（《拾遗》）
【释名】时珍曰∶朱子云∶檀，善木也。其字从 以此。 者善也。
【集解】藏器曰∶按∶苏恭言∶檀似秦皮。其叶堪为饮。树体细，堪作斧柯。至夏有不
生者，忽然叶开，当有大水。农人候之以占水旱，号为水檀。又有一种叶如檀，高五、六尺，
生
但不香尔。
榆、荚 相似。故俚语云∶斫檀不谛得荚 ，荚 尚可得驳马
皮色青白，多癣驳也。檀木宜杵、 、锤器之用
皮及根皮
【气味】辛，平，有小毒。
【主治】皮和榆皮为粉食，可断谷救荒。根皮∶涂疮疥，杀虫（藏器）。
（《唐本草》）
【释名】系迷（《诗疏》）、羿先（同
【集解】恭曰∶荚 叶似木槿及榆，作小树，其子如溲疏，两两相并，四四相对，而色
赤味甘。陆机《诗疏》云∶檀、榆之类也。所在山谷有之。藏器曰∶生北土山林中。皮堪为
索。
枝叶
【气味】甘、苦，平、无毒。
【主治】三虫，下气消谷。煮汁和米作粥，饲小儿甚美（《唐本》）。作粥，灌六畜疮中
生蛆，立出（藏器）。
（《本经》中品）
【校正】并入（《拾遗》
【释名】 皮（音岑）、 木（音寻）、石檀（《别录》）、樊 （弘景）、盆桂（《日华》）、
苦树（苏恭）、苦枥。时珍曰∶秦皮本作 皮。其木小而岑高，故以为名。人讹为 木，又
讹为秦。或云本出秦地，故得秦名也。高诱注《淮南子》云∶ ，苦枥木也。恭曰∶树叶似
檀，故名石檀。俗因味苦，呼为苦树。
【集解】《别录》曰∶秦皮生庐江川谷及冤句水边。二月、八月采
弘景曰∶俗云是樊 皮，而水渍以和墨书，色
恭曰∶此树似檀，叶细，皮有白点而不粗错，取皮渍水便碧色，书纸看之皆青色者，是
真。
颂曰∶今陕西州郡及河阳亦有之。其木大都似檀，枝干皆青绿色。叶如匙头许大而不
光。并无花实，根似槐根。俗呼为白 木。
皮
【气味】苦，微寒，无毒。《别录》曰∶大寒。
普曰∶神农、雷公、黄帝、岐伯∶酸，无毒；李当之∶小寒。
权曰∶平。恶苦瓠、防葵。
之才曰∶恶吴茱萸。大戟为之使。
【主治】风寒湿痹洗洗寒气，除热，目中青翳白膜。久服，头不白，轻身（《本经》）。
疗男子少精，妇人带下，小儿痫，身热。可作洗目汤。久服，皮肤光泽，肥大有子（《
别录》）。明目，去目中久热，两目赤肿疼痛，风泪不止。作汤，浴小儿身热。煎水澄清，
洗赤目极效
【发明】弘景曰∶秦皮俗方惟以疗目，道家亦有用处。大明曰∶秦皮之功，洗肝益精，
明目退热。元素曰∶秦皮沉也，阴也。其用有四∶治风寒湿邪成痹，青白幻翳遮睛，女子崩
中带下，小儿风热惊痫。好古曰∶痢则下焦虚，故张仲景白头翁汤，以黄柏、黄连、秦皮同
用，皆苦以坚之也。秦皮浸水青蓝色，与紫草同用，治目病以增光晕，尤佳。时珍曰∶ 皮，
色青气寒，味苦性涩，乃是厥阴肝、少阳胆经药也。故治目病、惊痫，取其平木也。治下痢、
崩带，取其收涩也。又能治男子少精，益精有子，皆取其涩而补也。故《老子》云∶天道贵
涩。此药乃服食及惊痫崩痢
云∶ 皮
水，言能使水沸者，谬也。
【附方】旧三，新三。
赤眼生翳∶秦皮一两，水一升半，煮七合，澄清。日日温洗。一方加滑石、黄连等分。
（《外台秘要》）
眼暴肿痛∶秦皮、黄连各一两，苦竹叶半升，水二升半，煮取八合，食后温服。此乃谢
道人方也。（《外台秘要》）。
赤眼睛疮∶秦皮一两。清水一升，白碗中浸，春夏一食顷以上，看碧色出，即以箸头缠
绵，仰卧点令满眼，微痛勿畏，良久沥去热汁。日点十度以上，不过两日瘥也。（《外台秘
要》）
眼弦挑针∶乃肝脾积热。锉秦皮，夹沙糖，水煎，调大黄末一钱，微利佳。（《仁斋直
指方》）
血痢连年∶秦皮、鼠尾草、蔷薇根等分，以水煎取汁，铜器重釜煎成，丸如梧桐子大。
每服五、六丸，日二服。稍增，以知为度。亦可煎饮。
