（《别录》下品）
【释名】时珍曰∶《埤雅》云∶狐，孤也。狐性疑，疑则不可以合类，故其字从孤省。
或云狐知虚实，以虚击实，实即孤也，故从孤，亦通。
【集解】弘景曰∶江东无狐，狐出北方及益州。形似狸而黄，善为魅。
恭曰∶形似小黄狗，而鼻尖尾大，全不似狸。
颂曰∶今江南亦时有之，汴、洛尤多。北土作脍生食之。宗 曰∶其性多疑审听，故捕
者多用 。时珍曰∶狐南北皆有之，北方最多。有黄、黑、白三种，白色者尤稀。尾有白钱
纹者亦佳。日伏于穴，夜出窃食。声如婴儿，气极臊烈。毛皮可为裘，其腋毛纯白，谓之狐
白。许慎云∶妖兽，鬼所乘也。有三德∶其色中和，小前大后，死则首丘。或云狐知上伏，
不度阡陌。或云狐善听冰。或云狐有媚珠。或云狐至百岁，礼北斗而变化为男、女、淫妇以
惑人。又能击尾出火。或云狐魅畏狗。千年老狐，惟以千年枯木燃照，则见真形。或云犀角
置穴，狐不敢归。《山海经》云∶青丘之山，有
鼎曰∶狐魅之状，见人或叉手有礼，或祗揖无度，或静处独语，或裸形见人也。
肉
【气味】甘，温，无毒。
诜曰∶有小毒。《礼记》云“食狐去首”，为害人也。
【主治】同肠作 食，治疮疥久不瘥（苏恭）。煮炙食，补虚损；又主五脏邪气，患蛊
毒寒热者，宜多服之（孟诜）。
【附方】旧一。
狐肉羹∶治惊痫恍惚，语言错谬，歌笑无度，及五脏积冷，蛊毒寒热诸病。用狐肉一片
及五脏治净，入豉汁煮熟，入五味作羹，或作粥食。京中以羊骨汁、鲫鱼代豉汁，亦妙。（《食
医心镜
五脏及肠肚
【气味】苦，微寒，有毒。
【主治】蛊毒寒热，小儿惊痫（《别录》）。补虚劳，随脏而补，治恶疮疥。生食，治狐
魅（《日华》）。作羹 ，治大人见鬼（孟诜）。肝烧灰，治风痫及破伤风，口紧搐强（时珍。
古方治诸风
【附方】新四。
劳疟瘴疟∶野狐肝一具阴干，重五日更初，北斗下受气为末，粳米饭作丸绿豆大。每以
一丸绯帛裹，系手中指，男左女右。（《圣惠》）
鬼疟寒热∶野狐肝胆一具（新瓶内阴干），阿魏一分，为末，醋煮面糊丸芡子大。发时
男左女右把一丸嗅之。仍以绯帛包一丸，系手中指。（《圣惠》）
中恶蛊毒∶腊月狐肠烧末，水服方寸匕。（《千金》）
牛病疫疾∶恭曰∶狐肠烧灰，和水灌之，胜獭也。
胆（腊月收之）
【主治】人猝暴亡，即取雄狐胆温水研灌，入喉即活。移时者无及矣（苏颂。出《续传
信方》）。辟邪疟，解酒毒（时珍。《万毕术》云∶狐血渍黍，令人不醉。高诱注云∶以狐血
渍黍米
【附方】新一。
狐胆丸∶治邪疟发作无时。狐胆一个，朱砂、砒霜各半两，阿魏、麝香、黄丹、绿豆
粉各一分，为末，五月五日午时，粽子尖和，丸梧桐子大。空心及发前，冷醋汤服二丸。忌
热物。（《圣惠方》）
阴茎
【气味】甘，微寒，有毒。
思邈曰∶平，有小毒。
【主治】女子绝产，阴中痒，小儿阴 卵肿（《别录》）。
妇人阴脱（时珍）。
【附方】新一。
小儿阴肿 狐阴茎炙为末，空心酒服。（《千金方》）
头
【主治】烧之辟邪。同狸头烧灰，敷瘰 （时珍。《千金》）。
目
【主治】破伤中风（时珍）。
【发明】时珍曰∶狐目治破伤风，方见刘氏《保寿堂方》，云神效无比。腊月收取狐目
阴干，临时用二目一副，炭火微烧存性，研末，无灰酒服之。又《淮南万毕术》云∶狐目狸
脑，鼠去其穴。谓涂穴辟鼠也。
鼻
【主治】狐魅病，同豹鼻煮食（时珍）。
唇
【主治】恶刺入肉，杵烂，和盐封之（《圣惠》）。
【主治】入媚药（嘉谟曰∶取法∶小口瓶盛肉，置狐常行处。狐爪不得，徘徊于上，涎
入瓶中，乃收之也）。
四足
【主治】痔漏下血（时珍）。
【附方】新一。
痔漏反花泻血者∶用狐手足一副（阴干），穿山甲、 皮各三两，黄明胶、白附子、五
灵脂、蜀乌头、川芎 、乳香各二两，锉细，入砂锅内，固济候干，炭火 红为末。入木香
末
皮
【主治】辟邪魅（时珍）。
尾
【主治】烧灰辟恶（《日华》。头尾烧灰，治牛疫，和水灌之）。
雄狐屎
恭曰∶在竹、木、及石上，尖头者是也。
【主治】烧之辟恶（《别录》）。去瘟疫气（苏恭）。治肝气心痛，颜色苍苍如死灰状而喘
息大者，以二升烧灰，和姜黄三两捣末，空腹酒下方寸匕，日再，甚效（苏颂。出崔元亮《海
上方》）。疗恶刺入肉，烧灰，和腊月猪脂封之（《千金》）。
