（《别录》下品）
【释名】旃檀（《纲目》）、真檀。
时珍曰∶檀，善木也，故字从 。 ，善也。释氏呼为旃檀，以为汤沐，犹言离垢也。
番人讹为真檀。云南人呼紫檀为胜沉香，即赤檀也。
【集解】藏器曰∶白檀出海南。树如檀。
恭曰∶紫真檀出昆仑盘盘国。虽不生中华，人间遍有之。
不香尔。
时珍曰∶按∶《大明一统志》云∶檀香出广东、云南，及占城、真腊、爪哇、渤泥、暹
罗、三佛齐、回回等国，今岭南诸地亦皆有之。树、叶皆似荔枝，皮青色而滑泽。叶廷
《香谱》云∶皮实而色黄者为黄檀，皮洁而色白者为白檀，皮腐而色紫者为
其木并坚重清香，而白檀尤良。宜以纸封收，则不泄气。王佐《格古论》云∶紫檀诸溪
峒出之。性坚。新者色红，旧者色紫，有蟹爪文。新者以水浸之，可染物。真者揩壁上色紫
，故有紫檀名。黄檀最香。俱可作带 、扇骨等物。
白旃檀
【气味】辛，温，无毒。
大明曰∶热。
元素曰∶阳中微阴。入手太阴、足少阴，通行阳明经。
【主治】消风热肿毒（弘景）。治中恶鬼气，杀虫（藏器）。煎服，止心腹痛，霍乱肾气
痛。
水磨，涂外肾并腰肾痛处（大明）。散冷气，引胃气上升，进饮食（元素）。噎膈吐食。又面
生黑子，每夜以浆水洗拭令赤，磨汁涂之，甚良（时珍）。
【发明】杲曰∶白檀调气，引芳香之物，上至极高之分。最宜橙、橘之属，佐以姜、枣，
辅以葛根、缩砂、益智、豆蔻，通行阳明之经，在胸膈之上，处咽嗌之间，为理气要药。
时珍曰∶《楞严经》云∶白旃檀涂身，能除一切热恼。今西南诸番酋，皆用诸香涂身，取此
义也。杜宝《大业录》云∶隋有寿禅师妙医术，作五香饮济人。沉香饮、檀香饮、丁香饮、
泽兰饮、甘松饮，皆以香为主，更加别药，有味而止渴，兼补益人也。道书檀香谓之浴香，
不可烧供上真。
紫檀
【气味】咸，微寒，无毒。
【主治】摩涂恶毒风毒（《别录》）。
刮末敷金疮，止血止痛。疗淋（弘景）。醋磨，敷一切猝肿（千金）。
【发明】时珍曰∶白檀辛温，气分之药也。
故能理卫气而调脾肺，利胸膈。紫檀咸寒，血分之药也。故能和营气而消肿毒，治金疮。
（收录于《名医别录》下品）
【释名】旃檀（出自《本草纲目》）、真檀。
李时珍说：檀，是优质的木材，所以字形从“亶”，“亶”意为善、好。佛教徒称它为旃檀，用来制作沐浴用的汤水，意思是远离污垢。
苏恭说：紫真檀出产于昆仑盘盘国。虽然不在中华本土生长，但人间各地都有流通。只是没有香气罢了。
李时珍说：据《大明一统志》记载：檀香出产于广东、云南，以及占城、真腊、爪哇、渤泥、暹罗、三佛齐、回回等国，如今岭南各地也都有出产。树木和叶子都像荔枝树，树皮呈青色且光滑润泽。叶廷《香谱》记载：树皮厚实且颜色黄的叫黄檀，树皮洁净且颜色白的叫白檀，树皮腐朽且颜色紫的叫紫檀。它们的木质都坚硬沉重且清香，其中白檀尤其优良。应当用纸密封收藏，这样香气才不会泄露。王佐《格古论》记载：紫檀产于诸溪峒地区。性质坚硬。新砍伐的紫檀颜色红，陈旧的紫檀颜色紫，有像蟹爪一样的纹理。新的紫檀用水浸泡后，可以用来染色。真正的紫檀在墙壁上摩擦会留下紫色的痕迹，所以得名紫檀。黄檀香气最浓。这些木材都可以用来制作带钩、扇骨等物品。
白旃檀
【气味】辛味，温性，无毒。
唐慎微《嘉祐补注神农本草》（简称大明）说：性热。
张元素说：属于阳中略带阴。归入手太阴肺经、足少阴肾经，通行阳明经。
【主治】消除风热引起的肿痛毒疮（陶弘景）。治疗中恶鬼气，杀虫（陈藏器）。煎服，可止心腹痛、霍乱及肾气痛。
用水磨成汁，涂抹外生殖器及腰肾疼痛部位（唐慎微）。散除冷气，引导胃气上升，促进饮食摄入（张元素）。治疗噎膈吐食。另外，面部生出黑痣，每晚用浆水洗拭至发红，再用磨成的汁液涂抹，效果很好（李时珍）。
【发明】张杲说：白檀能调理气机，引导芳香类药物上行至人体最高处。最适合与橙、橘之类搭配，辅以生姜、大枣，再配合葛根、缩砂仁、益智仁、豆蔻，以通行阳明经，作用于胸膈之上、咽喉之间，是理气的要药。
李时珍说：《楞严经》记载：用白旃檀涂抹身体，能消除一切热恼。如今西南各少数民族首领，都用各种香料涂抹身体，就是取这个意思。杜宝《大业录》记载：隋朝有位寿禅师医术精妙，配制了五香饮来救济世人。包括沉香饮、檀香饮、丁香饮、泽兰饮、甘松饮，都以香药为主，再加其他药物，味道甘甜并能止渴，兼有补益作用。道书中称檀香为浴香，不可焚烧供奉给至高神灵。
【气味】咸味，微寒性，无毒。
【主治】摩擦涂抹恶毒风毒（《名医别录》）。
(Recorded in the Lower Grade of *Bie Lu*)
[Names] Zhentan (from *Bencao Gangmu*), Zhen Tan.
