（《本经》下品）
【释名】恒山（《吴普》）、互草（《本经》）、
时珍曰∶恒亦常也。恒山乃北岳名，在今定州。常山乃郡名，亦今真定。岂此药始产于
此得名欤？蜀漆乃常山苗，功用相同，今并为一。
【集解】《别录》曰∶常山生益州川谷及汉中。二月、八月采根，阴干。又曰∶蜀漆生
江林山川谷及蜀汉中，常山苗也。五月采叶，阴干。
弘景曰∶常山出宜都、建平。细实黄者，呼为鸡骨常山，用之最胜。蜀漆是常山苗而所
出又异者，江林山即益州江阳山名，故是同处尔。彼人采得，萦结作丸，得时燥者佳。
恭曰∶常山生山谷间。茎圆有节，高者不过三四尺。叶似茗而狭长，两两相当。三月生
白花，
青萼。五月结实青圆，三子为房。其草暴燥色青白，堪用。若阴干便黑烂郁坏矣。
保升曰∶今出金州、房州、梁州中江县。树高三、四尺，根似荆根，黄色而破。五、六
月采叶，名蜀漆也。
颂曰∶今汴西、淮、浙、湖南州郡亦有之，并如上说。而海州出者，叶似楸叶，八月有
花，
红白色，子碧色，似山楝子而小。今天台山出一种草，名土常山，苗叶极甘。人用为饮，甘
味如蜜，又名蜜香草，性凉益人，非此常山也。
【修治】 曰∶采时连根苗收。如用茎叶，临时去根，以甘草细锉，同水拌湿蒸之。临
时去甘草，取蜀漆细锉，又拌甘草水匀，再蒸，日干用。其常山，凡用以酒浸一宿，漉出日
干，熬捣用。
时珍曰∶近时有酒浸蒸熟或瓦炒熟者，亦不甚吐人。又有醋制者，吐人。
常山
【气味】苦，寒，有毒。《别录》曰∶辛，微寒。普曰∶神农、岐伯∶苦；桐君∶辛，
有毒；李当之∶大寒。权曰∶苦，有小毒。
炳曰∶得甘草，吐疟。
之才曰∶畏玉札。
大明曰∶忌葱菜及菘菜。伏砒石。
【主治】伤寒寒热，热发温疟鬼毒，胸中痰结吐逆（《本经》）。
疗鬼蛊往来，水胀，洒洒恶寒，鼠 （《别录》）。治诸疟，吐痰涎，治项下瘤瘿（甄权）。
蜀漆
【气味】辛，平，有毒。《别录》曰∶微温。权曰∶苦，有小毒。
元素曰∶辛，纯阳。
炳曰∶桔梗为之使。
之才曰∶栝蒌为之使。恶贯众。
【主治】疟及咳逆寒热，腹中症坚痞结，积聚邪气，蛊毒鬼疰
疗胸中邪结气，吐去之（《别录》）。治瘴、鬼疟多时不瘥，温疟寒热，下肥气（甄权）。
破血，洗去腥，与苦酸同用，导胆邪（元素）。
【发明】 曰∶蜀漆春夏用茎叶，秋冬用根。老人久病，切忌服之。颂曰∶常山、蜀漆
为治疟之最要。不可多进，令人吐逆。震亨曰∶常山性暴悍，善驱逐，能伤真气。病患稍近
虚怯，不可用也。《外台》乃用三两作一服，殊昧雷公老人久病切忌
时珍曰∶常山、蜀漆有劫痰截疟之功，须在发散表邪及提出阳分之后。用之得宜，神效
立见；用失其法，真气必伤。夫疟有六经疟、五脏疟、痰湿食积瘴疫鬼邪诸疟，须分阴阳虚
实，不可一概论也。常山、蜀漆生用则上行必吐；酒蒸炒熟用则气稍缓，少用亦不致吐也。
得甘草则吐；得大黄则利；得乌梅、鲮鲤甲则入肝；得小麦、竹叶，则入心；得秫米、
麻黄，则入肺；得龙骨、附子，则入肾；得草果、槟榔，则入脾。盖无痰不作疟，二物之功，
亦在驱逐痰水而已。杨士瀛《直指方》云∶常山治疟，人皆薄之。疟家多蓄痰涎黄水，或停
潴心下，或结 胁间，乃生寒热。法当吐痰逐水，常山岂容不用？水在上焦，则常山能吐之；
水在胁下，则常山能破其 而下其水。但须行血药品佐助之，必收十全之功。其有纯热发疟
或蕴热内实之证，投以常山，大便点滴而下，似泄不泄者。须用北大黄为佐，泄利数行，然
后获愈也。又待制李焘云∶岭南瘴气寒热所感，邪气多在营卫皮肉之间。欲去皮肤毛孔中瘴
气根本，非常山不可。但性吐人，惟以七宝散冷服之，即不吐，且验也。
【附方】旧三，新二十五。
截疟诸汤∶《外台秘要》∶用常山三两，浆水三升，浸一宿，煎取一升，欲发前顿服，取
吐。
《肘后方》∶用常山一两，秫米一百粒，水六升，煮三升，分三服。先夜、未发、临发时服
尽。《养生主论》∶王隐者驱疟汤云∶予用此四十年，奇效不能尽述，切勿加减，万无一吐者。
常山（酒煮晒干）、知母
发前服。
少顷再
云∶乃桂广州方也，甚验。恒山一钱二分，大黄二钱半，炙甘草一钱二分。水一盏半，煎减
半，曰醇，发日五更温服；再以水一盏，煎减半，曰
治久疟不止。常山一钱半，槟榔一钱，丁香五分，乌梅一个，酒一盏，浸一宿，五更饮之。
一服便止，永不再发，如神。
以来者，一剂瘥。恒山三两，研末，鸡子白和丸梧子大，瓦器煮熟，杀腥气，则取晒干收之。
每服二十丸，竹叶汤下，五更一服，天明一服，发前一服，或吐或否即止。《肘后》丹砂丸∶
恒山（捣末）三两，真丹一两研，白蜜和杵百下，丸梧子大。先发服三丸，少顷再服三丸，