天蛇毒疮，似癞非癞∶天蛇，乃草间黄花蜘蛛也。人被其螫，为露水所濡，乃成此疾。
以秦皮煮汁一斗，饮之即瘥。（沈存中）
（出自《本草拾遗》）
【释名】李时珍说：朱熹认为，檀是一种优质的木材。它的字形从“亶”得义。“亶”意为善、好。
【集解】陈藏器说：根据苏恭的说法，檀树类似秦皮。它的叶子可以煮水饮用。树干细小，适合做斧柄。到了夏天，有的树木突然发芽长叶，预示着将有大水。农民观察这种现象来预测水旱灾害，称之为“水檀”。又有一种树叶像檀树，高五六尺，生长在山谷中但不香。榆树的荚果与檀树的荚果相似。所以俗语说：“砍檀树不如得到荚蒾（jiá léi），荚蒾还可以用来染驳马皮。”檀木适合制作杵、臼、锤等器具。树皮和根皮……
【气味】味辛，性平，有小毒。
【主治】树皮和榆树皮一起磨成粉食用，可以断绝五谷以救荒年。根皮：涂抹治疗疮疥，杀虫（陈藏器）。
（出自《唐本草》）
【释名】系迷（出自《毛诗疏》）、羿先（同“荚蒾”）
【集解】苏恭说：荚蒾的叶子像木槿和榆树，长成小树，它的果实像溲疏，两两并生，四四相对，颜色红而味道甜。陆机在《毛诗疏》中说：荚蒾属于檀、榆之类。各地山谷都有生长。陈藏器说：生长在北方山林中。树皮可以做绳索。枝叶……
【气味】味甘、苦，性平，无毒。
【主治】驱除三虫，降气消食。煮汁加米做成粥，喂给小儿吃非常好（《唐本草》）。做成粥，灌入长蛆的家畜伤口中，蛆虫会立刻出来（陈藏器）。
（出自《神农本草经》中品）
【校正】并入《本草拾遗》
【释名】梣皮（音岑）、梣木（音寻）、石檀（出自《名医别录》）、樊梣（陶弘景）、盆桂（出自《日华子本草》）、苦树（苏恭）、苦枥。李时珍说：秦皮原本写作“梣皮”。这种树小而高耸，因此得名。人们误写为“梣木”，又讹传为“秦”。有人说它本出秦地，所以得名秦皮。高诱注释《淮南子》说：“梣，是苦枥木。”苏恭说：树叶像檀树，所以叫石檀。百姓因为味道苦，称为苦树。
【集解】《名医别录》说：秦皮生长在庐江的川谷及冤句的水边。二月、八月采集。
陶弘景说：俗话说是樊梣皮，用水浸泡后调和墨汁书写，颜色……
苏恭说：这棵树像檀树，叶子细小，树皮有白点而不粗糙交错，取皮浸水便呈碧绿色，写在纸上看都是青色的，这才是真品。
苏颂说：现在陕西各州郡及河阳也有生长。这种树大都像檀树，枝干都是青绿色。叶子像匙头大小且不光滑。没有花和果实，根像槐树根。俗称白梣木。树皮……
【气味】味苦，微寒，无毒。《名医别录》说：大寒。
雷斅说：神农、雷公、黄帝、岐伯认为：味酸，无毒；李当之认为：小寒。
李权说：性平。畏苦瓠、防葵。
孟诜说：畏吴茱萸。大戟为其使药。
【主治】风寒湿痹引起的阵阵寒气，清热，去除眼中青翳白膜。长期服用，头发不会变白，身体轻健（《神农本草经》）。治疗男子精少，妇人带下病，小儿癫痫，身体发热。可制作洗眼汤。长期服用，皮肤光泽，体态丰满并能生育（《名医别录》）。明目，去除眼中久热，两眼红肿疼痛，风泪不止。煎汤，给小儿洗澡退热。煎水澄清，清洗红眼效果极佳。
【发明】陶弘景说：秦皮在民间方剂中只用于治疗眼病，道家也使用。
孙思邈说：秦皮的功效，在于洗肝益精，明目退热。
张元素说：秦皮沉降，属阴。它有四种用途：治疗风寒湿邪导致的痹症，青白色翳障遮蔽眼睛，女子崩漏带下，小儿风热惊痫。
寇宗奭说：痢疾是因为下焦虚损，所以张仲景的白头翁汤，用黄柏、黄连、秦皮同用，都是利用其苦味来坚阴燥湿。秦皮浸水呈青蓝色，与紫草同用，治疗眼病以增加光晕，尤其好。
李时珍说：秦皮，色青气寒，味苦性涩，是厥阴肝经、少阳胆经的药物。所以治疗眼病、惊痫，是利用它平抑肝木的作用。治疗痢疾、崩漏带下，是利用它收涩的作用。又能治疗男子精少，益精有子，都是利用它涩而补的特性。所以《老子》说：“天道贵涩。”此药可用于服食养生及治疗惊痫崩痢。