【附方】旧一，新一。
鬼疟寒热∶雄狐屎、蝙蝠屎各一分为末，醋糊丸芡子大。发时男左女右，手把一丸嗅之。
（《圣惠》）
一切恶 ，中有冷息肉者∶用正月狐粪干末，食前新
【背景信息】
书名：《本草纲目》 作者：李时珍 朝代：明·万历六年 章节：狐 类别：本草
（收录于《名医别录》下品）
【释名】李时珍说：《埤雅》记载：狐，即“孤”的意思。狐狸生性多疑，因为多疑所以不能合群，所以它的字从“孤”字省略而来。
也有人说狐狸知道虚实，用虚招攻击实招，实招即是孤立无援，所以从“孤”，也讲得通。
【集解】陶弘景说：江东地区没有狐狸，狐狸出产于北方及益州。形状像狸猫但毛色发黄，善于变化成魅惑人的形象。
苏恭说：形状像小黄狗，鼻尖尾巴大，完全不像狸猫。
苏颂说：现在江南地区偶尔也有，汴京、洛阳尤其多。北方人把它切成薄片生吃。陈藏器说：它生性多疑且谨慎倾听，所以捕猎者多用陷阱。李时珍说：狐狸南北都有，北方最多。有黄、黑、白三种颜色，白色者尤其稀少。尾巴上有白色钱币状斑纹的也很好。白天潜伏在洞穴中，夜晚出来偷食。叫声像婴儿，气味极其腥臊。皮毛可以做皮衣，其腋下的毛纯白，称为“狐白”。许慎说：它是妖兽，是鬼魂所乘骑的。有三德：毛色中和，头小尾大，死后头朝向出生的山丘。有人说狐狸知道向上潜伏，不跨越田间小路。有人说狐狸善于听冰面下的动静。有人说狐狸有媚珠。有人说狐狸活到百岁，礼拜北斗星后变化为男人、女人或淫妇来迷惑人。又能摇尾巴喷出火。有人说狐狸魅怕狗。千年的老狐狸，只有用千年的枯木燃烧照射，才能看到真身。有人说把犀角放在洞穴里，狐狸不敢回去。《山海经》说：青丘山上，有一种狐狸……鼎（此处原文可能有缺漏或排版错误，依文意推测为描述狐魅形态）说：狐魅的样子，见到人有时叉手行礼，有时恭敬作揖没有限度，有时安静地独自说话，有时裸体见人。
肉
【气味】甘味，温性，无毒。
孟诜说：有小毒。《礼记》说“吃狐狸要去掉头部”，是因为头部害人。
【主治】同肠子一起做成羹汤食用，治疗疮疥久治不愈（苏恭）。煮或烤着吃，补益虚损；又主治五脏邪气，患有蛊毒寒热病的人，应该多吃（孟诜）。
【附方】旧方一道。
狐肉羹：治疗惊痫恍惚，言语错乱，歌笑无度，以及五脏积冷，蛊毒寒热等各种疾病。取一片狐肉及内脏洗净，加入豆豉汁煮熟，加入五味调料做成羹，或者做成粥吃。京城里用羊骨汤、鲫鱼代替豆豉汁，也很妙。（出自《食医心镜》）
五脏及肠肚
【气味】苦味，微寒性，有毒。
【主治】蛊毒寒热，小儿惊痫（《名医别录》）。补益虚劳，随脏腑而补益，治疗恶疮疥癣。生吃，治疗狐魅病（《日华子本草》）。做成羹汤，治疗大人见鬼幻象（孟诜）。肝脏烧成灰，治疗风痫及破伤风，口部紧闭抽搐强直（李时珍。古方治疗各种风病……）
【附方】新方四道。
劳疟瘴疟：野狐肝一副阴干，重五月初一凌晨，在北斗星下吸收精气研成粉末，用粳米饭做成绿豆大的丸药。每次取一丸用红布包裹，系在中指上，男性系左手，女性系右手。（出自《圣惠方》）
鬼疟寒热：野狐肝胆一副（在新瓶内阴干），阿魏一分，研成粉末，醋煮面糊做成芡实大小的丸药。发病时男性左手、女性右手拿一丸闻嗅。仍用红布包一丸，系在中指上。（出自《圣惠方》）
中恶蛊毒：腊月狐狸肠子烧成灰，用水送服一方寸匕。（出自《千金方》）
牛病疫疾：苏恭说：狐狸肠子烧成灰，和水灌入牛口中，比獭更有效。
胆（腊月采集）
【主治】人突然暴亡，立即取雄狐狸胆用温水研磨灌入，进入喉咙人就活了。如果过了一段时间就没救了（苏颂。出自《续传信方》）。辟除邪气疟疾，解酒毒（李时珍。《万毕术》说：用狐狸血浸泡黍米，让人不会醉。高诱注释说：用狐狸血浸泡黍米……）
【附方】新方一道。
狐胆丸：治疗邪疟发作没有定时。狐胆一个，朱砂、砒霜各半两，阿魏、麝香、黄丹、绿豆粉各一分，研成粉末，五月五日午时，用粽子尖调和，做成梧桐子大小的丸药。空腹及发病前，用冷醋汤送服二丸。忌食热物。（出自《圣惠方》）
阴茎
【气味】甘味，微寒性，有毒。
孙思邈说：平性，有小毒。
【主治】女子绝育不孕，阴道瘙痒，小儿阴囊肿胀（《名医别录》）。
妇人子宫脱垂（李时珍）。
【附方】新方一道。
