（宋《开宝》）
【释名】珍珠（《开宝》）、蚌珠（《南方志
【集解】李 曰∶真珠出南海，石决明产也。蜀中西路女瓜出者是蚌蛤产，光白甚好，
不及舶上者采耀。欲穿须得金刚钻也。
颂曰∶今出廉州，北海亦有之。生于珠牡亦曰珠母，蚌类也。按∶《岭表录异》云∶廉
州边海中有洲岛，岛
池虽在海上，而人疑其底与海通，池水乃淡，此不可测也。土人采小蚌肉作脯食，亦往往得
细珠如米。乃知此池之蚌，大小皆有珠也。而今之取珠牡者，云得之海旁，不必是池中也。
其北海珠蚌种类小别。人取其肉，或有得珠者，不甚光莹，亦不常有，不堪入药。又蚌中一
种似江珧者，腹亦有珠，皆不及南海者奇而且多。
宗 曰∶河北溏泺中，亦有围及寸者，色多微红，珠母与廉州者不相类。但清水急流处，
其色光白；浊水及不流处，其色暗也。
时珍曰∶按∶《廉州志》云∶
入水，拾蚌入篮即振绳，令
集》云∶禹贡言“淮夷
各随方色也。予尝见 人入海，取得珠子树数担。其树状如柳枝，蚌生于树，
生于石， 人凿石得树以求蚌，甚可异也。又《南越志
九分者为大品，有光彩。一边小平似覆釜者，名 珠。次则走珠、滑珠等品也。《格古论》
云∶南番珠色白圆
马价珠为上，色青如翠，其老色、夹石粉青、有油烟者下也。凡蚌闻雷则 瘦。其孕珠
孕，故谓之珠胎。中秋无月，则蚌无胎。《左思赋》云∶蚌蛤珠胎，与月亏全，是矣。陆佃
云∶蚌蛤无阴阳
在眼，鲛珠在皮，鳖珠在足，蚌珠在腹。皆不及蚌珠也。
【修治】李 曰∶凡用，以新完未经钻缀者研如粉，方堪服食。不细则伤人脏腑。
曰∶凡用以新净者绢袋盛之。置牡蛎约重四五斤以来于平底铛中，以物四向支稳，然
后着珠于上。乃下地榆、五花皮、五方草各（锉）四两，笼住，以浆水不住火煮三日夜。取
出，用甘草汤淘净，于臼中捣细重筛，更研二万下，方可服食。
慎微曰∶《抱朴子》云∶真珠径寸以上，服食令人长生。以酪浆渍之，皆化如水银，以
浮石、蜂巢、蛇黄等物合之，可引长三
时珍曰∶凡入药，不用首饰及见尸气者。以人乳浸三日，煮过如上捣研。一法，以绢袋
盛，入豆腐腹中，煮一炷香，云不伤珠也。
【气味】咸、甘，寒，无毒。
【主治】镇心。点目，去肤翳障膜。涂面，令人润泽好颜色。涂手足，去
裹塞耳，主聋（《开宝》）。磨翳坠痰（甄权）。除
根，治小儿
难产，下死胎胞衣（
【发明】时珍曰∶真珠入厥阴肝经，故能安魂定魄，明目治聋。
【附方】旧五，新六。
安魂定魄∶真珠末豆大一粒，蜜一蚬壳，和服，日三。尤宜小儿。（《肘后》）
卒忤不言∶真珠末，用鸡冠血和，丸小豆大。以三四粒纳口中。（《肘后》）
灰尘迷目∶用大珠拭之则明也。（《格古论》）
妇人难产∶真珠末一两，酒服，立出。（《千金》）
胞衣不下∶真珠一两研末，苦酒服。（《千金》）
子死腹中∶真珠末二两，酒服，立出。（《外台》）
痘不发∶珠子七枚为末，新汲水调服。（《儒门事亲》）
痘疮疔毒∶方见谷部豌豆下。
肝虚目暗，茫茫不见∶真珠末一两，白蜜二合，鲤鱼胆二枚，和合，铜器煎至一半，新
绵滤过瓶盛。频点取瘥。（《圣惠方》）
青盲不见∶方同上。
小儿中风，手足拘急∶真珠末（水飞）一两，石膏末一钱。每服一钱，水七分，煎四分，
温服，日三。（《圣惠方》）
目生顽翳∶真珠一两，地榆二两，水二大碗煮干，取真珠以醋浸五日，热水淘去醋气，
研细末用。每点少许，以愈为度。
（宋代《开宝本草》记载）
【释名】珍珠（出自《开宝本草》）、蚌珠（出自《南方志》）。
【集解】李珣说：真珠出产于南海，是由石决明产生的。蜀地西路女瓜出产的是由蚌蛤产生的，光泽洁白非常好，但不如从海外运来的那样光彩夺目。想要钻孔必须使用金刚钻。
苏颂说：现在出产于廉州，北海也有出产。生于珠牡的也叫珠母，是蚌类的一种。据《岭表录异》记载：廉州海边有洲岛，岛上的水池虽然位于海上，但人们怀疑池底与海相通，然而池水却是淡水，这真是不可推测。当地人采集小蚌肉制成干脯食用，也往往能得到像米粒一样细小的珍珠。由此可知这些池中的蚌，无论大小都有珍珠。而现在获取珠牡的人说，是从海边得到的，不一定非要在池中。北海的珠蚌种类略有不同。人们取其肉，有时能得珍珠，但光泽不够晶莹，也不常有，不适合入药。另外蚌中有一种类似江珧的，腹部也有珍珠，但都不及南海产的奇特且数量多。
陈承说：河北的池塘沼泽中，也有直径达一尺的，颜色多微红，其珠母与廉州的有所不同。但在清水急流处，颜色光白；在浊水及不流动的水处，颜色则暗淡。
李时珍说：据《廉州志》记载：潜水拾取蚌放入篮中即抖动绳索，让……（原文此处似有缺漏或排版错误，依文意补全逻辑）……各随地方色彩而定。我曾见有人入海，取得珠子树几担。这种树形状像柳枝，蚌生长在树上，也有生长在石头上的，潜水者凿石取树以求蚌，非常奇怪。又据《南越志》记载：九分大小的为大品，有光彩。一边较小平直像倒扣锅具的，称为……珠。其次是走珠、滑珠等品类。《格古论》记载：南洋番邦的珍珠颜色白圆，以马价珠为上品，颜色青翠如翡翠，那些颜色老气、夹杂石粉发青、带有油烟色的则为下品。凡是蚌听到雷声就会消瘦。它们孕育珍珠是因为受月华影响而怀孕，所以称为珠胎。中秋无月时，蚌就没有珠胎。左思的赋中说：“蚌蛤珠胎，与月亮的盈亏有关”，是正确的。陆佃说：蚌蛤没有阴阳之分，珍珠在眼中，鲛珠在皮上，鳖珠在脚上，蚌珠在腹中。但都不如蚌珠珍贵。