临
时服三丸，酒下，无
两，乌梅（连核瓦焙）一两，为末，糯米粉糊丸梧子大。每服三、五十丸，凉酒下，隔一夜
一
服，平旦一服。午后方食。葛洪《肘后方》∶用恒山三两，知母一两，甘草半两，捣末，蜜
丸梧子大。先发时服十丸，次服七丸，后服五六丸，以瘥为度。《和剂局方》瞻仰丸∶治一
切疟。常山四两（炒存性），草果二两（炒存性）。为末，薄糊丸梧子大。每卧时冷酒服五十
丸，五更再服。忌鹅羊热物。
又胜金丸∶治一切疟，胸膈停痰，发不愈者。常山八两（酒浸蒸焙），槟榔二两（生）。
研末，糊丸梧子大。如上法服。《集简方》二圣丸∶治诸疟，不拘远近大小。鸡骨恒山
、鸡心槟榔各一两（生研），鲮鲤甲（煨焦）一两半。为末，糯粉糊丸绿豆大，黄丹为衣。
每
服三、五十丸，如上法服。厥阴肝疟，寒多热少，喘息如死状，或少腹满，小便如脓，不问
久近，不吐不泄，如神∶恒山一两，醋浸一夜，瓦器煮干。每用二钱，水一盏，煎半盏，五
更冷服。（赵真人《济急方》）
太阴肺疟，痰聚胸中，病至令人心寒，寒甚乃热，热间善惊，如有所见∶恒山三钱，甘
草半钱，秫米三十五粒，水二钟，煎一钟，发日早分三次服。（《千金方》）
少阴肾疟，凄凄然寒，手足寒，腰脊痛，大便难，目 然。恒山二钱半，豉半两，乌
梅一钱，竹叶一钱半，葱白三根，水一升半，煎一升，发前分三服。（《千金方》）
牝疟独寒不热者∶蜀漆散∶用蜀漆、云母（ 三日夜）、龙骨各二钱。为末。每服半钱，
临发日旦一服，发前一服，酢浆水调下。温疟，又加蜀漆一钱。（张仲景《金匮要略》）
牡疟独热不冷者。蜀漆一钱半，甘草一钱，麻黄二钱，牡蛎粉二钱。水二钟，先煎麻黄、
蜀漆，去沫，入药再煎至一钟，未发前温服，得吐则止。（王焘《外台秘要》）
温疟热多∶恒山一钱，小麦三钱，淡竹叶二钱。水煎，五更服，甚良。（《药性论》）
三十年疟∶《肘后方》∶治三十年老疟及积年久疟∶常山、黄连各一两。酒三升，渍一宿，
以
瓦釜煮取一升半。发日早服五合，发时再服。热当吐，冷当利，无不瘥者。张文仲《备急方》∶
用恒山一两半，龙骨五钱，附子（炮）二钱半，大黄一两。为末，鸡子黄和丸梧子大。未发
时五丸，将发时五丸，白汤下。支太医云∶此方神验，无不断者。
方》∶
常山一寸，草果一枚，热酒一碗，浸一夜，五更望东服之，盖卧，酒醒即愈。《谈野翁试验
方》∶用常山、槟榔、甘草各二钱，黑豆一百粒，水煎服之。乃彭司寇所传。葛稚川《肘后
方》∶用常山、黄连、香豉各一两，附子（炮）七钱，捣末，蜜丸梧子大。空腹饮服四丸，
欲
发时三丸。至午后乃食。
妊娠疟疾∶酒蒸常山、石膏（ ）各一钱，乌梅（炒）五分，甘草四分。水一盏，酒一
盏，浸一夜，平旦温服。（姚僧坦《集验方》）
寒热攻，直须
术治免成空。常山刻作人形状，钉在孩儿生气宫。如金生人，金生在巳，即钉巳上；木生人，
钉亥上；火生人，钉寅上；水土生人，钉申上也。
二钱，左顾牡蛎一钱二分，浆水煎服，当吐痰而愈。名千金汤。（阮氏）
胸中痰饮∶恒山、甘草各一两，水五升，煮取一升，去滓，入蜜二合。温服七合，取吐。
不吐更服。（《千金方》）
【附录】杜茎山（《图经》） 颂曰∶叶味苦，性寒。主温瘴寒热作止不定，烦渴头痛心
躁。杵烂，新酒浸，绞汁服，吐出恶涎甚效。生宜州。茎高四五尺，叶似苦
紫色。实如枸杞子，大而白。
土红山 颂曰∶叶甘、苦，微寒，无毒。主骨节疼痛，劳热瘴疟。生福州及南恩州山野
中。
大者高七八尺。叶似枇杷而小，无毛。秋生白花如粟粒，不实。福州生者作细藤，似芙蓉叶，
其叶上青下白，根如葛头。土人取根米泔浸一宿，以清水再浸一宿，炒黄为末。每服一钱，
水一盏，生姜一片，同煎服。亦治劳瘴甚效。
时珍曰∶杜茎山即土恒山，土红山又杜茎山之类，故并附之。
【背景信息】
书名：《本草纲目》 作者：李时珍 朝代：明·万历六年 章节：常山、蜀漆 类别：本草
（出自《神农本草经》下品）
【释名】恒山（《吴普药录》）、互草（《神农本草经》）。
李时珍说：恒和常意思相同。恒山是北岳的名字，在今天的定州。常山是郡的名字，也就是今天的真定。难道这种药最初产于此地而得名吗？蜀漆是常山的嫩苗，功效相同，现在将它们合并在一起论述。
【集解】《名医别录》说：常山生长在益州的川谷以及汉中地区。二月、八月采集根部，阴干。又说：蜀漆生长在江林山川谷及蜀汉地区，是常山的嫩苗。五月采集叶子，阴干。
陶弘景说：常山出产于宜都、建平。果实细小且呈黄色的，被称为鸡骨常山，药效最好。蜀漆是常山的嫩苗但产地不同，江灵山就是益州江阳山的名字，所以其实是同一地方的人采集的。当地人采集后，缠绕打结做成丸剂，干燥及时的为佳。