小儿阴肿：狐阴茎烤焦研成粉末，空腹用酒送服。（出自《千金方》）
头
【主治】烧制可辟邪。同狸猫头一起烧成灰，敷在瘰疬上（李时珍。《千金方》）。
目
【主治】破伤中风（李时珍）。
【发明】李时珍说：狐目治疗破伤风，方法见于刘氏《保寿堂方》，说神效无比。腊月收取狐目阴干，临时用两只一副，炭火微烧保留药性，研成粉末，用无灰酒送服。又《淮南万毕术》说：狐目和狸脑，能驱赶老鼠离开洞穴。说是涂抹在洞穴处可以辟鼠。
鼻
【主治】狐魅病，同豹鼻子一起煮食（李时珍）。
唇
【主治】恶刺扎入肉中，捣烂，加盐封贴（《圣惠方》）。
【主治】作为媚药（嘉谟说：取法：用小口瓶盛放肉，放在狐狸常走的地方。狐狸爪子够不着，徘徊在上面，口水流入瓶中，于是收集起来）。
四足
【主治】痔疮漏管下血（李时珍）。
【附方】新方一道。
痔漏反花泻血者：用狐手足一副（阴干），穿山甲、皮革各三两，黄明胶、白附子、五灵脂、蜀乌头、川芎、乳香各二两，切碎，放入砂锅内，密封干燥后，用炭火烧红研成粉末。加入木香末……
皮
【主治】辟除邪魅（李时珍）。
尾
【主治】烧成灰辟除恶气（《日华子本草》。头和尾烧成灰，治疗牛疫，加水灌服）。
雄狐屎
苏恭说：在竹子、木头及石头上，尖头的是。
【主治】烧制可辟除恶气（《名医别录》）。去除瘟疫之气（苏恭）。治疗肝气心痛，面色苍白如死灰状且呼吸急促的，用二升烧成灰，和姜黄三两捣成粉末，空腹用酒送下方寸匕，每天两次，非常有效（苏颂。出自崔元亮《海上方》）。治疗恶刺扎入肉中，烧成灰，和腊月猪脂封贴（《千金方》）。
【附方】旧方一道，新方一道。
鬼疟寒热：雄狐屎、蝙蝠屎各一分研成粉末，醋糊做成芡实大小的丸药。发病时男性左手、女性右手，手拿一丸闻嗅。（出自《圣惠方》）
一切恶疮，中有冷息肉者：用正月狐狸粪干末，饭前新……
[Background Information]
Book: *Compendium of Materia Medica* (Bencao Gangmu) Author: Li Shizhen Dynasty: Ming, 6th Year of Wanli Chapter: Fox Category: Materia Medica
(Included in the Lower Grade of *Bie Lu*)
[Names] Li Shizhen said: *Pi Ya* states: "Hu" (Fox) means "Gu" (Solitary). The fox is suspicious by nature; because it is suspicious, it cannot associate with its kind. Therefore, its character derives from the abbreviated form of "Gu".
Some say the fox knows emptiness and fullness, attacking the solid with the empty; the solid implies isolation, hence derived from "Gu", which also makes sense.
[Collection of Explanations] Tao Hongjing said: There are no foxes in Jiangdong; foxes come from the North and Yizhou. They resemble martens but are yellow, and are good at becoming enchanting spirits.
Su Gong said: They resemble small yellow dogs, with pointed noses and large tails, completely unlike martens.
