚（去皮、
尖，熬黄），捣丸小豆大。水下一丸，以利为度。勿饮酒。（张文仲《备急方》）。
飞尸鬼击中恶，心痛腹胀，大便不通∶走马汤∶用巴豆二枚（去皮、心，熬黄），杏仁
二枚，以绵包椎碎，热汤一合，捻取白汁服之，当下而愈。量老小用之。（
食疟积疟∶巴豆（去皮、心）二钱，皂荚（去皮、子）六钱，捣丸绿豆大。一服一丸，
冷汤下。（《肘后方》）。
积滞泄痢，腹痛里急∶杏仁（去皮、尖）、巴豆（去皮、心）各四十九个，同烧存性，
研泥，
熔蜡和，丸绿豆大。每服二、三丸，煎大黄汤下，间日一服。一加百草霜三钱。（刘守真《宣
明方》）。
气痢赤白∶巴豆一两。去皮、心，熬研，以熟猪肝丸绿豆大。空心米饮下三、四丸，量
人用。此乃郑獬侍御所传方也。（《经验方》）。
泻血不止∶巴豆一个。去皮，以鸡子开一孔纳入，纸封煨熟，去豆食之，其病即止。虚
人分作二服，决效。（《普济方》）。
小儿下痢赤白∶用巴豆（煨熟，去油）一钱，百草霜二钱。研末，飞罗面煮糊，丸黍米
大，量人用之。赤用甘草汤，白
夏月水泻不止∶巴豆一粒，针头烧存性，化蜡和作一丸。倒流水下。（危氏《得效方》）。
小儿吐泻∶巴豆一个（针穿灯上烧过），黄蜡一豆大（灯上烧，滴入水中）。同杵丸黍米
大。每用五、七丸，莲子、灯心汤下。（同上）。
伏暑霍乱伤冷，吐利烦渴∶水浸丹∶用巴豆二十五个（去皮、心及油），黄丹（炒，研）
一两二钱半，化黄蜡和，丸绿
干霍乱病∶心腹胀痛，不吐不利，欲死。巴豆一枚（去皮、心），热水研服，得吐、利
即定也。二便不通∶巴豆（连油）、黄连各半两，捣作饼子。先滴葱、盐汁在脐内，安饼于
上，灸二七壮，取利为度。（《杨氏家藏
寒痰气喘∶青橘皮一片，展开入刚子一个，麻扎定，火上烧存性，研末。姜汁和酒一钟，
呷服。天台李翰林用此治莫秀才，到口便止，神方也。（张杲《医说》）。
风湿痰病∶人坐密室中，左用滚水一盆，右用炭火一盆，前置一桌，书一册。先将无油
新巴豆四十九粒研如泥，纸压去油，分作三饼。如病在左，令病患将右手仰置书上，安药于
掌心，以碗安药上，倾热水入碗内。水凉即换，良久汗出，立见神效。病在右安左掌心。一
云随左右安之。（《保寿堂经验方》）。
阴毒伤寒∶心结，按之极痛，大小便闭，但出气稍暖者。急取巴豆十粒研，入面一钱，
捻作饼，安脐内，以小艾炷灸五壮，气达即通。此太师陈北山方也。（《仁斋直指方》）
解中药毒∶巴豆（去皮，不去油）、马牙硝等分，研丸。冷水服一弹丸。（《初虞世方》）。
喉痹垂死，只有余气者∶巴豆去皮，线穿，内入喉中，牵出即苏。（《千金》）。
缠喉风痹∶巴豆两粒，纸卷作角，切断两头，以针穿作孔子，入鼻中，气透即通。（《胜
金方》）。
伤寒舌出∶巴豆一粒，去油取霜，以纸捻卷，内入鼻中。舌即收上。（《普济方》）。
舌上出血如簪孔∶巴豆一枚，乱发鸡子大，烧研，酒服。（《圣惠》）。
中风口 ∶巴豆七枚去皮，研，左 涂右手心，右 涂左手心，仍以暖水一盏安药上。
须臾即正，洗去。（《圣惠方》）。
小儿口疮不能食乳∶刚子一枚，连油研，入黄丹少许，剃去囟上发，贴之。四边起粟泡，
便用温水洗去，乃以菖蒲汤再洗，即不成疮，神效。（《瑞竹堂方
风虫牙痛∶《圣惠》∶用巴豆一粒（煨黄去壳）。蒜一瓣，切一头，剜去中心，入豆在内
盖定，绵裹，随左右塞耳中。《经验方》∶用巴豆一粒研，绵裹咬之。又方∶针刺巴豆，灯上
烧令烟出，
天丝入咽∶凡露地饮食，有飞丝入上，食之令人咽喉生疮。急以白矾、巴豆烧灰，吹入
即愈。（《琐碎录》）。
耳猝聋闭∶巴豆一粒。蜡裹，针刺孔通气，塞之取效。（《经验》）。
风瘙隐疹，心下迷闷∶巴豆五十粒（去心、皮）。水七升，煮三升，以帛染拭之，随手
愈。（《千金翼》）。
疥疮搔痒∶巴豆十粒。炮黄去皮、心，右顺手研，入酥少许，腻粉少许，抓破点上，不
得近目并外肾上。如熏目着肾，则以黄丹涂之，甚妙。（《十全方》）。
荷钱癣疮∶巴豆仁三个，连油杵泥，以生绢包擦，日一、二次，三日痊好。（碑以正《经
验方》）。
一切恶疮∶巴豆三十粒，麻油煎黑，去豆，以油调硫黄、轻粉末，频涂取效。（《普济》）。
痈疽恶肉∶乌金膏∶解一切疮毒，及腐化瘀肉，最能推陈致新。巴豆仁炒焦，研膏，点
痛处则解毒，涂瘀肉上则自化。加乳香少许亦可。若毒深不能收敛者，宜作捻 之，不致成
疮。（《外科理例》）。
疣痣黑子∶巴豆一钱（锻石炒过），人言一钱，糯米五分（炒）。研点之。（《怪症方》）。
箭镞入肉不可拔出者∶用新巴豆仁（略熬），与蜣螂同研涂之，斯须痛定，微痒忍之，
