（《拾遗》）
【集解】藏器曰∶苦茄野生岭南。树小有刺。
子
【主治】醋摩，涂痈肿。根，亦可作汤浴。又主瘴气（藏器）。
（《日华》）
【释名】瓠瓜（《说文》）、匏瓜（《论语》）。
时珍曰∶壶，酒器也。卢，饮器也。此物各象其形，又可为酒饭之器，因以名之。俗作
葫芦者，非矣。葫乃蒜名，芦乃苇属也。其圆者曰匏，亦曰瓢，因其可以浮水如泡、如漂也。
凡属皆得称瓜，故曰瓠瓜、匏瓜。古人壶、瓠、匏三名皆可通称，初无分别。故孙 《唐
韵》云∶瓠音壶，又音护。瓠 ，瓢也。陶隐居《本草》作瓠 ，云是瓠类也。许慎《说文》
云∶瓠，匏也。又云∶瓢，瓠也。匏，大腹瓠也。陆玑《诗疏》云∶壶，瓠也。又云∶匏，
瓠也。《庄子》云∶有五石之瓠。诸书所言，其字皆当与壶同音。而后世以长如越瓜首尾如
一者为瓠（音护），瓠之一头有腹长柄者为悬瓠，无柄而圆大形扁者为匏，匏之有短柄大腹
者
为壶，壶之细腰者为蒲芦，各分名色，迥异于古。以今参详，其形状虽各不同，而苗、叶、
皮、子性味则一，故兹不复分条焉。悬瓠，今人所谓茶酒瓢者是也。蒲芦，今之药壶卢是也。
郭义恭《广志》谓之约腹壶，以其腹有约束也。亦有大、小二种也。
【集解】弘景曰∶瓠与冬瓜气类同辈。又有瓠 ，亦是瓠类。小者名瓢，食之乃胜瓠。
此等皆利水道，所以在夏月食之，大约不及冬瓜也。
恭曰∶瓠与瓠 、冬瓜全非类例。三物苗、叶相似，而实形则异。瓠形似越瓜，长尺余，
头尾相似，夏中便熟，秋末便枯。瓠 形状大小非一，夏末始实，秋中方熟，取其为器，经
霜乃堪。瓠与甜瓠 体性相类，啖之俱胜冬瓜，陶言不及，乃是未悉。此等原种各别也。
时珍曰∶长瓠、悬瓠、壶卢、匏瓜、蒲卢，名状不一，其实一类各色也。处处有之，但
有迟早之殊。陶氏言瓠与冬瓜气类同辈，苏氏言瓠与瓠 全非类例，皆未可凭。数种并以正
二月下种，生苗引蔓延缘。其叶似冬瓜叶而稍团，有柔毛，嫩时可食。故《诗》云∶幡幡瓠
叶，采之烹之。五、六月开白花，结实白色，大小长短，各有种色。瓤中之子，齿列而长，
谓之瓠犀。窃谓壶匏之属，既可烹晒，又可为器。大者可为瓮盎，小者可为瓢樽，为舟可以
浮水，为笙可以奏乐，肤瓤可以养豕，犀瓣可以浇烛，其利溥矣。
壶瓠
【气味】甘，平，滑，无毒。
恭曰∶甘冷。多食令人吐利。
扁鹊曰∶患香港脚虚胀冷气者食之，永不除也。
【主治】消渴恶疮，鼻口中肉烂痛（思邈）。利水道（弘景）。消热，服丹石人宜之（孟
诜）。除烦，治心热，利小肠，润心肺，治石淋（大明）。
【发明】时珍曰∶按∶《名医录》云∶浙人食匏瓜，多吐泻，谓之发暴。盖此物以暑月
壅成故也。惟与香 同食则可免。
【附方】新一。
腹胀黄肿∶用亚腰壶卢连子烧存性，每服一个，食前温酒下。不饮酒者，白汤下。十余
日见效。（《简便方》）
叶
【气味】甘，平，无毒。
【主治】为茹耐饥（思邈）。
蔓、须、花
【主治】解毒（时珍）。
【附方】新一。
预解胎毒∶七、八月，或三伏日，或中秋日，剪壶卢须如环子脚者，阴干，于除夜煎汤
浴小儿，则可免出痘。（唐瑶《经验方》）
子
【主治】齿龈或肿或露，齿摇疼痛，用八两同牛膝四两，每服五钱，煎水含漱，日三、
四次（《御药院方》）。
（出自《本草拾遗》）
【集解】陈藏器说：苦茄野生于岭南地区。植株较小，带有刺。
子：用醋研磨后涂抹，可治疗痈肿。根部也可以煮水洗澡。另外还能主治瘴气（陈藏器）。
（出自《日华子本草》）
【释名】瓠瓜（见于《说文解字》）、匏瓜（见于《论语》）。
李时珍说：壶，是酒器。卢，是饮器。这种植物各部分形状像这些器物，又可以做盛酒饭的器具，因此得名。俗写作“葫芦”是错误的。“葫”是大蒜的名称，“芦”是芦苇一类植物。圆形的叫匏，也叫瓢，因为它能浮在水面上，像泡沫、像漂浮物一样。凡是属于这一类的都可以称为瓜，所以叫瓠瓜、匏瓜。古人中“壶”、“瓠”、“匏”三个名字可以通用，起初没有区别。所以孙愐在《唐韵》中说：“瓠”音同“壶”，又音同“护”。瓠就是瓢。陶弘景的《本草》写作“瓠”，说是瓠类。许慎《说文解字》说：“瓠，就是匏。”又说：“瓢，就是瓠。”“匏，是肚子大的瓠。”陆玑《毛诗草木鸟兽虫鱼疏》说：“壶，就是瓠。”又说：“匏，就是瓠。”《庄子》说：“有一个容量五石的瓠。”各种书籍所说的，这些字的读音都应当与“壶”相同。而后世将长得像越瓜、首尾一致的称为瓠（音护），瓠的一端有肚子和长柄的称为悬瓠，没有柄而圆形大且扁平的称为匏，匏中有短柄大肚的称为壶，壶中细腰的称为蒲芦，各自区分名称和种类，与古代截然不同。根据现在的详细考察，虽然它们的形状各不相同，但苗、叶、皮、子的性味都是一样的，所以这里不再分条列出。悬瓠，就是今人所说的茶酒瓢。蒲芦，就是今人的药壶卢。郭义恭《广志》称之为约腹壶，因为它的腹部有收缩约束的样子。也有大、小两种。