【修治】李珣说：凡是用真珠，要用新近完好未经钻孔缀连的研成粉末，才适合服用。如果不细会损伤脏腑。
寇宗奭说：凡是用真珠，要用新的干净的绢袋盛装。放置牡蛎约重四五斤以上在平底铛中，用物体从四面支撑稳固，然后把真珠放在上面。接着加入地榆、五花皮、五方草各四两（锉碎），覆盖在上面，用浆水不停火煮三天三夜。取出后，用甘草汤淘洗干净，在臼中捣细重新筛选，再研磨两万下，才可以服用。
王慎微说：《抱朴子》记载：真珠直径一寸以上的，服用可以使人长生。用酪浆浸泡它，都会化成如水银一样的液体，配合浮石、蜂巢、蛇黄等物合用，可以延长寿命三尺（注：此处“引长三尺”可能指延年益寿或身体轻健，古籍表述夸张）。
李时珍说：凡入药，不用首饰及沾染尸气的真珠。用人乳浸泡三天，按上述方法煮过并捣研。另一种方法，用绢袋盛装，放入豆腐腹中，煮一炷香的时间，据说这样不会伤珠。
【气味】咸味、甘味，性寒，无毒。
【主治】镇心安神。点眼，去除肤翳障膜。涂面，使人润泽面色好。涂手足，去除……裹塞耳，主治耳聋（出自《开宝本草》）。磨碎可去翳坠痰（甄权）。除……根，治疗小儿……难产，下死胎胞衣（……）。
【发明】李时珍说：真珠入厥阴肝经，所以能安魂定魄，明目治聋。
【附方】旧方五个，新方六个。
安魂定魄：真珠末一粒如豆大，蜜一蚬壳量，调和服用，每日三次。尤其适宜小儿。（《肘后备急方》）
卒忤不言（突然受惊邪不能说话）：真珠末，用鸡冠血调和，丸如小豆大。每次三四粒放入口中。（《肘后备急方》）
灰尘迷目：用大珠擦拭眼睛则明亮。（《格古论》）
妇人难产：真珠末一两，酒送服，立即产出。（《千金方》）
胞衣不下：真珠一两研末，醋送服。（《千金方》）
子死腹中：真珠末二两，酒送服，立即排出。（《外台秘要》）
痘疮不发：珠子七枚研末，新汲水调服。（《儒门事亲》）
痘疮疔毒：方剂见谷部豌豆条下。
肝虚目暗，茫茫看不见：真珠末一两，白蜜二合，鲤鱼胆两个，混合，铜器煎至一半，新棉过滤后瓶盛。频繁点眼直至痊愈。（《圣惠方》）
(Song Dynasty *Kaibao Bencao* Record)
[Names] Zhenzhu (Pearl, from *Kaibao Bencao*), Bangzhu (Mussel Pearl, from *Nanfang Zhi*).
[Collection and Explanation] Li Xun stated: True pearls are produced in the South Sea, generated by *Haliotis discus hannai* (Shijueming/Abalone). Those produced in Nüwa of the Western Road in Shu are generated by mussels/clams; their luster is white and excellent, but not as dazzling as those imported by ship. Drilling requires a diamond drill.
Su Song stated: Currently, they are produced in Lianzhou, and also in Beihai. Produced from "Zhumu" (female pearl-producing mollusk), also called Zhumu, which belongs to the mussel family. According to *Lingbiao Luyi*: In Lianzhou, near the sea, there are islands with pools. Although these pools are on the sea, people suspect the bottom connects to the sea, yet the water is fresh, which is inexplicable. Locals collect small mussels, make them into dried meat for food, and often obtain fine pearls like rice grains. Thus, it is known that mussels in these pools, regardless of size, contain pearls. However, those who now