待极痒不可忍，便撼拔动之，取出，速以生肌膏敷之而痊。亦治疮肿。夏侯郸在润州得此方，
后至洪州，旅舍主人妻病背疮，呻吟不已，郸用此方试之，即痛止也。（《经验方》）。
小儿痰喘∶巴豆一粒。杵烂，绵裹塞鼻，男左女右，痰即自下。（龚氏《医鉴》）。
牛疫动头∶巴豆二粒（研），生麻油三两，浆水半升，和灌之。（贾相公《牛经》）。
油
【主治】中风痰厥气厥，中恶喉痹，一切急病，咽喉不通，牙关紧闭。以研烂巴豆绵
纸包，压取油作捻点灯，吹灭熏鼻中，或用热烟刺入喉内，即时出涎或恶血便苏。又舌上
无故出血，以熏舌之上下，自止（时珍）。
壳
【主治】消积滞，治泻痢（时珍）。
【附方】新二。
一切泻痢∶脉浮洪者，多日难已；脉微小者，服之立止。名胜金膏。巴豆皮、楮叶同烧
存性研，化蜡丸绿豆大。每甘草汤下五丸。（刘河间《宣明方》）。
痢频脱肛，黑色坚硬∶用巴豆壳烧灰，芭蕉自然汁煮，入朴硝少许，洗软，用真麻油点
火滴于上，以枯矾、龙骨少许为末，掺肛头上，以芭蕉叶托入。（
树根
【主治】痈疽发背，脑疽鬓疽大患。掘取洗捣，敷患处，留头，妙不可言。收根阴干，
临时水捣亦可（时珍。出杨诚《经验方》）。
【《神农本草经》列为下品】
【名称解释】巴菽（出自《神农本草经》）、刚子（出自《炮炙论》）。
李时珍说：这种药产于巴蜀地区，形状像菽豆，所以以此命名。《宋本草》中称它为巴椒，这是“菽”字传抄讹误所致。
雷敩在《炮炙论》中又将紧小色黄的称为“巴”，有三棱且色黑的称为“豆”，小而两头尖的称为“刚子”。他说巴和豆可以使用，刚子不可使用（因为会杀人）。这种说法非常荒谬。其实紧小的是雌性的，有棱及两头尖的是雄性的。雄性药性峻烈，雌性药性稍缓。只要使用得当，都有疗效；如果使用不当，人参、白术这样补益的药也能造成伤害，何况是巴豆呢？
【集解】《名医别录》说：巴豆生长在巴郡的山谷中。八月采集，阴干后使用，需去掉心部和外皮。
苏颂说：现在嘉州、眉州、戎州等地都有出产。树木高一二丈。叶子像樱桃叶但更浓大，初生时呈青色，后来逐渐变黄赤，到十二月叶子逐渐凋落，二月又逐渐新生，四月旧叶落尽，新叶同时长出，随即开花成穗，颜色微黄。五、六月结果实成房，青色，到八月成熟变黄，类似白豆蔻，逐渐自然掉落，然后收集。一个果房有三瓣，一瓣一粒种子，共三粒。种子仍有壳，使用时需去壳。戎州出产的，壳上有纵向纹路，隐起如线，一道至两、三道。当地人称其为金线巴豆，属于最上等，其他地方也很少见。
李时珍说：巴豆的果房像大风子的壳那样脆薄，种仁都像海松子。所谓像白豆蔻的说法，完全不像。
【修治】陶弘景说：巴豆最能让人腹泻，新鲜的为佳，使用时去掉心皮，炒至黄黑色，捣成膏状，再制成丸散。
寇宗奭说：凡是使用巴与豆，敲碎后，用麻油和酒等量煮干研成膏使用。每一两药，用油、酒各七合。
孟诜说：凡是入丸散，炒制不如去掉心膜，换水煮五次（每次煮沸一次）。
李时珍说：巴豆有用种仁的，有用外壳的，有用油的，有生用的，有用麸炒的，有用醋煮的，有用烧存性的，有用研烂后用纸包裹压榨去油的（称为巴豆霜）。
【气味】辛，温，有毒。
《名医别录》说：生用时性温，熟用时性寒，有大毒。
李当之说：神农、岐伯、桐君认为辛，有毒；黄帝认为甘，有毒。李当之认为热。
张元素说：性热味苦，气薄味浓，体重而沉降，属阴。
王好古说：性热味辛，有大毒，性浮，属阳中之阳。
李时珍说：巴豆气热味辛，生用猛烈，熟用缓和，能催吐能泻下，能止能行，是升降双向调节的药物。《名医别录》说它熟则性寒，张元素说它沉降，王好古说它上浮，都拘泥于片面观点。大概此药不去膜则伤胃，不去心则致呕，用沉香水浸泡则能升能降，与大黄同用泻下反而缓慢，因为它们的药性相互制约。王充《论衡》说：万物含太和之气……芫花作为它的引经药。畏大黄、黄连、芦笋、菰笋、藜芦、酱、豉、冷水，得火则良，恶草，与牵牛相反。中毒者，用冷水、黄连汁、大豆汁解毒。
【主治】治疗伤寒温疟引起的寒热往来，破除症瘕结聚、坚积、留饮、痰癖，消除大腹水胀，荡涤五脏六腑，开通闭塞，利水谷之道，去除恶肉，驱除鬼毒蛊疰邪物，杀虫鱼（《神农本草经》）。
治疗女子月经闭阻、烂胎，金疮脓血，不利丈夫阴部。杀斑蝥蛇虺毒。可炼制服用，有益血脉，使人面色红润，变化神通（《名医别录》）。治疗十种水肿，痿痹，堕胎（《药性论》）。通宣一切疾病，泄壅滞，除风补劳，健脾开胃，消痰破血，排脓消肿毒，杀腹脏虫，治疗恶疮息肉，以及疥癞疔肿（《日华子本草》）。
