（《拾遗》）
【释名】水粟（《纲目》）、水栗子。
时珍曰∶陈藏器《拾遗》∶萍蓬草，即今水粟也。其子如粟，如蓬子也。俗人呼水粟包，
又云水栗子，言其根味也。或作水笠。
【集解】藏器曰∶萍蓬草，生南方池泽。叶大如荇。花亦黄，未开时状如 袋。其根
如
时珍曰∶水粟，三月出水。茎大如指。叶似荇叶而大，径四、五寸，初生如荷叶。六、
七月开黄花，结实状如角黍，长二寸许，内有细子一包，如罂粟。泽农采之，洗擦去皮，蒸
曝，舂取米，作粥饭食之。其根大如栗，亦如鸡头子根，俭年人亦食之，作藕香，味如栗子。
昔楚王渡江得萍实，大如斗，赤如日，食之甜如蜜者，盖此类也。若水萍，安得有实耶？
三、四月采茎叶取汁，煮硫黄能拒火。又段公路《北户录》有睡莲，亦此类也。其叶如荇而
大。其花布叶数重，当夏昼开花，夜缩入水，昼复出也。
子
【气味】甘，涩，平，无毒。
【主治】助脾浓肠，令人不饥（时珍）。
根
【气味】甘，寒，无毒。
【主治】煮食，补虚，益气力。久食，不饥，浓肠胃（藏器）。
（《唐本草》）
【释名】凫葵（《唐本》）、水葵（《马融传》）、水镜草（《土宿本草》）、靥子菜（《野
菜谱》）、金莲子。接余。
时珍曰∶按《尔雅》云∶荇，接余也。其叶苻。则凫葵当作苻葵，古文通用耳。或
凫喜食之，故称凫葵，亦通。其性滑如葵，其叶颇似荇，故曰葵，曰荇。《诗经》作荇，俗
呼荇丝菜。池人谓之荇公须，淮人谓之靥子菜，江东谓之金莲子。许氏《说文》谓之KT ，
音恋。《楚词》谓之屏风，云∶“紫茎屏风文绿波”是矣。
【集解】恭曰∶凫葵即荇菜也。生水中。
颂曰∶处处池泽有之。叶似 而茎涩，根甚长，花黄色。郭璞注《尔雅》云∶丛生水中。
叶圆在茎端，长短随水深浅。江东人食之。陆玑《诗疏》云∶荇茎白，而叶紫赤色，正圆，
径寸余，浮在水上。根在水底，大如钗股，上青下白，可以按酒。用苦酒浸其白茎，肥美。
今人不食，医方亦鲜用之。
时珍曰∶荇与 ，一类二种也。并根连水底，叶浮水上。其叶似马蹄而圆者， 也；叶
似而微尖长者，荇也。夏月俱开黄花，亦有白花者。结实大如棠梨，中有细子。按∶宁献
王《庚辛玉册》云∶凫葵，黄花者是荇菜，白花者是白苹即水镜草，一种泡子名水鳖。虽有
数种，其用一也。其茎叶根花，并可伏硫、煮砂、制矾。此以花色分别苹、荇，似亦未稳，
详见苹下。
【正误】恭曰∶凫葵，南人名猪 ，堪食，有名未用条中载也。
志曰∶凫葵即荇菜，叶似 ，根极长。江南人多食之。今云是猪 ，误矣。今以春夏
细长肥滑者为丝 ，至冬粗短者为猪 ，亦呼为龟 ，与凫葵殊不相似也。而有名未用类，
即无凫葵、猪 之名，盖后人删去也。
时珍曰∶杨慎《卮言》以四叶菜为荇者，亦非也。四叶菜乃苹也。
【气味】甘，冷，无毒。
【主治】消渴，去热淋，利小便（《唐本》）。捣汁服，疗寒热（《开宝》）。捣敷诸肿毒，
火丹游肿（时珍）。
【附方】新四。
一切痈疽及疮疖。用荇丝菜或根，马蹄草茎或子（即 也），各取半碗，同苎麻根五寸
去
皮，以石器捣烂，敷毒四围。春夏秋日换四、五次，冬换二、三次，换时以荠水洗之，甚效。
（《保生余录》）
谷道生疮∶荇叶捣烂，绵裹纳之下部，日三次。（《范汪方》）
毒蛇螫伤，牙入肉中，痛不可堪者。勿令人知，私以荇叶覆其上穿，以物包之，一时折
牙
点眼去翳∶荇丝菜根一钱半（捣烂。即叶如马蹄开黄花者），川楝子十五个，胆矾七分，
石
次，七日见效也。（孙氏《集效方》）
（出自《本草拾遗》）
【释名】水粟（《本草纲目》）、水栗子。
李时珍说：陈藏器在《本草拾遗》中记载：萍蓬草，就是现在的水粟。它的果实像粟米，也像蓬草的种子。俗人叫它水粟包，又说它是水栗子，是指它的根部味道如此。有的写作“水笠”。
【集解】陈藏器说：萍蓬草，生长在南方池塘沼泽中。叶子大得像荇菜。花也是黄色的，未开放时形状像袋子。它的根……
李时珍说：水粟，三月从水中长出。茎粗如手指。叶子像荇叶但更大，直径四、五寸，初生时像荷叶。六、七月开黄花，结出的果实形状像角黍（粽子），长约二寸左右，里面有一包细小的种子，像罂粟籽。泽地农民采集它，清洗擦去皮，蒸晒后舂去壳取米，煮粥或饭食用。它的根大如栗子，也像鸡头米（芡实）的根，荒年人们也吃它，吃起来有藕的香味，味道像栗子。从前楚王渡江得到萍实，大如斗，红如太阳，吃起来甜如蜜，大概就是这个种类。如果是浮萍，怎么会有果实呢？三、四月采集茎叶取汁，煮硫黄能防火。另外段公路《北户录》中有睡莲，也是这一类。它的叶子像荇菜但更大。花朵铺展在几层叶子之上，夏天白天开花，晚上缩入水中，白天再出来。
【气味】甘味，涩味，平性，无毒。
【主治】帮助脾胃，浓稠肠道，使人不饥饿（李时珍）。
根
【气味】甘味，寒性，无毒。