【集解】陶弘景说：瓠与冬瓜在气味属性上属于同类。又有瓠 ，也是瓠类。小的叫瓢，吃它比吃瓠更好。这些东西都能通利水道，所以在夏天食用它们，大致不如冬瓜好。
苏恭说：瓠与瓠 、冬瓜完全不是同类。这三种植物的苗、叶相似，但果实的形状则不同。瓠的形状像越瓜，长一尺多，头尾相似，夏天就熟了，秋末就枯死。瓠 形状大小不一，夏末才结实，秋天中间才成熟，取它做器具，经过霜冻后才堪用。瓠与甜瓠 体质性质相类似，吃它们都比冬瓜好，陶弘景说不及冬瓜，是不了解实情。这些植物的原种各自不同。
李时珍说：长瓠、悬瓠、壶卢、匏瓜、蒲芦，名称和形态不一，其实是一类而颜色各异。到处都有，只是有早晚的区别。陶弘景说瓠与冬瓜气味同类，苏恭说瓠与瓠 完全非同类，都不可信。这几种都在正二月下种，生出苗后蔓延攀缘。叶子像冬瓜叶但稍圆，有柔毛，嫩时可以食用。所以《诗经》说：“幡幡瓠叶，采之烹之。”五月、六月开白花，结白色果实，大小长短，各有品种。瓤中的种子，排列整齐而长，称为“瓠犀”。我认为壶、匏这类植物，既可以烹饪晒干，又可以制作器具。大的可以做瓮盎，小的可以做瓢樽，做成船可以浮水，做成笙可以奏乐，皮瓤可以喂养猪，籽瓣可以浇蜡烛，其利益非常广泛。
壶瓠
【气味】甘，平，滑，无毒。
苏恭说：甘冷。多吃让人呕吐腹泻。
扁鹊说：患有香港脚虚胀冷气的人吃了它，病永远不能痊愈。
【主治】消渴恶疮，鼻口中肉烂痛（孙思邈）。利水道（陶弘景）。清热，服用丹石类药物的人适宜食用（孟诜）。除烦，治心热，利小肠，润心肺，治石淋（寇宗奭）。
【发明】李时珍说：按：《名医录》说：浙江人吃匏瓜，大多呕吐腹泻，叫做发暴。大概是因为这种东西在暑月壅滞积聚造成的。只有与香薷同食才可以避免。
【附方】新编一方。
腹胀黄肿：用亚腰壶卢连同种子烧至存性，每次服用一个，饭前温酒送服。不喝酒的人，用白开水送服。十几天见效。（《简便方》）
叶
【气味】甘，平，无毒。
【主治】作为蔬菜食用耐饥（孙思邈）。
蔓、须、花
【主治】解毒（李时珍）。
【附方】新编一方。
预防胎毒：七月、八月，或三伏天，或中秋节，剪取壶卢须如环子脚形状的，阴干，在除夕夜煎汤给小儿洗澡，就可以避免出痘疹。（唐瑶《经验方》）
子
【主治】齿龈或肿或露，牙齿摇动疼痛，用八两与牛膝四两，每次取五钱，煎水含漱，每天三四次（《御药院方》）。
(From *Bencao Shiyi* [Supplement to Materia Medica])
[Ji Jie] Chen Cangqi said: Kuqie (Bitter Eggplant/Gourd) grows wild in the Lingnan region. The plant is small and has thorns.
Seeds: Rubbed with vinegar and applied topically, it treats carbuncles and swellings. The root can also be decocted for bathing. Additionally, it treats miasma (Chen Cangqi).
(From *Rihua Bencao*)
[Shi Ming] Hu Gua (Gourd, cited from *Shuowen Jiezi*), Pao Gua (Gourd, cited from *Analects*).