导气消积，去除脏腑停寒，治疗生冷硬物所伤（张元素）。治疗泻痢惊痫，心腹痛疝气，风眩，耳聋，喉痹牙痛，通利关窍（李时珍）。
【发明】张元素说：巴豆是斩关夺门的猛将，不可轻用。
朱震亨说：巴豆去除胃中寒积。没有寒积者勿用。
张元素说：世人用巴豆这味热药治疗酒病膈气，是因为其辛热能开肠胃郁结。但郁结虽开，却会耗亡血液，损伤真阴。
陈从正说：伤寒风湿，小儿疮痘，妇人产后，如果用巴豆下膈，不死也危险。为何庸医害怕大黄而不害怕巴豆，只因为它性热且剂量小罢了。哪里知道即使以蜡封藏，使用后仍能使人口津液枯竭，胸热口燥，耗损天真元气，留毒不去，引发其他疾病。所以下药应以此为禁。
陈藏器说：巴豆主治症癖气，痞满积聚，冷气血块，宿食不消，痰饮吐水。选取青黑色的大颗，每日空腹服一枚，去壳不要让白膜破裂，将其分成两片（四边不得有缺损）吞下，用水送服。片刻后腹内热如火，排出恶物。虽然泻下但不虚脱，若久服也不利。白膜破裂的不使用。
李好古说：若急治，作为水谷道路之剂，去皮、心、膜、油，生用。若缓治，作为消坚磨积之剂，炒去烟令紫黑用，可以通肠，也可以止泻，世人不知道这一点。张仲景治疗百病客忤备急丸中使用它。
李时珍说：巴豆峻用则有平乱劫病之功，微用亦有安抚调和脾胃之妙。就像萧何、曹参、周勃、灌婴，本是勇猛武夫，但任用为宰相，也能辅佐治理太平。王海藏说它可以通肠，也可以止泻，这是发掘了千古秘密。一位六十多岁的老妇，患溏泄五年，肉食、油腻、生冷食物触犯即作痛。服用调脾、升提、止涩各种药物，入腹后腹泻反而加重。请我诊治，脉沉而滑，这是脾胃久伤，冷积凝滞所致。王太仆所说的大寒凝于内，久利溏泄，愈而复发，绵延岁年的情况。法当以热药攻下，则寒去利止。于是用蜡封巴豆丸药五十丸让她服用，两天后大便不通也不腹泻，她的泄泻遂愈。从此每用此法治泻痢积滞诸病，皆不泻而病愈者近百人。妙在配合得当，药病相对耳。如果用在不当的地方，就犯了轻用损阴的戒律了。
【正误】陶弘景说：道家也有炼饵法，服用据说可以成神仙。人吞一枚便死，而老鼠吃它三年重三十斤，物性竟然有相耐受如此。
李时珍说：汉代方士说巴豆炼饵，令人面色好成神仙，《名医别录》收录进本草。张华《博物志》说老鼠吃巴豆重三十斤。一谬一诬，陶氏信以为真语，是错误的。又说人吞一枚即死，也过于夸张，现在一并纠正。
【附方】旧方十三首，新方二十六首。
一切积滞：巴豆一两，蛤粉二两，黄柏三两，研为末，水泛丸如绿豆大。每服水下五丸。（《医学切问》）
寒湿宿食久饮不消，大便闭塞：巴豆仁一升，清酒五升，煮三日三夜，研熟，合酒微火煎令可，丸如豌豆大。每服一丸，水下。欲吐者，服二丸。（《千金方》）
水蛊大腹，动摇有水声，皮肤色黑：巴豆九十枚（去心、皮，炒黄）。杏仁六十枚（去皮、尖，炒黄），捣丸如小豆大。水下一丸，以利为度。勿饮酒。（张文仲《备急方》）
飞尸鬼击中恶，心痛腹胀，大便不通：走马汤：用巴豆二枚（去皮、心，炒黄），杏仁二枚，用棉包捶碎，热汤一合，捻取白汁服之，当下而愈。根据老少用量。（《备急方》）
食疟积疟：巴豆（去皮、心）二钱，皂荚（去皮、子）六钱，捣丸如绿豆大。一服一丸，冷汤下。（《肘后方》）
积滞泄痢，腹痛里急：杏仁（去皮、尖）、巴豆（去皮、心）各四十九个，同烧存性，研泥，熔蜡和，丸如绿豆大。每服二、三丸，煎大黄汤下，间日一服。一加百草霜三钱。（刘守真《宣明方》）
气痢赤白：巴豆一两。去皮、心，熬研，以熟猪肝丸如绿豆大。空心米饮下三、四丸，视人情况用量。这是郑獬侍御所传的方子。（《经验方》）
泻血不止：巴豆一个。去皮，以鸡蛋开一孔纳入，纸封煨熟，去豆食之，其病即止。体虚人分两次服，决效。（《普济方》）
小儿下痢赤白：用巴豆（煨熟，去油）一钱，百草霜二钱。研末，飞罗面煮糊，丸如黍米大，视人情况用量。赤痢用甘草汤，白痢用……（原文此处似有缺漏，依文意补全逻辑，但严格翻译仅译出可见部分）夏月水泻不止：巴豆一粒，针头烧存性，化蜡和作一丸。倒流水下。（危氏《得效方》）
小儿吐泻：巴豆一个（针穿灯上烧过），黄蜡一豆大（灯上烧，滴入水中）。同杵丸如黍米大。每用五、七丸，莲子、灯心汤下。（同上）
伏暑霍乱伤冷，吐利烦渴：水浸丹：用巴豆二十五个（去皮、心及油），黄丹（炒，研）一两二钱半，化黄蜡和，丸绿……（原文此处似有缺漏）干霍乱病：心腹胀痛，不吐不利，欲死。巴豆一枚（去皮、心），热水研服，得吐、利即定也。二便不通：巴豆（连油）、黄连各半两，捣作饼子。先滴葱、盐汁在脐内，安饼于上，灸二七壮，取利为度。（《杨氏家藏方》）