Su Song said: Now they occasionally appear in Jiangnan, especially abundant in Bian and Luo. In the north, they are sliced raw and eaten. Chen Zangqi said: Their nature is suspicious and cautious in listening, so hunters often use traps. Li Shizhen said: Foxes exist both north and south, most abundantly in the north. There are three colors: yellow, black, and white; white ones are particularly rare. Those with white coin-like patterns on their tails are also excellent. They hide in burrows during the day and emerge at night to steal food. Their cry resembles that of an infant, and their odor is extremely pungent. Their fur can be made into coats; the pure white hair under their armpits is called "Fox White". Xu Shen said: It is a demonic beast, ridden by ghosts. It has three virtues: its color is neutral, its head is small and tail large, and when dead, it faces the hill where it was born. Some say the fox knows to lie low and does not cross field paths. Some say the fox is skilled at listening through ice. Some say the fox possesses a charm pearl. Some say the fox lives to a hundred years, worships the Big Dipper, and transforms into men, women, or seductive women to confuse people. It can also flick its tail to produce fire. Some say fox spirits fear dogs. A thousand-year-old fox can only reveal its true form when illuminated by burning thousand-year-old dry wood. Some say placing rhinoceros horn in the den prevents the fox from returning. *Classic of Mountains and Seas* states: On Qingqiu Mountain... [Text fragment] Ding [fragment] states: The appearance of fox spirits, when seeing people, sometimes clasps hands in courtesy, sometimes bows excessively without limit, sometimes speaks alone quietly, sometimes appears naked.