Li Shizhen said: "Hu" refers to a wine vessel. "Lu" refers to a drinking vessel. This plant's parts resemble these vessels, and it can be used as a container for wine and rice, hence its name. The common writing "Hulu" is incorrect. "Hu" is the name for garlic, and "Lu" belongs to the reed family. The round ones are called Pao, also known as Piao (Ladle), because they float on water like bubbles or driftwood. Anything belonging to this category can be called Gua, thus Hu Gua and Pao Gua. In ancient times, the names "Hu", "Hu", and "Pao" were interchangeable without distinction. Therefore, Sun Mian in *Tang Yun* stated: "Hu" sounds like "Hu" (pot), and also like "Hu" (protect). Hu is Piao. Tao Hongjing's *Bencao* writes "Hu", stating it is a type of Hu. Xu Shen's *Shuowen Jiezi* states: "Hu is Pao." It also states: "Piao is Hu." "Pao is the large-bellied Hu." Lu Ji's commentary on the *Classic of Poetry* states: "Hu is Hu." It also states: "Pao is Hu." *Zhuangzi* states: "There is a Hu with a capacity of five shi." In all books mentioned, the pronunciation of these characters should be the same as "Hu". Later generations distinguished them: long ones resembling Yue melons with similar heads and tails are called Hu (sound: Hu); those with a belly and long handle at one end are called Xuan Hu; those without a handle, round, large, and flat are called Pao; those with short handles and large bellies among Pao are called Hu; those with narrow waists among Hu are called Pulou. Each was given distinct names and types, differing significantly from antiquity. Based on current detailed examination, although their shapes differ, the properties of their seedlings, leaves, skin, and seeds are identical; therefore, they are not listed separately here. Xuan Hu is what people today call tea and wine ladles. Pulou is what people today call medicinal gourds. Guo Yigong's *Guang Zhi* calls it Yue Fu Hu (Constricted-belly Gourd) because its belly is constricted. There are also large and small varieties.