苏恭说：常山生长在山谷之间。茎圆且有节，高的不超过三四尺。叶子像茶树叶但狭长，两两相对。三月开白花，花萼青色。五月结出青色的圆形果实，三个果实为一房。其草暴晒干燥后颜色青白，可以使用。如果阴干就会变黑腐烂变质。
保升说：现在出产于金州、房州、梁州的中江县。树高三四尺，根像荆条根，黄色且易折断。五、六月采集叶子，称为蜀漆。
苏颂说：现在汴西、淮、浙、湖南各州郡也有出产，都像上面所说的那样。而海州出产的，叶子像楸树叶，八月开花，花色红白，果实碧色，像山楝子但较小。今天天台山出产一种草，名叫土常山，苗叶味道极甜。人们用它做饮料，甜味如蜜，又名蜜香草，性凉对人有益，不是这种常山。
【修治】雷公说：采集时连同根和苗一起收采。如果要使用茎叶，临时去掉根部，用甘草细细切碎，与水拌匀湿润后蒸制。临时去掉甘草，取蜀漆细细切碎，又拌入甘草水均匀，再次蒸制，晒干后使用。至于常山，凡是使用都要用酒浸泡一夜，滤出晒干，炒捣后使用。
李时珍说：近来有用酒浸蒸熟或瓦器炒熟的，也不怎么让人呕吐。又有用醋炮制的，会让人呕吐。
常山
【气味】苦，寒，有毒。《名医别录》说：辛，微寒。吴普说：神农、岐伯认为苦；桐君认为辛，有毒；李当之认为大寒。徐权说：苦，有小毒。
王炳说：配合甘草，能治疗疟疾引起呕吐。
寇宗奭说：畏惧玉札（即龙骨）。
马志说：忌食葱、菜及菘菜（白菜）。能制约砒石。
【主治】伤寒引起的寒热往来，温热病发作的疟疾及鬼毒，胸中痰结导致的呕吐逆气（《神农本草经》）。
治疗鬼蛊邪气往来，水胀，洒洒恶寒，鼠瘘（《名医别录》）。治疗各种疟疾，吐痰涎，治疗颈下的瘤瘿（甄权）。
蜀漆
【气味】辛，平，有毒。《名医别录》说：微温。甄权说：苦，有小毒。
李杲（元素）说：辛，纯阳。
王炳说：桔梗作为引经药。
寇宗奭说：栝蒌作为引经药。厌恶贯众。
【主治】疟疾及咳嗽逆气寒热，腹中症坚痞结，积聚邪气，蛊毒鬼疰。
治疗胸中邪结气，通过呕吐排出（《名医别录》）。治疗瘴气、鬼疟久治不愈，温热疟疾寒热往来，下焦肥气（甄权）。
破血，洗去腥味，与苦酸药同用，引导胆经邪气（李杲）。
【发明】雷公说：蜀漆春夏用茎叶，秋冬用根。老人久病，切忌服用。苏颂说：常山、蜀漆是治疗疟疾最重要的药物。不可多服，令人呕吐逆气。朱震亨（震亨）说：常山性质暴悍，善于驱逐邪气，能损伤真气。病患稍微接近虚弱怯弱者，不可使用。《外台秘要》乃是用三两作一次服用，非常违背雷公关于老人久病切忌服用的教诲。
李时珍说：常山、蜀漆有劫夺痰涎、截断疟疾的功效，必须在发散表邪及将邪气提出阳分之后使用。用法得当，神效立见；用法失当，必伤真气。疟疾有六经疟、五脏疟、痰湿食积瘴疫鬼邪等各种疟疾，必须分辨阴阳虚实，不能一概而论。常山、蜀漆生用则上行必然导致呕吐；酒蒸炒熟后用则药气稍缓，少量使用也不会导致呕吐。配合甘草则致吐；配合大黄则致泻；配合乌梅、鲮鲤甲则入肝经；配合小麦、竹叶则入心经；配合秫米、麻黄则入肺经；配合龙骨、附子则入肾经；配合草果、槟榔则入脾经。大概没有痰就不形成疟疾，这两味药的功效，也在于驱逐痰水罢了。杨士瀛《直指方》说：常山治疗疟疾，人们都轻视它。疟疾病人多蓄积痰涎黄水，有的停滞在心下，有的结聚在胁间，从而产生寒热。治法应当吐痰逐水，常山岂容不用？水在上焦，则常山能吐出它；水在胁下，则常山能破除它并下行排水。但须用行血药品辅助，必能收到十全的效果。那些纯热发作的疟疾或蕴热内实的证候，投以常山，大便点滴而下，似泄非泄的情况。须用北大黄为佐药，多次泄利，然后才能痊愈。又待制李焘说：岭南瘴气寒热所感，邪气多在营卫皮肉之间。想要去除皮肤毛孔中瘴气的根本，非用常山不可。但它性质致吐，只有用七宝散冷服，就不会吐，而且有效。
【附方】旧方三首，新方二十五首。
截疟诸汤：《外台秘要》：用常山三两，浆水三升，浸泡一夜，煎取一升，欲发作前顿服，以求呕吐。