Meat
[Properties and Flavor] Sweet, Warm, Non-toxic.
Meng Shen said: Slightly toxic. *Li Ji* states "Remove the head when eating fox," as it harms people.
[Indications] Cooked together with intestines as soup, treats chronic sores and scabies (Su Gong). Boiled or roasted for consumption, tonifies deficiency and damage; also treats evil qi in the five zang organs. Those suffering from gu poison and alternating cold and heat should consume it frequently (Meng Shen).
[Attached Formulas] One old formula.
Fox Meat Soup: Treats fright epilepsy and trance, erroneous speech, uncontrollable singing and laughing, as well as various diseases caused by accumulated cold in the five zang organs and gu poison with alternating cold and heat. Take one piece of fox meat and cleaned viscera, cook thoroughly in fermented soybean juice, add five flavors to make soup, or make porridge. In the capital, mutton bone broth and crucian carp are used instead of fermented soybean juice, which is also excellent. (*Shi Yi Xin Jing*)
Five Viscera and Intestines
[Properties and Flavor] Bitter, Slightly Cold, Toxic.
[Indications] Gu poison and alternating cold and heat, childhood fright epilepsy (*Bie Lu*). Tonifies deficiency and fatigue, tonifies according to the organ, treats malignant sores and scabies. Eaten raw, treats fox spirit possession (*Ri Hua*). Made into soup, treats adults seeing ghosts (Meng Shen). Liver burned to ash, treats wind epilepsy and tetanus, tight mouth and strong convulsions (Li Shizhen. Ancient formulas treat various wind diseases...)
[Attached Formulas] Four new formulas.
Laborious Malaria and Miasma Malaria: One wild fox liver, dried in shade. At dawn on the fifth day of the first lunar month, absorb qi under the Big Dipper, grind into powder, and make pills the size of mung beans using glutinous rice paste. Wrap one pill in red silk each time, tie it around the middle finger, left hand for males, right hand for females. (*Sheng Hui Fang*)
Ghost Malaria with Alternating Cold and Heat: One set of wild fox liver and gallbladder (dried in shade in a new bottle), 1 fen of Asafoetida (Asafetida), grind into powder, boil in vinegar and wheat flour paste to make pills the size of Chinese chestnuts. When attacking, hold one pill to smell, left hand for males, right hand for females. Also wrap one pill in red silk and tie it around the middle finger. (*Sheng Hui Fang*)
Sudden Evil and Gu Poison: Fox intestines collected in the twelfth lunar month, burned to ash, taken with water, dose equivalent to a square inch spoon. (*Qian Jin Fang*)
Cattle Epidemic Disease: Su Gong said: Fox intestines burned to ash, mixed with water and灌 (irrigated/force-fed) into cattle, more effective than otters.
Gallbladder (Collected in the twelfth lunar month)
[Indications] For sudden death, immediately take the gallbladder of a male fox, grind with warm water, and灌 into the throat; life returns once it enters the throat. If delayed for a while, it is too late (Su Song. From *Xu Chuan Xin Fang*). Expels evil malaria, resolves alcohol toxicity (Li Shizhen. *Wan Bi Shu* states: Soaking broomcorn millet in fox blood prevents intoxication. Gao You's annotation states: Soaking broomcorn millet in fox blood...)
[Attached Formulas] One new formula.
Fox Gallbladder Pill: Treats irregularly occurring evil malaria. One fox gallbladder, half liang each of Cinnabar (Zhusha) and Realgar (Pishuang), 1 fen each of Asafoetida (Aswei), Musk (Shexiang), Lead Tetroxide (Huangdan), and Mung Bean Powder (Lvdou Fen). Grind into powder. On the noon hour of the fifth day of the fifth lunar month, mix with the tip of a zongzi (sticky rice dumpling), make pills the size of paulownia seeds. Take two pills on an empty stomach and before onset with cold vinegar water. Avoid hot foods. (*Sheng Hui Fang*)
Penis
[Properties and Flavor] Sweet, Slightly Cold, Toxic.