【主治】煮食，补虚损，益气力。长期食用，不饥饿，使肠胃浓稠（陈藏器）。
（出自《唐本草》）
【释名】凫葵（《唐本草》）、水葵（《马融传》）、水镜草（《土宿本草》）、靥子菜（《野菜谱》）、金莲子。接余。
李时珍说：查考《尔雅》记载：荇，就是接余。它的叶子……那么凫葵应当写作苻葵，古文通用罢了。或者因为野鸭喜欢吃它，所以称为凫葵，也通顺。它的性质滑润如同葵菜，它的叶子很像荇菜，所以称为葵，称为荇。《诗经》中写作“荇”，俗人呼为荇丝菜。池边人叫它荇公须，淮地人叫它靥子菜，江东人叫它金莲子。许慎《说文解字》称之为KT（此处原文缺字或异体，音恋）。《楚辞》中称之为屏风，说：“紫茎屏风文绿波”就是指的这个。
【集解】苏恭说：凫葵就是荇菜。生长在水中。
苏颂说：各处池塘沼泽都有。叶子像……而茎涩，根很长，花黄色。郭璞注释《尔雅》说：丛生在水中。叶子圆在茎端，长短随水深浅变化。江东人食用它。陆玑《毛诗草木鸟兽虫鱼疏》说：荇茎白，而叶紫红色，正圆形，直径一寸多，浮在水面上。根在水底，大如钗股，上青下白，可以用来佐酒。用苦酒浸泡其白色茎部，肥美。现在人不吃，医方中也很少使用。
李时珍说：荇与苹，是同一类两种。都根连水底，叶浮水上。叶子像马蹄且圆的，是苹；叶子像……且微尖长的，是荇。夏季都开黄花，也有白花者。结出的果实大如棠梨，里面有细子。查考：宁献王《庚辛玉册》说：凫葵，黄花的是荇菜，白花的是白苹即水镜草，一种泡子名叫水鳖。虽然有几种，但用途一样。它们的茎叶根花，都可以伏硫磺、煮朱砂、制矾。这是以花色来分别苹和荇，似乎也不够稳妥，详见苹条下。
【正误】苏恭说：凫葵，南方人叫猪……，可以吃，在“有名未用”条中记载。
陶弘景说：凫葵就是荇菜，叶子像……，根极长。江南人多食用它。现在说是猪……，是错误的。现在春夏细长肥滑的叫丝……，到冬天粗短的叫猪……，也叫龟……，与凫葵完全不相似。而在“有名未用”类中，就没有凫葵、猪……的名字，大概是后人删去了。
李时珍说：杨慎《卮言》认为四叶菜是荇，也是不对的。四叶菜乃是苹。
【气味】甘味，冷性，无毒。
【主治】消渴，去除热淋，利小便（《唐本草》）。捣汁服用，治疗寒热（《开宝本草》）。捣碎外敷各种肿毒，火丹游肿（李时珍）。
【附方】新收四则。
一切痈疽及疮疖。用荇丝菜或根，马蹄草茎或子（即苹也），各取半碗，同苎麻根五寸去皮，用石器捣烂，敷在毒疮四周。春夏秋每天换四、五次，冬天换二、三次，更换时用荠菜水洗之，非常有效。（《保生余录》）
谷道生疮：荇叶捣烂，用绵布包裹纳入下部，每日三次。（《范汪方》）
毒蛇咬伤，毒牙进入肉中，疼痛难忍。不要让他人知道，私下用荇叶覆盖在上面刺穿，用物品包扎，一时折断毒牙……
点眼去翳：荇丝菜根一钱半（捣烂。即叶如马蹄开黄花者），川楝子十五个，胆矾七分，石……次，七日见效。（孙氏《集效方》）
(From *Bencao Shiyi* / Supplement to Materia Medica)
[Names] Shuisu (Water Millet, 《Gangmu》), Shuiliz (Water Chestnut).
Li Shizhen states: Chen Cangqi in *Bencao Shiyi*: Pingpengcao (Nymphaea lotus), is the current Shuisu. Its seeds are like millet, and like the seeds of Artemisia. Laypeople call it Shuisu Bao (Water Millet Packet), or say it is Shuiliz, referring to the taste of its root. Some write it as Shuil (Water Hat).
[Collection & Explanation] Cangqi says: Pingpengcao grows in ponds and marshes in the south. The leaves are large like those of Nymphoides peltata (Xingcai). The flowers are also yellow; when unopened, they resemble a bag. Its root...