有人称秦皮浸水能使水沸腾，这是错误的说法。
【附方】旧方三个，新方三个。
赤眼生翳：秦皮一两，水一升半，煮取七合，澄清。每天温热清洗。另一方加滑石、黄连各等分。（《外台秘要》）
眼睛突发肿痛：秦皮、黄连各一两，苦竹叶半升，水二升半，煮取八合，饭后温服。这是谢道人的方子。（《外台秘要》）
赤眼睛疮：秦皮一两。清水一升，在白碗中浸泡，春夏季节一个饭顷以上，看到碧色渗出，就用筷子头缠上棉絮，仰卧滴入眼中让药液充满全眼，微痛不要害怕，过很久沥去热汁。每天点十次以上，不超过两天痊愈。（《外台秘要》）
眼弦挑针：这是肝脾积热所致。锉碎秦皮，夹沙糖，水煎，调大黄末一钱，轻微腹泻为佳。（《仁斋直指方》）
血痢连年：秦皮、鼠尾草、蔷薇根等分，用水煎取汁，用铜器双层锅煎成膏，制成梧桐子大小的丸药。每次服五、六丸，每天两次。稍增加剂量，以见效为度。也可以煎水饮服。
天蛇毒疮，似癞非癞：天蛇，是草丛中的黄花蜘蛛。人被它螫伤，被露水沾湿，就形成这种病。用秦皮煮汁一斗，喝下去即痊愈。（沈括）
(From *Bencao Shiyi* / Supplement to Materia Medica)
[Names] Li Shizhen states: Zhu Xi said that "Tan" (Sandalwood-like tree) is a superior wood. The character derives from "Dan" (亶). "Dan" means good or excellent.
[Collection and Explanation] Chen Cangqi states: According to Su Gong, the Tan tree resembles Qinpi (Fraxinus bark). Its leaves can be used for making tea. The trunk is slender and suitable for making axe handles. In summer, some trees suddenly sprout leaves, which predicts heavy rain. Farmers observe this phenomenon to forecast floods or droughts, calling it "Water Tan". There is another variety with leaves resembling Tan, growing five or six chi high in valleys, but without fragrance. The pods of Ulmus (Elm) resemble those of Tan. Hence, the folk saying goes: "It is better to obtain Jialei (Viburnum/Amur Cork Tree related species) than to chop Tan; Jialei can still be used to dye dappled horse hides." The wood of Tan is suitable for making mortars, pestles, and hammers. The bark and root bark...