寒痰气喘：青橘皮一片，展开入刚子一个，麻扎定，火上烧存性，研末。姜汁和酒一钟，呷服。天台李翰林用此治莫秀才，到口便止，神方也。（张杲《医说》）
风湿痰病：人坐密室中，左用滚水一盆，右用炭火一盆，前置一桌，书一册。先将无油新巴豆四十九粒研如泥，纸压去油，分作三饼。如病在左，令病患将右手仰置书上，安药于掌心，以碗安药上，倾热水入碗内。水凉即换，良久汗出，立见神效。病在右安左掌心。一说随左右安之。（《保寿堂经验方》）
阴毒伤寒：心结，按之极痛，大小便闭，但出气稍暖者。急取巴豆十粒研，入面一钱，捻作饼，安脐内，以小艾炷灸五壮，气达即通。这是太师陈北山的方子。（《仁斋直指方》）
解中药毒：巴豆（去皮，不去油）、马牙硝等分，研丸。冷水服一弹丸。（《初虞世方》）
喉痹垂死，只有余气者：巴豆去皮，线穿，内入喉中，牵出即苏。（《千金方》）
缠喉风痹：巴豆两粒，纸卷作角，切断两头，以针穿作孔子，入鼻中，气透即通。（《胜金方》）
伤寒舌出：巴豆一粒，去油取霜，以纸捻卷，内入鼻中。舌即收上。（《普济方》）
舌上出血如簪孔：巴豆一枚，乱发鸡子大，烧研，酒服。（《圣惠方》）
中风口眼歪斜：巴豆七枚去皮，研，左歪涂右手心，右歪涂左手心，仍以暖水一盏安药上。须臾即正，洗去。（《圣惠方》）
小儿口疮不能食乳：刚子一枚，连油研，入黄丹少许，剃去囟上发，贴之。四边起粟泡，便用温水洗去，乃以菖蒲汤再洗，即不成疮，神效。（《瑞竹堂方》）
风虫牙痛：《圣惠方》：用巴豆一粒（煨黄去壳）。蒜一瓣，切一头，剜去中心，入豆在内盖定，绵裹，随左右塞耳中。《经验方》：用巴豆一粒研，绵裹咬之。又方：针刺巴豆，灯上烧令烟出……（原文此处似有缺漏）天丝入咽：凡露地饮食，有飞丝入上，食之令人咽喉生疮。急以白矾、巴豆烧灰，吹入即愈。（《琐碎录》）
耳猝聋闭：巴豆一粒。蜡裹，针刺孔通气，塞之取效。（《经验方》）
风瘙隐疹，心下迷闷：巴豆五十粒（去心、皮）。水七升，煮三升，以帛染拭之，随手愈。（《千金翼方》）
疥疮搔痒：巴豆十粒。炮黄去皮、心，右顺手研，入酥少许，腻粉少许，抓破点上，不得近目并外肾上。如熏目着肾，则以黄丹涂之，甚妙。（《十全方》）
荷钱癣疮：巴豆仁三个，连油杵泥，以生绢包擦，日一、二次，三日痊好。（碑以正《经验方》）
一切恶疮：巴豆三十粒，麻油煎黑，去豆，以油调硫黄、轻粉末，频涂取效。（《普济方》）
痈疽恶肉：乌金膏：解一切疮毒，及腐化瘀肉，最能推陈致新。巴豆仁炒焦，研膏，点痛处则解毒，涂瘀肉上则自化。加乳香少许亦可。若毒深不能收敛者，宜作捻条之，不致成疮。（《外科理例》）
疣痣黑子：巴豆一钱（锻石炒过），人言一钱，糯米五分（炒）。研点之。（《怪症方》）
箭镞入肉不可拔出者：用新巴豆仁（略熬），与蜣螂同研涂之，斯须痛定，微痒忍之，待极痒不可忍，便撼拔动之，取出，速以生肌膏敷之而痊。亦治疮肿。夏侯郸在润州得此方，后至洪州，旅舍主人妻病背疮，呻吟不已，郸用此方试之，即痛止也。（《经验方》）
小儿痰喘：巴豆一粒。杵烂，绵裹塞鼻，男左女右，痰即自下。（龚氏《医鉴》）
牛疫动头：巴豆二粒（研），生麻油三两，浆水半升，和灌之。（贾相公《牛经》）
【油】
【主治】中风痰厥气厥，中恶喉痹，一切急病，咽喉不通，牙关紧闭。以研烂巴豆绵纸包，压取油作捻点灯，吹灭熏鼻中，或用热烟刺入喉内，即时出涎或恶血便苏。又舌上无故出血，以熏舌之上下，自止（李时珍）。
【壳】
【主治】消积滞，治泻痢（李时珍）。
【附方】新方二首。
一切泻痢：脉浮洪者，多日难已；脉微小者，服之立止。名胜金膏。巴豆皮、楮叶同烧存性研，化蜡丸如绿豆大。每甘草汤下五丸。（刘河间《宣明方》）
痢频脱肛，黑色坚硬：用巴豆壳烧灰，芭蕉自然汁煮，入朴硝少许，洗软，用真麻油点火滴于上，以枯矾、龙骨少许为末，掺肛头上，以芭蕉叶托入。（原文此处缺书名，依文意保留）
【树根】
【主治】痈疽发背，脑疽鬓疽大患。掘取洗捣，敷患处，留头，妙不可言。收根阴干，临时水捣亦可（李时珍。出杨诚《经验方》）。
[Classified as Lower Grade in the *Shennong Bencao Jing*]
【Names】Bashu (from *Shennong Bencao Jing*), Gangzi (from *Paozhi Lun*).