obtain Zhumu say they get them from the seaside, not necessarily from pools. The mussel species in Beihai differ slightly. People take their meat, sometimes obtaining pearls, but they are not very lustrous, not common, and unsuitable for medicinal use. Furthermore, among mussels, there is a type resembling *Pinna nobilis* (Jiangyao) with pearls in its belly, but none compare to the rarity and abundance of those from the South Sea.
Chen Cheng stated: In the ponds and marshes of Hebei, there are also pearls up to one cun in diameter, mostly slightly red; their Zhumu differs from those in Lianzhou. However, in clear, fast-flowing water, the color is bright white; in turbid or stagnant water, the color is dull.
Li Shizhen stated: According to *Lianzhou Zhi*: [Text fragment implies diving to collect mussels]. Colors vary by region. I once saw someone enter the sea and bring back several loads of "pearl trees." These trees resemble willow branches; mussels grow on the trees, and some grow on rocks. Divers chisel rocks to find trees to seek mussels, which is very strange. Also, according to *Nanyue Zhi*: Pearls of 9 fen size are considered large grade, possessing luster. Those flat on one side like an inverted pot are named [Name missing in text] pearls. Next are walking pearls, smooth pearls, etc. *Gegu Lun* states: Southern barbarian pearls are white and round; Ma Jia Zhu (Horse Price Pearl) is the top grade. Pearls green like jade are good; those with old color, mixed with stone powder turning blue-green, or having an oily smoke appearance are inferior. Whenever mussels hear thunder, they become emaciated. They conceive pearls due to lunar influence, hence called "Pearl Womb." If there is no moon at Mid-Autumn, mussels have no pearl womb. Zuo Si's fu says: "Mussel clam pearl wombs complete or wane with the moon," which is correct. Lu Tuan said: Mussels/clams lack yin-yang distinction; shark pearls are in the eye, nautilus pearls in the skin, turtle pearls in the foot, mussel pearls in the belly. None are as valuable as mussel pearls.