[Properties and Flavor] Pungent, neutral, slightly toxic.
[Indications] Mixed with Elm bark and ground into powder for consumption, it can serve as a famine relief food by replacing grains. Root bark: Applied topically to treat sores and scabies, kills parasites (Chen Cangqi).
(From *Tang Bencao* / Tang Materia Medica)
[Names] Ximi (from *Mao Shi Shu*), Yixian (same as Jialei)
[Collection and Explanation] Su Gong states: The leaves of Jialei resemble Hibiscus mutabilis and Ulmus, growing as small trees. Its fruits resemble Deutzia crenata, growing in pairs, arranged in fours opposite each other, red in color and sweet in taste. Lu Ji in *Mao Shi Shu* states: Jialei belongs to the Tan and Ulmus categories. It grows in valleys everywhere. Chen Cangqi states: It grows in the mountainous forests of the northern regions. The bark can be made into ropes. Branches and leaves...
[Properties and Flavor] Sweet, bitter, neutral, non-toxic.
[Indications] Expels three types of intestinal parasites, directs Qi downward, and aids digestion. Boiled with rice to make porridge, it is very beneficial when fed to children (*Tang Bencao*). When made into porridge and poured into wounds of livestock infested with maggots, the maggots will immediately exit (Chen Cangqi).
(From *Shennong Bencao Jing* / Divine Farmer's Materia Medica, Middle Grade)
[Correction] Merged into *Bencao Shiyi*
[Names] Chenpi (pronounced Cen), Chenmu (pronounced Xun), Shitan (Stone Sandalwood, from *Bielu*), Fanchen (Tao Hongjing), Pengui (from *Rihua*), Kushu (Su Gong), Kuli. Li Shizhen states: Qinpi was originally written as "Chenpi". This tree is small but tall and steep, hence the name. People mistakenly wrote it as "Chenmu", and later corrupted it to "Qin". Some say it originated from the Qin region, thus the name Qinpi. Gao You annotated *Huainanzi* stating: "Chen is Kuli wood." Su Gong states: The leaves resemble Tan wood, hence called Shitan. Common people call it Kushu due to its bitter taste.
[Collection and Explanation] *Bielu* states: Qinpi grows in the streams and valleys of Lujiang and near the waters of Yuanju. Harvested in the second and eighth lunar months.
Tao Hongjing states: Folklore claims it is Fanchen bark. When soaked in water and mixed with ink for writing, the color...
Su Gong states: This tree resembles Tan, with fine leaves. The bark has white spots but is not rough or cracked. When soaked in water, it turns jade green; written on paper, it appears cyan. This is the authentic product.
Su Song states: It is now found in various prefectures of Shaanxi and Heyang. The tree generally resembles Tan, with branches and trunks being blue-green. Leaves are about the size of a spoon head and not glossy. It produces no flowers or fruits. Roots resemble those of Sophora japonica. Commonly called Baichenmu. Bark...
[Properties and Flavor] Bitter, slightly cold, non-toxic. *Bielu* states: Very cold.
Lei Xiao states: Shennong, Lei Gong, Huangdi, and Qibo considered it: Sour, non-toxic; Li Dangzhi considered it: Slightly cold.
Li Quan states: Neutral. Adversely affected by Momordica charantia var. angustifolia (Kuhu) and Angelica dahurica (Fang Kui).
Meng Shen states: Adversely affected by Evodia rutaecarpa (Wuzhuyu). Radix Euphorbiae (Daji) is its guiding herb.