Li Shizhen said: This substance originates from Bashu, and its shape resembles soybeans; hence it is named so. In *Song Bencao*, it was called Bajiao, which is a transcription error of "Shu".
Lei Xiao in *Paozhi Lun* further distinguished tight, small, yellow ones as "Ba", those with three edges and black color as "Dou", and small ones pointed at both ends as "Gangzi". He stated that Ba and Dou are usable, while Gangzi is not (as it can be fatal). This view is highly erroneous. In fact, the tight and small ones are female, while those with edges and pointed ends are male. The male variety has a harsh and potent nature, whereas the female is slightly milder. If used appropriately, both have therapeutic efficacy; if misused, even tonics like Renshen (Ginseng) and Baizhu (Atractylodes Macrocephala Rhizome) can cause harm, let alone Badou (Croton Seed).
【Collection and Explanation】The *Mingyi Bielu* states: Badou grows in the valleys of Ba Commandery. It is harvested in August, dried in the shade, and used after removing the heart and skin.
Su Song stated: It is now produced in Jiazhou, Meizhou, and Rongzhou. The tree is one or two zhang high. The leaves resemble cherry leaves but are thicker and larger; they are initially green, gradually turning yellowish-red, and begin to wither in December. They regrow in February, old leaves fall completely in April when new leaves emerge simultaneously, followed by flower spikes that are pale yellow. Fruits form in May and June, initially green, ripening to yellow in August, resembling Bai Doukou (White Cardamom), and falling naturally before collection. Each fruit capsule has three locules, each containing one seed, totaling three seeds per capsule. The seeds still have shells, which must be removed before use. Those from Rongzhou have longitudinal ridges on the shell, appearing like lines, ranging from one to three. Locals call them Jinxiian Badou (Golden Line Croton Seed), considered the highest grade, rarely found elsewhere.
Li Shizhen noted: The Badou capsule is brittle and thin, similar to Dayafengzi (Jatropha Curcas Seed) shells; the kernels resemble Haisongzi (Korean Pine Nut). The claim that it resembles Bai Doukou is entirely inaccurate.
【Processing】Tao Hongjing stated: Badou is most effective at causing purgation; fresh ones are best. Remove the heart and skin, stir-fry until yellow-black, pound into a paste, then prepare into pills or powders.
Kou Zongshi stated: When using Ba or Dou, crush them, boil with equal parts sesame oil and wine until dry, then grind into a paste. For every liang of drug, use seven he of oil and wine.
Meng Shen stated: For pills and powders, stir-frying is inferior to removing the heart and membrane, boiling in changed water five times (each time brought to a boil).
Li Shizhen stated: Badou can be used as kernel, shell, oil, raw, bran-fried, vinegar-boiled, charred (preserving nature), or pounded and pressed through paper to remove oil (known as Badoushuang/Croton Frost).
【Flavor and Properties】Acrid, warm, toxic.
The *Mingyi Bielu* states: Raw is warm, cooked is cold, highly toxic.
Li Dangzhi stated: Shen Nong, Qibo, Tong Jun: Acrid, toxic; Huangdi: Sweet, toxic. Li Dangzhi: Hot.
Zhang Yuansu stated: Nature hot, flavor bitter, qi thin, flavor strong, heavy and sinking, Yin.
Wang Haogu stated: Nature hot, flavor acrid, highly toxic, floating, Yang within Yang.
Li Shizhen stated: Badou has a hot qi and acrid flavor; raw is fierce, cooked is mild. It can induce vomiting or purging, stop or promote movement, making it a drug capable of ascending and descending. The *Mingyi Bielu* claims it becomes cold when cooked; Zhang Yuansu emphasizes its descending nature; Wang Haogu emphasizes its floating nature; all are biased. Generally, if the membrane is not removed, it injures the stomach; if the heart is not removed, it causes vomiting. Soaking in Chenxiang (Aquilaria Wood) water enables both ascending and descending effects. Combined with Dahuang (Rhubarb Root and Rhizome), purgation slows due to mutual inhibition. Wang Chong's *Lunheng* mentions... Yuanhua (Genkwa Flower) acts as its guide. It is incompatible with Dahuang, Huanglian (Coptis Rhizome), Lusun (Reed Shoot), Gusun (Water Bamboo Shoot), Lilü (Veratrum), Jiang (Soybean Paste), Chi (Fermented Soybeans), and Cold Water. Fire enhances its effect. It opposes Qianniu (Pharbitis Seed). Poisoning is treated with Cold Water, Huanglian juice, or Da Dou (Soybean) juice.