Li Shizhen says: Shuisu emerges from water in the third lunar month. The stem is as thick as a finger. The leaves resemble those of Xing but are larger, with a diameter of four to five cun. When first sprouting, they look like lotus leaves. In the sixth and seventh months, they bear yellow flowers and produce fruits shaped like Jiaoshu (Zongzi), about two cun long. Inside is a packet of fine seeds, resembling poppy seeds. Marsh farmers harvest them, wash and rub off the skin, steam and sun-dry them, pound to remove husks to obtain rice, which is used to make porridge or cooked rice for food. Its root is as large as a chestnut, also resembling the root of Euryale ferox (Jitouzi). In years of famine, people eat it; it has the aroma of lotus root and tastes like chestnuts. In ancient times, the King of Chu crossed the river and obtained a "Ping Shi" (Floating Fruit), large as a dou, red as the sun, sweet as honey when eaten; this was likely this kind. If it were floating duckweed (Pingshui), how could it have fruit? In the third and fourth months, harvesting stems and leaves to extract juice can be used to process realgar (Liusuang) to resist fire. Additionally, Duan Gonglu's *Buhu Lu* mentions Water Lily (Shuilian), which is of the same category. Its leaves are like Xing but larger. The flowers spread over several layers of leaves, blooming during summer days and retracting into the water at night, emerging again during the day.
[Flavor & Toxicity] Sweet, astringent, neutral nature, non-toxic.
[Indications] Strengthens the Spleen, thickens the intestines, prevents hunger (Li Shizhen).
Root
[Flavor & Toxicity] Sweet, cold nature, non-toxic.
[Indications] Boiled and eaten, tonifies deficiency, boosts Qi and strength. Long-term consumption prevents hunger and thickens the gastrointestinal tract (Cangqi).
(From *Tang Bencao* / Tang Materia Medica)
[Names] Fukui (《Tangben》), Shuikui (Ma Rong's Biography), Shuijingcao (Water Mirror Grass, 《Tusu Bencao》), Yezicai (Dimple Vegetable, 《Ye Cai Pu》), Jinlianzi (Golden Lotus Seed). Jieyu.