[Ji Jie] Tao Hongjing said: Hu shares similar qi properties with Donggua (Winter Melon). There is also Hu , which is also a type of Hu. The small ones are called Piao, and eating them is superior to eating Hu. These items all promote urination, so eating them in summer is generally considered inferior to Winter Melon.
Su Gong said: Hu, Hu , and Donggua are completely different categories. Although their seedlings and leaves are similar, their fruit shapes differ. Hu resembles Yue melon, is over a chi long, has similar heads and tails, ripens in summer, and withers by late autumn. Hu varies in shape and size, fruits in late summer, ripens in mid-autumn, and is suitable for making vessels only after enduring frost. Hu and sweet Hu have similar physical properties; eating both is superior to Winter Melon. Tao's statement that they are inferior is due to lack of knowledge. Their original species are distinct.
Li Shizhen said: Chang Hu, Xuan Hu, Hulu, Pao Gua, and Pulou have different names and appearances but belong to the same category with various colors. They grow everywhere, differing only in timing. Tao's claim that Hu is similar to Winter Melon, and Su's claim that Hu is entirely different from Hu , are both unreliable. These varieties are sown in the first or second lunar month. Seedlings grow by creeping and climbing. Leaves resemble Winter Melon leaves but are slightly rounder, covered with soft hairs, and edible when tender. Thus, the *Classic of Poetry* says: "Fluttering Hu leaves, gathered and cooked." White flowers bloom in the fifth and sixth months, bearing white fruits of various sizes and lengths. Seeds within the pulp are arranged neatly and elongated, called "Hu Xi" (Gourd Teeth). I believe that plants of the Hu and Pao genus can be cooked and dried, or made into vessels. Large ones can be made into jars, small ones into ladles and cups; made into boats, they float on water; made into sheng (mouth organ), they produce music; skin and pulp can feed pigs; seed segments can be used to extinguish candles. Their utility is extensive.
Hu and Hu
[Qi Wei] Sweet, neutral, smooth, non-toxic.
Su Gong said: Sweet and cold. Excessive consumption causes vomiting and diarrhea.
Bian Que said: For those suffering from Hongxiangjiao (Erysipelas/Gouty swelling) with deficiency swelling and cold qi, consuming it will never cure the condition.
[Zhu Zhi] Treats Xiao Ke (Wasting-Thirst) and foul ulcers, rotting and painful flesh in nose and mouth (Sun Simiao). Promotes urination (Tao Hongjing). Clears heat, suitable for those taking Dan Shi (mineral pills) (Meng Shen). Relieves irritability, treats Heart Heat, promotes Small Intestine function, moistens Lung and Heart, treats Shi Lin (Stony Strangury) (Kou Zongshi).
[Fa Ming] Li Shizhen said: According to *Mingyi Lu*: People in Zhejiang who eat Pao Gua often suffer vomiting and diarrhea, termed "Fa Bao". This is likely because the substance accumulates obstructively during hot months. Eating it together with Xiang Ru (Elsholtzia) can prevent this.
[Fu Fang] New Formula One.
Abdominal distension with yellow edema: Use Ya Yao Hulu (Saddle-shaped Gourd) including seeds, calcined until carbonized but retaining essence. Take one unit per dose, administered with warm wine before meals. For those who do not drink alcohol, administer with plain boiled water. Effect visible after more than ten days (*Jianbian Fang*).
Leaves
[Qi Wei] Sweet, neutral, non-toxic.
[Zhuhi] Consumed as vegetables to sustain hunger (Sun Simiao).
Vines, Tendrils, Flowers
[Zhu Zhi] Detoxifies (Li Shizhen).
[Fu Fang] New Formula One.
Preventing Congenital Toxins: In July or August, or during the Sanfu days (Dog Days), or on Mid-Autumn Festival, cut Hulu tendrils shaped like ring feet, dry them in shade. On New Year's Eve, decoct and bathe infants in the water to prevent chickenpox (Tang Yao *Experience Formulas*).
Seeds
[Zhu Zhi] For swollen or receding gums, loose and painful teeth: Use eight liang combined with four liang of Niuxi (Achyranthes Root). Take five qian per dose, decoct in water for gargling, three to four times daily (*Yuyao Yuan Fang*).