《肘后备急方》：用常山一两，秫米一百粒，水六升，煮取三升，分三次服用。先在前一天夜里、未发作时、临发作时服完。《养生主论》：王隐者的驱疟汤说：我使用此方四十年，奇效无法尽述，切勿加减，万无一失不会呕吐者。常山（酒煮晒干）、知母……发前服。少顷再服。说是桂广州的方子，很有效。恒山一钱二分，大黄二钱半，炙甘草一钱二分。水一盏半，煎减半，称为醇，发作日五更温服；再以水一盏，煎减半，称为……治疗久疟不止。常山一钱半，槟榔一钱，丁香五分，乌梅一个，酒一盏，浸泡一夜，五更饮之。一服便止，永不再发，如神。以来者，一剂痊愈。恒山三两，研末，鸡蛋清和丸梧子大小，瓦器煮熟，杀去腥气，则取出晒干收藏。每服二十丸，竹叶汤送下，五更一服，天明一服，发作前一服，或吐或不吐即止。《肘后方》丹砂丸：恒山（捣末）三两，真丹砂一两研细，白蜜和捣百下，丸梧子大小。发作前服三丸，少顷再服三丸，临发作时服三丸，酒送下，无……二两，乌梅（连核瓦焙）一两，为末，糯米粉糊丸梧子大小。每服三、五十丸，凉酒送下，隔一夜一服，平旦一服。午后方食。葛洪《肘后方》：用恒山三两，知母一两，甘草半两，捣末，蜜丸梧子大小。发作时服十丸，次服七丸，后服五六丸，以痊愈为度。《和剂局方》瞻仰丸：治疗一切疟疾。常山四两（炒存性），草果二两（炒存性）。为末，薄糊丸梧子大小。每卧时冷酒服五十丸，五更再服。忌鹅羊热物。
又胜金丸：治疗一切疟疾，胸膈停痰，发作不止者。常山八两（酒浸蒸焙），槟榔二两（生）。研末，糊丸梧子大小。如上法服用。《集简方》二圣丸：治疗各种疟疾，不拘远近大小。鸡骨恒山、鸡心槟榔各一两（生研），鲮鲤甲（煨焦）一两半。为末，糯粉糊丸绿豆大小，黄丹为衣。每服三、五十丸，如上法服用。厥阴肝疟，寒多热少，喘息如死状，或少腹满，小便如脓，不问久近，不吐不泄，如神：恒山一两，醋浸一夜，瓦器煮干。每用二钱，水一盏，煎半盏，五更冷服。（赵真人《济急方》）
太阴肺疟，痰聚胸中，病至令人心寒，寒甚乃热，热间善惊，如有所见：恒山三钱，甘草半钱，秫米三十五粒，水二钟，煎一钟，发作日早分三次服。（《千金方》）
少阴肾疟，凄凄然寒，手足寒，腰脊痛，大便难，目然。恒山二钱半，豉半两，乌梅一钱，竹叶一钱半，葱白三根，水一升半，煎一升，发作前分三服。（《千金方》）
牝疟独寒不热者：蜀漆散：用蜀漆、云母（煅三日夜）、龙骨各二钱。为末。每服半钱，临发作日旦一服，发作前一服，酢浆水调下。温疟，又加蜀漆一钱。（张仲景《金匮要略》）
牡疟独热不冷者。蜀漆一钱半，甘草一钱，麻黄二钱，牡蛎粉二钱。水二钟，先煎麻黄、蜀漆，去沫，入药再煎至一钟，未发作前温服，得吐则止。（王焘《外台秘要》）
温疟热多：恒山一钱，小麦三钱，淡竹叶二钱。水煎，五更服，甚良。（《药性论》）
三十年疟：《肘后方》：治疗三十年老疟及积年久疟：常山、黄连各一两。酒三升，渍一夜，以瓦釜煮取一升半。发作日早服五合，发作时再服。热当吐，冷当利，无不痊愈者。张文仲《备急方》：用恒山一两半，龙骨五钱，附子（炮）二钱半，大黄一两。为末，鸡蛋黄和丸梧子大小。未发作时五丸，将发作时五丸，白汤送下。支太医说：此方神验，无不断绝者。
方》：常山一寸，草果一枚，热酒一碗，浸一夜，五更望东服之，盖卧，酒醒即愈。《谈野翁试验方》：用常山、槟榔、甘草各二钱，黑豆一百粒，水煎服之。乃彭司寇所传。葛稚川《肘后方》：用常山、黄连、香豉各一两，附子（炮）七钱，捣末，蜜丸梧子大小。空腹饮服四丸，欲发作时三丸。至午后乃食。
妊娠疟疾：酒蒸常山、石膏（煅）各一钱，乌梅（炒）五分，甘草四分。水一盏，酒一盏，浸一夜，平旦温服。（姚僧坦《集验方》）
寒热攻，直须术治免成空。常山刻作人形状，钉在孩儿生气宫。如金生人，金生在巳，即钉巳上；木生人，钉亥上；火生人，钉寅上；水土生人，钉申上也。
二钱，左顾牡蛎一钱二分，浆水煎服，当吐痰而愈。名千金汤。（阮氏）
胸中痰饮：恒山、甘草各一两，水五升，煮取一升，去滓，入蜜二合。温服七合，取吐。不吐更服。（《千金方》）
【附录】杜茎山（《图经》） 苏颂说：叶味苦，性寒。主治温瘴寒热发作停止不定，烦渴头痛心躁。捣烂，新酒浸，绞汁服，吐出恶涎甚效。生于宜州。茎高四五尺，叶似苦……紫色。实如枸杞子，大而白。
土红山 苏颂说：叶甘、苦，微寒，无毒。主治骨节疼痛，劳热瘴疟。生于福州及南恩州山野中。
大者高七八尺。叶似枇杷而小，无毛。秋生白花如粟粒，不实。福州生者作细藤，似芙蓉叶，其叶上青下白，根如葛头。土人取根米泔浸一夜，以清水再浸一夜，炒黄为末。每服一钱，水一盏，生姜一片，同煎服。亦治劳瘴甚效。
李时珍说：杜茎山即土恒山，土红山又是杜茎山之类，所以一并附录在这里。
[Background Information]
Book: *Compendium of Materia Medica* (Bencao Gangmu)
Author: Li Shizhen
Dynasty: Ming Dynasty, 6th Year of Wanli