【Indications】Treats chills and fever from Shanghan (Cold Damage) and Wen Nue (Warm Malaria); breaks up masses, accumulations, hard deposits, retained fluids, and phlegm-stagnation; eliminates abdominal distension with fluid retention; cleanses the five viscera and six bowels; opens blockages; promotes urination and defecation; removes necrotic tissue; expels evil toxins, gu-poison, and pathogenic factors; kills parasites and fish (*Shennong Bencao Jing*).
Treats amenorrhea and fetal decay in women; sores and pus from metal wounds; impotence in men. Kills poison from Blatta orientalis (Ground Beetle) and venomous snakes. Can be refined and ingested to nourish blood vessels, improve complexion, and enhance vitality (*Mingyi Bielu*). Treats ten types of edema, flaccidity and numbness, and induces abortion (*Yaoxing Lun*). Opens and unblocks all diseases, drains stagnation, dispels wind, supplements fatigue, strengthens spleen and opens appetite, resolves phlegm and breaks blood stasis, discharges pus and reduces swelling/toxicity, kills intestinal worms, treats malignant sores and polyps, as well as scabies, leprosy, and carbuncles (*Ri Hua Zi Bencao*).
Guides qi and reduces accumulation; removes internal cold from organs; treats injuries from raw, cold, or hard foods (Zhang Yuansu). Treats diarrhea, dysentery, convulsions, epigastric pain, hernia, vertigo, deafness, throat obstruction, toothache, and opens orifices (Li Shizhen).
【Elucidation】Zhang Yuansu stated: Badou is a general who breaches city gates; it must not be used lightly.
Zhu Zhenheng stated: Badou removes cold accumulation in the stomach. Do not use if there is no cold accumulation.
Zhang Yuansu stated: People use this hot drug for alcohol-induced diaphragmatic qi stagnation because its acrid heat opens gastrointestinal congestion. However, although congestion opens, it depletes blood and damages true yin.
Chen Congzheng stated: In cases of Shanghan with wind-dampness, pediatric varicella, or postpartum conditions, using Badou to purge below the diaphragm leads to death or severe danger. Why do mediocre physicians fear Dahuang but not Badou, merely because it is hot and dosed small? Even if wax-sealed, it can cause dehydration, chest heat, dry mouth, depletion of vital essence, and retention of toxins, leading to other diseases. Thus, purgatives should be strictly prohibited in these cases.
Chen Cangqi stated: Badou treats mass-related qi stagnation, fullness, accumulations, cold-blood clots, undigested food, and phlegm-fluid vomiting. Select large, dark green/black ones. Take one pill empty stomach daily. Remove shell without breaking the white membrane, split into two pieces (edges intact), swallow with water. Soon, heat arises in the abdomen like fire, expelling foul matter. Purging occurs without deficiency; long-term use does not cause purging. Discard if the white membrane is broken.
Li Haogu stated: For urgent treatment, as a purgative for food/water pathways, remove skin, heart, membrane, and oil; use raw. For slow treatment, as a drug to dissolve hardness and grind accumulations, stir-fry until smoky and purple-black; it can unblock intestines or stop diarrhea, a secret unknown to the world. Zhang Zhongjing used it in Beiji Wan (Emergency Rescue Pill) for various diseases and sudden fright.
Li Shizhen stated: Used heavily, Badou has the merit of quelling chaos and seizing disease; used mildly, it has the subtlety of soothing and regulating the middle. Like Xiao He, Cao Shen, Zhou Bo, and Guan Ying—brave warriors who served as chancellors to govern peace—Badou can also assist in pacifying the body. Wang Haicang said it can unblock intestines and stop diarrhea, revealing an ancient secret. An elderly woman over sixty suffered loose stools for five years; meat, oil, and cold foods triggered pain. Tonifying spleen, lifting, and astringent drugs worsened diarrhea upon ingestion. Her pulse was deep and slippery, indicating long-term spleen/stomach injury and cold accumulation. As Wang Tapo described: severe internal cold causing chronic loose stools that recur annually. The method requires hot purgation to remove cold and stop diarrhea. I prescribed fifty wax-sealed Badou pills. After two days, no bowel movement nor diarrhea occurred, and her condition resolved. Since then, nearly a hundred patients with diarrhea, dysentery, and stagnation were cured without purging, thanks to proper combination and matching. Misuse violates the warning against light use damaging yin.
【Correction】Tao Hongjing stated: Daoists have refining methods claiming immortality. One pill kills humans, yet rats eating it for three years weigh thirty jin. Substances have such tolerance.
Li Shizhen stated: Han dynasty alchemists claimed Badou refining improves complexion and grants immortality, recorded in *Mingyi Bielu*. Zhang Hua’s *Bowuzhi* claimed rats weighing thirty jin eat Badou. One is false, the other exaggerated; Tao believed them literally, which is wrong. Also, claiming one pill kills humans is overly dramatic. These are corrected here.
【Attached Prescriptions】Thirteen old, twenty-six new.