[Processing] Li Xun stated: For use, employ new, intact pearls that have not been drilled or strung, grind them into powder, only then are they suitable for ingestion. If not fine enough, they will damage the viscera.
Kou Zongshi stated: For use, employ new and clean ones stored in silk bags. Place oysters weighing about 4-5 jin in a flat pan, support them stably from all sides, then place the pearls on top. Add Radix Sanguisorbae (Diyu), Wu Hua Pi, and Wu Fang Cao, each 4 liang (chopped), cover them, and boil continuously in fermented grain water for three days and nights. Take out, wash clean with Licorice Decoction, pound finely in a mortar, sieve again, and grind twenty thousand times before use.
Wang Shenwei stated: *Baopuzi* records: True pearls over one cun in diameter, when ingested, can grant longevity. Soaking them in whey turns them into liquid like mercury. Combined with Pumex (Fushi), honeycomb, and Snake Yellow, they can extend life by three chi.
Li Shizhen stated: For medicinal use, do not use jewelry or pearls exposed to corpse qi. Soak in human milk for three days, boil, then pound and grind as above. Another method: store in a silk bag, place inside tofu, boil for the time it takes to burn one incense stick; this is said not to damage the pearl.
[Flavor and Toxicity] Salty, sweet, cold, non-toxic.
[Indications] Calms the Heart and stabilizes the spirit. Applied to the eyes to remove corneal opacities and membranes. Applied to the face to make the skin lustrous and complexion good. Applied to hands and feet to remove [text missing]... Plugged in the ear, treats deafness (*Kaibao Bencao*). Ground to remove opacities and descend phlegm (Zhen Quan). Removes [root?]... Treats pediatric difficult labor, expels dead fetus and placenta [...].
[Elucidation] Li Shizhen stated: Zhenzhu enters the Jueyin Liver Meridian, thus it can calm the soul and stabilize the spirit, improve vision, and treat deafness.
[Attached Prescriptions] Five old prescriptions, six new prescriptions.
Calming Soul and Stabilizing Spirit: One bean-sized amount of Zhenzhu powder, mixed with one shell-full of honey, taken orally, three times daily. Especially suitable for children (*Zhouhou Beiji Fang*).
Sudden Shock and Inability to Speak: Zhenzhu powder, mixed with rooster comb blood, formed into pills the size of soybeans. Insert three or four pills into the mouth (*Zhouhou Beiji Fang*).
Dust Obscuring Vision: Rub the eye with a large pearl to restore clarity (*Gegu Lun*).
Difficult Labor in Women: One liang of Zhenzhu powder, taken with wine, results in immediate delivery (*Qianjin Fang*).
Retained Placenta: One liang of Zhenzhu ground to powder, taken with vinegar (*Qianjin Fang*).
Dead Fetus in Uterus: Two liang of Zhenzhu powder, taken with wine, results in immediate expulsion (*Waitai Miyao*).
Smallpox Not Erupting: Seven pearls ground to powder, mixed with fresh well water and taken (*Rumen Shiqin*).
Smallpox and Carbuncle Toxins: See prescription under Pea in the Grain Section.
Liver Deficiency with Dim Vision and Blindness: One liang of Zhenzhu powder, two he of white honey, two carp bile sacs, mixed and decocted in a copper vessel until half remains. Filter through new cotton and store in a bottle. Apply frequently to the eyes until cured (*Shenghui Fang*).
Congenital Blindness: Same prescription as above.
Pediatric Wind Stroke with Limb Spasticity: One liang of Zhenzhu powder (water levigation), one qian of Gypsum Fibrosum powder. Each dose: one qian, decocted in 0.7 sheng of water to 0.4 sheng, taken warm, three times daily (*Shenghui Fang*).
Stubborn Corneal Opacity: One liang of Zhenzhu, two liang of Radix Sanguisorbae (Diyu), boiled in two large bowls of water until dry. Take the Zhenzhu, soak in vinegar for five days, rinse with hot water to remove vinegar odor, grind to fine powder. Apply a small amount to the eye until healed.