Chapter: Changshan (Dichroa Root), Shuqi (Dichroa Shoots)
Category: Materia Medica
(From the Lower Grade of *Shennong Bencao Jing*)
**Names:** Hengshan (*Wu Pu Yao Lu*), Hucao (*Shennong Bencao Jing*).
Li Shizhen says: "Heng" and "Chang" have similar meanings. Hengshan is the name of the Northern Sacred Mountain, located in present-day Dingzhou. Changshan is the name of a commandery, which is present-day Zhending. Could it be that this herb originated here and derived its name from the place? Shuqi is the young shoot of Changshan, with identical efficacy; they are now combined into one entry.
**Collection and Description:**
*Naming Bie Lu* states: Changshan grows in the river valleys of Yizhou and Hanzhong. The roots are harvested in February and August and dried in the shade. It also states: Shuqi grows in the river valleys of Jianglin Mountains and Shu-Hanzhong; it is the young shoot of Changshan. The leaves are harvested in May and dried in the shade.
Tao Hongjing says: Changshan is produced in Yidu and Jianping. Those with small, yellow fruits are called Jigu Changshan (Chicken Bone Dichroa), which has the best medicinal effect. Shuqi is the young shoot of Changshan but comes from a different location. Jianglin Mountain is another name for Jiangyang Mountain in Yizhou, so people there harvest them together. Locals collect them, wind them into knots to form pills; those dried promptly are superior.
Su Gong says: Changshan grows among mountain valleys. The stem is round with nodes, reaching no more than three or four chi in height. The leaves resemble tea leaves but are narrower and longer, growing in opposite pairs. In March, white flowers appear with green calyces. In May, green, round fruits form, three per cluster. When exposed to sun and dried, the color is greenish-white and usable. If dried in the shade, it turns black and rots.