Li Shizhen states: "Tan" refers to a superior wood, hence the character contains 'Dan' (亶), which means good or excellent. Buddhist practitioners call it Zhentan, using it for bathing water, implying the removal of defilement.
Foreigners mispronounce it as Zhen Tan. People in Yunnan refer to Red Sandalwood (Zitan) as "Sheng Chenxiang" (superior Agarwood), which is also known as Chi Tan.
[Collection and Explanation] Chen Cangqi says: White Sandalwood originates from Hainan. The tree resembles sandalwood trees.
Su Gong says: Purple True Sandalwood comes from Panpan Country in Kunlun. Although it does not grow in China proper, it is widely available throughout the world. However, it lacks fragrance.
Li Shizhen states: According to *Da Ming Yi Tong Zhi*, Sandalwood is produced in Guangdong, Yunnan, as well as in Champa, Chenla, Java, Brunei, Siam, Srivijaya, and Huiai countries. It is now also found in various regions of Lingnan. The tree and leaves resemble those of the lychee; the bark is bluish-green and smooth. Ye Ting's *Xiang Pu* records: Wood with thick bark and yellow color is called Huang Tan (Yellow Sandalwood); wood with clean bark and white color is called Bai Tan (White Sandalwood); wood with decaying bark and purple color is [Zi Tan]. Their wood is hard, heavy, and fragrant, with White Sandalwood being particularly fine. It should be stored sealed in paper to prevent the loss of aroma. Wang Zuo's *Ge Gu Lun* records: Zitan is produced in the Xidong regions. Its nature is hard. New wood is red, old wood is purple, and it features patterns resembling crab claws. Soaking new wood in water can dye materials. Authentic Zitan leaves a purple mark when rubbed against a wall, hence its name. Huang Tan has the strongest fragrance. All these woods can be used to make belt hooks, fan ribs, etc.
**White Zhentan**
[Flavor and Nature] Pungent, Warm, Non-toxic.
*Tang Shenwei's Supplement* (Da Ming) states: Hot.
Zhang Yuansu states: Yang with slight Yin. Enters the Hand Taiyin Lung Meridian and Foot Shaoyin Kidney Meridian, and circulates through the Yangming Meridian.
[Indications] Resolves wind-heat-induced swelling and toxic sores (Tao Hongjing). Treats sudden evil qi and ghosts, kills parasites (Chen Cangqi). Decocted and taken orally, it stops heart and abdominal pain, cholera, and kidney qi pain.
Ground with water and applied externally to the external genitalia and painful areas of the lower back and kidneys (Tang Shenwei). Disperses cold qi, guides stomach qi upward, and promotes food intake (Zhang Yuansu). Treats dysphagia and vomiting. Additionally, for black spots on the face, wash them nightly with grain water until red, then apply the ground juice; this is very effective (Li Shizhen).
[Elucidation] Zhang Gao states: White Sandalwood regulates qi and guides aromatic substances upward to the highest parts of the body. It is best paired with oranges and tangerines, assisted by ginger and jujube, and supplemented by Kudzu Root (*Puerariae Lobatae Radix*), Amomum Fruit (*Amomi Fructus*), Evodia Fruit (*Evodiae Fructus*), and Cardamom (*Cardamomi Fructus*). It circulates through the Yangming Meridian, acting above the chest and diaphragm, between the throat and pharynx, making it an essential herb for regulating qi.
Li Shizhen states: The *Lankavatara Sutra* records: Applying White Zhentan to the body can eliminate all heat and vexation. Currently, chieftains of various tribes in the southwest use various aromatics to anoint their bodies, taking this meaning. Du Bao's *Daye Lu* records: In the Sui Dynasty, Chan Master Shou had exquisite medical skills and created Five-Aroma Drink to help people. This includes Agarwood Drink, Sandalwood Drink, Clove Drink, Agastache Drink, and Nardostachys Drink. All are based on aromatic herbs, with additional medicines added, possessing a sweet taste, quenching thirst, and providing tonification. Daoist texts refer to Sandalwood as Bath Aroma, stating it should not be burned for offering to supreme deities.
**Red Sandalwood (Zitan)**
[Flavor and Nature] Salty, Slightly Cold, Non-toxic.
[Indications] Rubbed and applied to treat malignant wind-toxins (*Bie Lu*).
Scraped into powder and applied to traumatic wounds to stop bleeding and relieve pain. Treats strangury (Tao Hongjing). Ground with vinegar and applied to treat all sudden swellings (*Qianjin Fang*).
[Elucidation] Li Shizhen states: White Sandalwood is pungent and warm, a medicine for the Qi level.
Therefore, it can regulate Wei Qi, harmonize the Spleen and Lungs, and benefit the chest and diaphragm. Red Sandalwood is salty and cold, a medicine for the Blood level. Therefore, it can harmonize Ying Qi, reduce swelling and toxins, and treat traumatic injuries.