[Indications] Treats Bi syndrome caused by wind-cold-dampness, characterized by chilling sensations; clears heat; removes corneal opacities (green and white membranes) from eyes. Long-term use prevents graying of hair and keeps the body light and agile (*Shennong Bencao Jing*). Treats oligospermia in men, leukorrhea in women, epilepsy in infants, and fever. Can be prepared as an eye-wash decoction. Long-term use results in lustrous skin, robust physique, and fertility (*Bielu*). Brightens vision, clears long-standing heat in the eyes, treats redness, swelling, pain, and uncontrollable tearing due to wind. Decoction can be used for bathing infants with fever. Clarified decoction is extremely effective for washing red eyes.
[Elucidation] Tao Hongjing states: In folk prescriptions, Qinpi is primarily used for eye diseases, though Daoists also utilize it.
Sun Simiao states: The efficacy of Qinpi lies in cleansing the Liver, benefiting essence, brightening vision, and reducing fever.
Zhang Yuansu states: Qinpi is sinking and Yin in nature. It has four uses: treating Bi syndrome caused by wind-cold-dampness, clearing corneal opacities obscuring vision, treating metrorrhagia and leukorrhea in women, and treating pediatric wind-heat convulsions and epilepsy.
Kou Zongshi states: Dysentery indicates deficiency in the Lower Jiao. Therefore, Zhang Zhongjing's *Baitouweng Tang* combines Phellodendri Cortex (Huangbai), Coptidis Rhizoma (Huanglian), and Fraxini Cortex (Qinpi), all using their bitterness to firm and dry dampness. Qinpi turns blue-green when soaked in water. Used together with Lithospermi Radix (Zicao) to treat eye diseases and enhance visual clarity, it is particularly excellent.
Li Shizhen states: Qinpi is blue-green in color, cold in qi, bitter in flavor, and astringent in nature. It enters the Jueyin Liver and Shaoyang Gallbladder meridians. Thus, it treats eye diseases and convulsions by pacifying Wood (Liver). It treats dysentery and metrorrhagia/leukorrhea by its astringent properties. It also treats male oligospermia and benefits conception, utilizing its astringent and tonifying effects. As stated in *Laozi*: "The Way of Heaven values astringency." This herb is used for longevity practices and treating convulsions, bleeding, and dysentery.
The claim that Qinpi soaking causes water to boil is erroneous.
[Attached Prescriptions] Three old, three new.
Red eyes with opacity: Qinpi 1 liang, water 1.5 sheng, boiled down to 0.7 sheng, clarified. Warm wash daily. Another formula adds Talcum (Huashi) and Coptidis Rhizoma (Huanglian) in equal parts (*Waitai Miyao*).
Sudden eye swelling and pain: Qinpi and Huanglian 1 liang each, Ku Zhuye (Bitter Bamboo Leaf) 0.5 sheng, water 2.5 sheng, boiled down to 0.8 sheng. Take warm after meals. This is Master Xie Daoist's prescription (*Waitai Miyao*).
Red eye sores: Qinpi 1 liang. Soak in 1 sheng clear water in a white bowl for over one meal time in spring/summer until blue color emerges. Wrap cotton around a chopstick tip, lie supine, and drip into eyes to fill them. Mild pain is acceptable; do not fear. Drain hot juice after a while. Apply more than ten times daily; heals within two days (*Waitai Miyao*).
Hordeolum (Stye) on eyelid margin: Caused by accumulated heat in Liver and Spleen. Cut Qinpi, mix with rock sugar, decoct in water, and mix with 1 qian of Rhizoma Rhei (Dahuang) powder. Mild purgation is desirable (*Renzhai Zhizhi Fang*).
Chronic bloody dysentery: Qinpi, Salvia miltiorrhiza (Shuweicao), and Rosa multiflora root (Qiangweigen) in equal parts. Decoct in water, reduce in a double-boiler copper vessel, and form pills the size of Sophora seeds. Take 5-6 pills twice daily. Increase dosage slightly until effect is achieved. Can also be taken as a decoction.
"Tianshe" venomous sore, resembling leprosy but not: "Tianshe" refers to a yellow spider found in grass. If bitten and exposed to dew, this disease occurs. Decoct 1 dou of Qinpi in water and drink; it cures immediately (Shen Kuo).