All stagnations: Badou 1 liang, Ge Fen (Clam Powder) 2 liang, Huangbai (Phellodendron Bark) 3 liang. Pound to powder, make pills size of mung beans. Take 5 pills with water (*Yixue Qiewen*).
Cold-dampness, retained food/drink not digesting, constipation: Badou Ren (Kernel) 1 sheng, clear wine 5 sheng. Boil for 3 days/nights, pound ripe, mix with wine, simmer gently, make pills size of pea. Take 1 pill with water. To induce vomiting, take 2 pills (*Qianjin Fang*).
Hydrops with abdominal distension, fluid sounds, dark skin: Badou 90 pieces (remove heart/skin, fry yellow). Xingren (Apricot Seed) 60 pieces (remove skin/point, fry yellow). Pound into pills size of adzuki bean. Take 1 pill with water, stop when purged. Avoid alcohol (*Beiji Fang* by Zhang Wenzhong).
Flying corpse ghost strike, sudden evil, heart pain/abdominal distension, constipation: Zouma Tang (Running Horse Decoction): Badou 2 pieces (remove skin/heart, fry yellow), Xingren 2 pieces. Wrap in cotton, crush. Add 1 he hot water, squeeze white juice, drink. Purge to recover. Adjust for age/strength (*Beiji Fang*).
Food malaria/accumulation malaria: Badou (remove skin/heart) 2 qian, Zaojiao (Gleditsia Fruit) (remove skin/seeds) 6 qian. Pound into pills size of mung beans. Take 1 pill with cold water (*Zhouhou Fang*).
Stagnation diarrhea/dysentery, abdominal pain/tenesmus: Xingren (remove skin/point), Badou (remove skin/heart) 49 each. Char together, pound to mud, mix with melted wax, make pills size of mung beans. Take 2-3 pills with decoction of Dahuang, every other day. Add 3 qian Baicaoshuang (Charred Ash) (*Xuanming Fang* by Liu Shouzhen).
Qi dysentery red/white: Badou 1 liang. Remove skin/heart, fry and pound. Mix with cooked pork liver, make pills size of mung beans. Take 3-4 pills on empty stomach with rice water, adjust by patient (*Jingyan Fang*).
Unstopping bloody diarrhea: Badou 1 piece. Remove skin, make hole in egg, insert bean, seal with paper, roast熟. Eat bean, discard shell. Disease stops. Divide into two doses for deficient patients. Effective (*Puji Fang*).
Pediatric dysentery red/white: Badou (roast熟, remove oil) 1 qian, Baicaoshuang 2 qian. Pound to powder, make paste with fine flour, pills size of millet. Adjust by patient. Red dysentery with Licorice decoction, White with... (Text incomplete). Summer watery diarrhea unstoping: Badou 1 grain, needle-head charred, mix with wax, make 1 pill. Take with inverted flowing water (*Defang Fang* by Wei Shi).
Pediatric vomiting/diarrhea: Badou 1 piece (pierce, burn on lamp), Huangla (Yellow Wax) size of soybean (burn on lamp, drip in water). Pound together, make pills size of millet. Take 5-7 pills with Lotus Seed and Dengxin (Centella/Water Plantain) decoction (Same).
Summerheat cholera/cold injury, vomiting/diarrhea/thirst: Shuijin Dan (Water Immortal Pill): Badou 25 pieces (remove skin/heart/oil), Huangdan (Lead Monoxide) (fry, pound) 1 liang 2 qian 5 fen. Mix with melted wax, make green... (Text incomplete). Dry cholera: Abdominal distension/pain, no vomiting/purging, dying. Badou 1 piece (remove skin/heart), grind in hot water, drink. Vomiting/purging brings relief. Urinary/Fecal obstruction: Badou (with oil), Huanglian 0.5 liang each. Pound into cake. Apply onion-salt juice to umbilicus, place cake, moxa 14 burns, stop when purged (*Yangshi Jiancang Fang*).
Cold-phlegm asthma: Qingju Pi (Green Tangerine Peel) 1 piece, insert Gangzi 1, tie with hemp, char on fire, pound. Mix with Ginger Juice and Wine 1 zhong, sip. Li Hanlin of Tiantai used this for Scholar Mo, stopped immediately. Divine prescription (*Yishuo* by Zhang Gao).
Wind-dampness phlegm disease: Sit in sealed room. Left: basin of boiling water. Right: charcoal fire. Front: table with book. Grind 49 fresh oil-free Badou grains to mud, press paper to remove oil, make 3 cakes. If disease on left, patient places right hand palm-up on book, place medicine on palm, cover with bowl, pour hot water. Replace when cool. Sweat appears, effect seen. If disease on right, place on left palm. Or follow side of disease (*Baoshoutang Jingyan Fang*).
Yin-toxin Shanghan: Chest knot, extreme pain on pressure, urinary/fecal closure, only warm breath. Grind 10 Badou grains quickly, mix with 1 qian flour, make cake, place in umbilicus, moxa 5 burns. Qi reaches, passage opens. Prescription from Grand Tutor Chen Beishan (*Renzhai Zhizhi Fang*).
Resolve Chinese medicine toxicity: Badou (remove skin, keep oil), Mayaxiao (Niter) equal parts. Pound into pills. Take 1 pill size of bullet with cold water (*Chuyushi Fang*).
Throat obstruction near death, only residual breath: Badou remove skin, thread through, insert into throat, pull out, revive (*Qianjin Fang*).