Sun Simiao said: Neutral, slightly toxic.
[Indications] Female infertility, vaginal itching, childhood scrotal swelling (*Bie Lu*).
Uterine prolapse in women (Li Shizhen).
[Attached Formulas] One new formula.
Childhood Scrotal Swelling: Fox penis roasted and ground into powder, taken with wine on an empty stomach. (*Qian Jin Fang*)
Head
[Indications] Burning expels evil. Burned to ash together with marten head, applied to scrofula (Li Shizhen. *Qian Jin*).
Eyes
[Indications] Traumatic wind-stroke (Li Shizhen).
[Elucidation] Li Shizhen said: Fox eyes treat traumatic wind-stroke; the method is found in Liu's *Baoshou Tang Fang*, stating it is incredibly effective. Collect fox eyes in the twelfth lunar month, dry in shade. Use two eyes per dose, lightly burn over charcoal fire until charred but retaining properties, grind into powder, take with unadulterated wine. Also, *Huainan Wan Bi Shu* states: Fox eyes and marten brain drive mice out of their holes. Meaning applying them to holes repels mice.
Nose
[Indications] Fox spirit illness, boiled and eaten together with leopard nose (Li Shizhen).
Lips
[Indications] Thorny splinters embedded in flesh, pounded into paste, mixed with salt and applied as a seal (*Sheng Hui Fang*).
[Indications] Used in aphrodisiacs (Jiamo said: Method of collection: Place meat in a narrow-mouthed bottle at places where foxes commonly walk. Fox claws cannot reach it, so it paces above, and saliva drips into the bottle, which is then collected).
Four Feet
[Indications] Hemorrhoidal fistula bleeding (Li Shizhen).
[Attached Formulas] One new formula.
For hemorrhoidal fistula with flower-like bleeding: Use one pair of fox feet and hands (dried in shade), 3 liang each of Pangolin Scales (Chuanshanjia) and Leather (Pipi), 2 liang each of Yellow Ming Glue (Huangming Jiao), White Aconite Root (Baifuzi), Five Spice Dung (Wulingzhi), Shu Wutou, Sichuan Lovage Rhizome (Chuanxiong), and Frankincense (Ruxiang). Cut finely, place in a clay pot, seal tightly, dry, burn red over charcoal, grind into powder. Add powdered Costus Root (Muxiang)...
Skin
[Indications] Expels evil spirits (Li Shizhen).
Tail
[Indications] Burned to ash to expel malice (*Ri Hua*. Head and tail burned to ash, treated cattle epidemic, mixed with water and灌).
Male Fox Feces
Su Gong said: Found on bamboo, wood, and stones; those with pointed tips are identified as such.
[Indications] Burning expels malice (*Bie Lu*). Removes plague qi (Su Gong). Treats liver qi heart pain, where the complexion is pale like dead ash and breathing is labored. Use two sheng burned to ash, mixed with 3 liang of Turmeric Rhizome (Jianghuang), pounded into powder. Take one square inch spoon with wine on an empty stomach, twice daily, very effective (Su Song. From Cui Yuanliang's *Hai Shang Fang*). Treats thorny splinters embedded in flesh, burned to ash, mixed with pig fat from the twelfth lunar month and applied (*Qian Jin*).
[Attached Formulas] One old, one new.
Ghost Malaria with Alternating Cold and Heat: 1 fen each of male fox feces and bat feces, ground into powder, made into pills the size of Chinese chestnuts with vinegar paste. When attacking, hold one pill to smell, left hand for males, right hand for females. (*Sheng Hui Fang*)
All malignant sores, with cold polyps inside: Use dry powder of fox feces from the first lunar month, before meals, fresh...