Baosheng says: Currently produced in Jinzhou, Fangzhou, and Zhongjiang County of Liangzhou. The tree is three to four chi high, with roots resembling Zijing roots, yellow and brittle. Leaves are harvested in May and June, named Shuqi.
Su Song says: It is also found in regions west of Bian, Huai, Zhe, and Hunan, as described above. However, the variety from Haizhou has leaves resembling Catalpa leaves, blooms in August with red-and-white flowers, and produces blue-green fruits smaller than Shanlian seeds. Today, Tiantai Mountain produces a herb called Tuchangshan (Local Changshan); its shoots and leaves are extremely sweet. People use it as a beverage, tasting like honey. Named Mixiangcao (Honey Fragrant Herb), it is cool in nature and beneficial to humans; it is not this Changshan.
**Processing:**
Lei Gong says: Harvest together with roots and shoots. If using stems and leaves, remove roots temporarily, finely chop Licorice Root (Gancao), mix with water to moisten, and steam. Temporarily remove the Licorice Root, finely chop Shuqi, mix evenly with Licorice Root water, steam again, and dry in the sun for use. For Changshan, soak in wine overnight, drain, dry in the sun, stir-fry, and crush before use.
Li Shizhen says: Recently, some are soaked in wine, steamed, or stir-fried in clay pots, which causes less vomiting. Others are processed with vinegar, which induces vomiting.
**Changshan**
**Flavor and Nature:** Bitter, cold, toxic. *Naming Bie Lu* states: Acrid, slightly cold. Wu Pu records: Shennong and Qibo say bitter; Tongjun says acrid, toxic; Li Dangzhi says greatly cold. Xu Quan says: Bitter, slightly toxic.
Wang Bing says: Combined with Licorice Root (Gancao), it treats malaria-induced vomiting.
Kou Zongshi says: Dreads Jade Nail (Longgu, Dragon Bone).
Ma Zhi says: Avoid onions, vegetables, and Chinese Cabbage (Songcai). It counteracts Realgar (Pishi).
**Indications:** Treats chills and fever from Cold Damage (Shanghan), warm malaria caused by heat, ghost toxins, phlegm accumulation in the chest causing vomiting and rebellious Qi (*Shennong Bencao Jing*).
Treats wandering ghost-gu evil, water distension, aversion to cold with shivering, and scrofula (*Naming Bie Lu*). Treats various types of malaria, expels phlegm and saliva, and treats neck tumors/goiters (Zhen Quan).
**Shuqi**
**Flavor and Nature:** Acrid, neutral, toxic. *Naming Bie Lu* states: Slightly warm. Zhen Quan says: Bitter, slightly toxic.
Li Gao (Yuansu) says: Acrid, pure Yang.
Wang Bing says: Platycodon (Jiegeng) acts as its guide drug.
Kou Zongshi says: Trichosanthes (Gualou) acts as its guide drug. Dislikes Cyathula Root (Guanzhong).
**Indications:** Malaria and cough with rebellious Qi and chills/fever, abdominal masses and hard lumps, accumulated evil qi, gu poison, and ghost wasting-turbulence.
Treats evil knotting Qi in the chest, expelled through vomiting (*Naming Bie Lu*). Treats miasma malaria, ghost malaria lingering without cure, warm malaria with chills and fever, and lower jiao Feiqi (Zhen Quan).
Breaks blood stasis, washes away fishy odor, used with bitter and sour herbs to guide Gallbladder evil (Li Gao).
**Elucidation:**
Lei Gong says: Use stems and leaves of Shuqi in spring and summer; roots in autumn and winter. Elderly patients with chronic illness must strictly avoid taking it. Su Song says: Changshan and Shuqi are the most important herbs for treating malaria. They should not be taken in large doses as they induce vomiting. Zhu Zhenheng (Zhenheng) says: Changshan has a violent and fierce nature, good at driving out pathogens but damaging True Qi. Patients who are slightly deficient or timid should not use it. *Waitai Mi Yao* uses three liang as a single dose, which completely ignores Lei Gong's warning against use in elderly/chronic cases.