Coiling throat wind obstruction: Badou 2 grains, roll in paper into horn, cut ends, pierce with needle, insert into nose, breath passes, opens (*Shengjin Fang*).
Shanghan tongue protrusion: Badou 1 grain, remove oil to frost, roll in paper twist, insert into nose. Tongue retracts (*Puji Fang*).
Tongue bleeding like pinhole: Badou 1 piece, tangled hair size of egg, char and pound, take with wine (*Shenghui Fang*).
Stroke mouth deviation: Badou 7 pieces remove skin, pound. Deviation to left apply to right palm, deviation to right apply to left palm. Place warm water over medicine. Corrects soon, wash off (*Shenghui Fang*).
Pediatric mouth ulcers unable to suck milk: Gangzi 1 piece, pound with oil, add little Huangdan, shave fontanelle hair, apply. Blisters rise around, wash with warm water, then Calamus decoction. Ulcer heals, divine effect (*Ruizhutang Fang*).
Wind-worm toothache: *Shenghui Fang*: Badou 1 grain (roast yellow, remove shell). Garlic 1 clove, cut one end, hollow center, insert bean, cover, wrap in cotton, stuff into ear according to side. *Jingyan Fang*: Pound 1 Badou grain, wrap in cotton, bite. Another method: Pierce Badou, burn on lamp until smoke... (Text incomplete). Heavenly silk in throat: Outdoor dining may have flying silk enter food, causing throat ulcers. Quickly grind Bai Fan (Alum) and Badou to ash, blow into throat, heals (*Suosuilu*).
Sudden deafness/blockage: Badou 1 grain. Wrap in wax, pierce hole for air, plug for effect (*Jingyan Fang*).
Wind itching hives, chest confusion: Badou 50 pieces (remove heart/skin). Boil in 7 sheng water to 3 sheng. Dip cloth, wipe, heals instantly (*Qianjin Yi Fang*).
Scabies itching: Badou 10 grains. Fry yellow, remove skin/heart, pound smoothly, add little butter, Nifen (Calomel), apply to scratched area. Avoid eyes/genitals. If entering eyes/kidneys, apply Huangdan. Excellent (*Shiquan Fang*).
Coin-shaped tinea: Badou Ren 3 pieces, pound with oil to mud, rub with raw silk, 1-2 times daily, heals in 3 days (*Beiyizheng Jingyan Fang*).
All malignant sores: Badou 30 grains, fry in sesame oil until black, remove beans, mix oil with Sulfur and Qingfen (Mineral Powder), apply frequently (*Puji Fang*).
Carbuncle malignant flesh: Wu Jin Gao (Black Gold Ointment): Resolves all sore toxins, rotting blood/stasis, promotes renewal. Fry Badou Ren until scorched, pound to paste. Dot on painful area to detoxify, smear on stasis to dissolve. Add little Rushing Xiang (Frankincense). If toxin deep and non-healing, make wick, avoid ulcer formation (*Waike Lili*).
Warts/moles/black nevi: Badou 1 qian (fried with lime), Renyin (Arsenic Trioxide) 1 qian, Nuomi (Glutinous Rice) 5 fen (fried). Pound and dot (*Guai Zheng Fang*).
Arrowhead embedded cannot be pulled out: Use fresh Badou Ren (slightly fried), grind with dung beetle, apply. Pain settles, slight itch endure. When unbearable itch, shake/pull out, apply Shengji Gao (Flesh Generating Ointment) to heal. Also treats swellings. Xiahou Dan obtained this in Runzhou, later tested on innkeeper's wife with back abscess, pain stopped immediately (*Jingyan Fang*).
Pediatric phlegm asthma: Badou 1 grain. Pound rotten, wrap in cotton, plug nose. Male left, female right, phlegm descends (*Yijian* by Gong Shi).
Cattle epidemic head shaking: Badou 2 grains (pound), Sheng Mazh You (Raw Sesame Oil) 3 liang, Jiangshui (Fermented Rice Water) 0.5 sheng. Mix and drench (*Niujing* by Jia Xianggong).
【Oil】
【Indications】Stroke with phlegm/qi reversal, sudden evil throat obstruction, all acute diseases, throat blockage, locked jaw. Pound Badou, wrap in cotton paper, press oil, make wick, light lamp, extinguish, smoke into nose. Or use hot smoke inserted into throat. Saliva or foul blood expelled, patient revives. Also, spontaneous tongue bleeding: smoke above/below tongue, stops automatically (Li Shizhen).
【Shell】
【Indications】Reduces stagnation, treats diarrhea/dysentery (Li Shizhen).
【Attached Prescriptions】Two new.
All diarrhea/dysentery: Pulse floating/hyperactive, difficult to cure after many days; pulse minute/small, stops immediately upon taking. Named Shengjin Gao. Badou Pi (Skin), Chu Ye (Paper Mulberry Leaf) charred together, pound, mix with melted wax, make pills size of mung beans. Take 5 pills with Licorice decoction (*Xuanming Fang* by Liu Hejian).
Frequent dysentery with rectal prolapse, black and hard: Burn Badou shell to ash, boil in Banana juice, add little Puxiao (Mirabilite), soften, apply real sesame oil lit drop on top, sprinkle little Kubai (Alum) and Longgu (Fossil Bone) powder on anus, push in with banana leaf (Title missing).
【Root】
【Indications】Carbuncles, back abscesses, brain/brow abscesses. Dig, wash, pound, apply to affected area, leave head exposed. Wonderful. Collect roots, dry in shade, pound with water when needed (Li Shizhen. From Yang Cheng *Jingyan Fang*).