Li Shizhen says: Changshan and Shuqi have the power to seize phlegm and cut off malaria. They must be used after releasing exterior pathogens and drawing evil Qi out of the Yang level. Used appropriately, miraculous effects are seen immediately; used improperly, True Qi is inevitably damaged. Malaria includes Six Meridian Malaria, Five Zang Malaria, and malaria due to phlegm-dampness, food stagnation, miasma, or ghost evil. One must distinguish Yin-Yang and deficiency-excess; one cannot generalize. Raw Changshan and Shuqi ascend and cause vomiting; wine-steamed or stir-fried versions have milder Qi, and small doses do not cause vomiting. Paired with Licorice Root (Gancao), it causes vomiting; paired with Rhubarb (Dahuang), it causes purging; with Sour Plum (Wumei) and Pangolin Scales (Linglijia), it enters the Liver; with Wheat (Xiaomai) and Bamboo Leaves (Zhuye), it enters the Heart; with Sorghum (Shumi) and Ephedra (Mahuang), it enters the Lung; with Fossilized Bones (Longgu) and Aconite (Fuzi), it enters the Kidney; with Tsaoko Cardamom (Caoguo) and Areca Nut (Binglang), it enters the Spleen. Generally, no phlegm means no malaria; the function of these two herbs lies in driving out phlegm and water. Yang Shiying’s *Zhizhi Fang* states: People despise Changshan for treating malaria. Malaria patients often accumulate phlegm and yellow fluid, stagnant in the epigastrium or knotted in the hypochondrium, generating chills and fever. The method requires vomiting phlegm and draining water; how can Changshan be omitted? If water is in the Upper Jiao, Changshan vomits it; if in the hypochondrium, Changshan breaks it down and drains the water. However, blood-moving herbs are needed as assistants to achieve perfect results. For pure heat malaria or internal excess heat, administering Changshan may cause scanty bowel movements, seeming like diarrhea but not quite. Big North Rhubarb (Beidahuang) should be added as an assistant to induce several purgations before recovery. Minister Li Tao states: Miasma chills and fevers in Lingnan affect the Ying and Wei levels and skin/flesh. To remove the root of miasma from pores, nothing works like Changshan. Since it causes vomiting, take Seven Treasures Powder (Qibao San) cold, then it does not vomit and is effective.
**Attached Prescriptions:** Three old, twenty-five new.
**Decoctions for Cutting Malaria:**
*Waitai Mi Yao*: Use Changshan 3 liang, Jiangshui (fermented grain water) 3 sheng, soak overnight, decoct to 1 sheng. Take all at once before onset to induce vomiting.
*Zhouhou Fang*: Use Changshan 1 liang, Shumi 100 grains, water 6 sheng, boil to 3 sheng. Divide into three doses. Finish taking before nightfall, before onset, and right before onset.
*Yangsheng Zhulun*: Wang Yin’s Anti-Malaria Decoction: I have used this for forty years; its miraculous effects cannot be fully described. Do not modify it; it will never cause vomiting. Changshan (wine-boiled and sun-dried), Zhimu... Take before onset. A short while later, take again. Said to be a Gui-Guangzhou prescription, very effective. Hengshan 1 qian 2 fen, Dahuang 2 qian 5 fen, Roasted Gancao 1 qian 2 fen. Water 1.5 zhan, decoct to half, called "Chun". Take warm at Wugeng on the day of onset; then water 1 zhan, decoct to half, called... Treats persistent long-term malaria. Changshan 1 qian 5 fen, Binglang 1 qian, Dingxiang 5 fen, Wumei 1 piece, wine 1 zhan, soak overnight, drink at Wugeng. Stops after one dose, never recurs, divine. ... One dose cures. Hengshan 3 liang, powder, mixed with egg white into pills size of wutzu seeds, boiled in a clay pot to kill fishy smell, then sun-dried. Take 20 pills each time, send down with Zhuye Tang, one dose at Wugeng, one at dawn, one before onset. Stop whether vomiting occurs or not. *Zhouhou* Dansha Wan: Hengshan (powder) 3 liang, real Cinnabar (Dansha) 1 liang ground, mixed with white honey and pounded 100 times, pills size of wutzu seeds. Take 3 pills before onset, 3 pills shortly after, 3 pills right before onset, sent down with wine... 2 liang, Wumei (clay-roasted with pits) 1 liang, powder, rice flour paste pills size of wutzu seeds. Take 30-50 pills each time, sent down with cool wine, one dose every other night, one at dawn. Eat only after noon. Ge Hong’s *Zhouhou Fang*: Use Hengshan 3 liang, Zhimu 1 liang, Gancao 0.5 liang, powder, honey pills size of wutzu seeds. Take 10 pills at onset, 7 next, 5-6 thereafter, until cured. *Heji Ju Fang* Zhanyang Wan: Treats all malaria. Changshan 4 liang (stir-fried to retain character), Caoguo 2 liang (stir-fried to retain character). Powder, thin paste pills size of wutzu seeds. Take 50 pills with cool wine at bedtime, another at Wugeng. Avoid goose, mutton, and hot foods.
Another Shengjin Wan: Treats all malaria with phlegm retention in chest/throat, unremitting attacks. Changshan 8 liang (wine-soaked, steamed, baked), Binglang 2 liang (raw). Powder, paste pills size of wutzu seeds. Take as above. *Jijian Fang* Ersheng Wan: Treats all malaria, regardless of duration or severity. Jigu Hengshan, Jixin Binglang each 1 liang (raw ground), Linglijia (charred) 1.5 liang. Powder, glutinous rice paste pills size of mung beans, coated with Huangdan. Take 30-50 pills each time, as above. Jueyin Liver Malaria, more chills than fever, panting as if dying, or lower abdominal fullness, urine like pus, regardless of duration, no vomiting or purging, divine: Hengshan 1 liang, soaked in vinegar overnight, boiled dry in clay pot. Use 2 qian each time, water 1 zhan, decoct to half zhan, take cold at Wugeng. (Zhao Zhenren *Jiji Fang*)
Taiyin Lung Malaria, phlegm gathered in chest, heart feels cold upon onset, extreme cold followed by fever, easily startled during fever intervals, seeing visions: Hengshan 3 qian, Gancao 0.5 qian, Shumi 35 grains, water 2 zhong, decoct to 1 zhong. On onset day, divide into three morning doses. (*Qianjin Fang*)
Shaoyin Kidney Malaria, chilly cold, cold hands and feet, waist and spine pain, difficult defecation, eyes... Hengshan 2.5 qian, Chi 0.5 liang, Wumei 1 qian, Zhuye 1.5 qian, Congbai 3 stalks, water 1.5 sheng, decoct to 1 sheng. Divide into three doses before onset. (*Qianjin Fang*)
Pin Malaria (only chills, no fever): Shuqi San: Use Shuqi, Yunmu (calcined for 3 days and nights), Longgu each 2 qian. Powder. Take 0.5 qian each time, one dose at dawn on onset day, one before onset, mixed with sour grain water. Warm Malaria, add Shuqi 1 qian. (Zhang Zhongjing *Jingui Yaolue*)
Mu Malaria (only fever, no chills). Shuqi 1.5 qian, Gancao 1 qian, Mahuang 2 qian, Muli powder 2 qian. Water 2 zhong. First decoct Mahuang and Shuqi, remove foam, add remaining medicine, decoct to 1 zhong. Take warm before onset. Stop if vomiting occurs. (Wang Tao *Waitai Mi Yao*)
Warm Malaria with much heat: Hengshan 1 qian, Xiaomai 3 qian, Dan Zhuye 2 qian. Decoct in water, take at Wugeng, very good. (*Yaoxing Lun*)
Thirty-Year Malaria: *Zhouhou Fang*: Treats 30-year old malaria and chronic multi-year malaria: Changshan, Huanglian each 1 liang. Wine 3 sheng, soak overnight, boil in clay pot to 1.5 sheng. Take 5 he early on onset day, take again at onset. Heat should vomit, cold should purge; none fail to cure. Zhang Wenzhong *Beiji Fang*: Use Hengshan 1.5 liang, Longgu 5 qian, Fuzi (processed) 2.5 qian, Dahuang 1 liang. Powder, egg yolk pills size of wutzu seeds. 5 pills before onset, 5 pills just before onset, sent down with plain water. Physician Zhi says: This formula is divine and effective, never failing.
Formula: Changshan 1 cun, Caoguo 1 piece, hot wine 1 bowl, soak overnight, face east and take at Wugeng, cover and sleep; recover when wine wears off. *Tan Yeoxing Shiyian Fang*: Use Changshan, Binglang, Gancao each 2 qian, Heidou 100 grains, decoct in water and take. Passed down by Peng Sikou. Ge Zhichuan *Zhouhou Fang*: Use Changshan, Huanglian, Xiangchi each 1 liang, Fuzi (processed) 7 qian, powder, honey pills size of wutzu seeds. Take 4 pills on empty stomach, 3 pills when about to onset. Eat only after noon.
**Malaria during Pregnancy**: Wine-steamed Changshan, Shigao (calcined) each 1 qian, Wumei (roasted) 5 fen, Gancao 4 fen. Water 1 zhan, wine 1 zhan, soak overnight, take warm at dawn. (Yaoengt Tan *Jiyi Fang*)
Chills and fever attack, must treat with Shu to avoid emptiness. Carve Changshan into human shape, nail into child’s Vital Qi Palace. For Metal-born, Metal births at Si, nail at Si; Wood-born, nail at Hai; Fire-born, nail at Yin; Water/Earth-born, nail at Shen.
2 qian, Zuogu Muli 1.2 qian, decoct in Jiangshui and take, should vomit phlegm and cure. Named Qianjin Tang. (Ruan Shi)
**Phlegm-Fluid in Chest**: Hengshan, Gancao each 1 liang, water 5 sheng, boil to 1 sheng, strain, add 2 he honey. Take 7 he warm, induce vomiting. If no vomiting, take again. (*Qianjin Fang*)
**Appendix**: Dujingshan (*Tujing*)
Su Song says: Leaves bitter, cold in nature. Mainly treats irregular warm miasma chills and fever, irritability, thirst, headache, and restlessness. Pound to paste, soak in new wine, squeeze juice and take; vomiting foul saliva is very effective. Grows in Yizhou. Stems 4-5 chi high, leaves resemble Ku... purple. Fruits like Goji berries, large and white.
**Tuhongshan**
Su Song says: Leaves sweet, bitter, slightly cold, non-toxic. Mainly treats joint pain, labor-heat miasma malaria. Grows in wild mountains of Fuzhou and Nan'en Prefecture.
Large ones 7-8 chi high. Leaves resemble Loquat but smaller, hairless. Autumn produces white flowers like millet grains, no fruit. Those in Fuzhou grow as fine vines, leaves resemble Hibiscus, green above, white below, roots like Kudzu heads. Locals take roots, soak in rice wash overnight, then clear water overnight, stir-fry yellow to powder. Take 1 qian each time, water 1 zhan, Ginger slice 1 piece, decoct together and take. Also very effective for labor miasma.
Li Shizhen says: Dujingshan is Tuhengshan; Tuhongshan is a type of Dujingshan, so appended together.