Li Shizhen says: According to *Erya*: Xing is Jieyu. Its leaves... Thus Fukui should be written as Fuku (or Fu Kui), interchangeable in ancient texts. Or perhaps because wild ducks enjoy eating it, hence called Fukui, which is also plausible. Its nature is slippery like Kai (Malva verticillata); its leaves closely resemble Xing, hence called Kui and Xing. The *Classic of Poetry* writes "Xing"; laypeople call it Xingsicai (Xing Silk Vegetable). People by the pond call it Xinggongsu, people in Huai region call it Yezicai, and people in Jiangdong call it Jinlianzi. Xu Shen's *Shuowen Jiezi* calls it [Character missing/variant], pronounced Lian. The *Chu Ci* calls it Pingfeng (Screen), stating: "Purple stems on the screen, green waves patterned," refers to this.
[Collection & Explanation] Su Gong says: Fukui is Xingcai. It grows in water.
Su Song says: It is found in ponds and marshes everywhere. Leaves resemble [missing character] while stems are astringent; roots are very long, flowers are yellow. Guo Pu's annotation on *Erya* says: Grows in clusters in water. Leaves are round at the stem tip, length varies with water depth. People in Jiangdong eat it. Lu Ji's *Poetry Commentary* says: Xing stems are white, leaves are purple-red, perfectly round, slightly more than one cun in diameter, floating on water. Roots are at the bottom, as thick as hairpin shafts, green above and white below, suitable for accompanying wine. Soaking the white stems in sour vinegar makes them delicious. Now people do not eat it, and medical prescriptions rarely use it.
Li Shizhen says: Xing and Ping are one species, two varieties. Both roots connect to the bottom, leaves float on water. Those with leaves like horse hooves and round are Ping; those with leaves like [missing character] and slightly pointed/long are Xing. In summer, both bear yellow flowers, some white. Fruits are as large as Pyrus betulaefolia (Tangli), containing fine seeds. According to Ning Xianwang's *Gengxin Yuce*: Fukui with yellow flowers is Xingcai; with white flowers is Baiping (White Ping), i.e., Shuijingcao, a type of bubble named Shuibie (Water Potato). Although there are several types, their uses are identical. Their stems, leaves, roots, and flowers can all fix realgar, process cinnabar, and refine alum. Distinguishing Ping and Xing by flower color seems unstable; see details under Ping.
[Correction of Errors] Su Gong says: Fukui, in the south called Zhu [missing character], is edible, recorded in the "Named but Unused" section.
Tao Hongjing says: Fukui is Xingcai, leaves resemble [missing character], roots extremely long. People in Jiangnan eat it much. To say now it is Zhu [missing character] is wrong. Now, slender, fat, and slippery ones in spring and summer are Si [missing character]; coarse and short ones in winter are Zhu [missing character], also called Gui [missing character], which is quite different from Fukui. And in the "Named but Unused" category, there are no names for Fukui or Zhu [missing character], likely deleted by later editors.
Li Shizhen says: Yang Shen's *Zhi Yan* considers Four-leaf Vegetable (Siyecai) to be Xing, which is also incorrect. Four-leaf Vegetable is actually Ping.
[Flavor & Toxicity] Sweet, cold nature, non-toxic.
[Indications] Treats Xiao Ke (Wasting-Thirst), removes Re Lin (Hot Strangury), promotes urination (*Tang Bencao*). Crushed juice taken internally treats Chaine (Alternating chills and fever) (*Kaibao*). Crushed and applied externally treats various swelling/toxins, Huodan Youzhong (Erysipelas spreading swelling) (Li Shizhen).
[Attached Prescriptions] Four new formulas.
All carbuncles, ulcers, sores, and boils. Use Xingsicai or roots, Maticao (Horse Hoof Weed) stems or seeds (i.e., Ping), half bowl each, plus Ramie root (Zhumagen) five cun peeled. Pound thoroughly in a stone mortar, apply around the toxin. Change 4-5 times daily in spring, summer, autumn; 2-3 times in winter. Wash with Shepherd's Purse (Jicai) water when changing; very effective. (*Baosheng Yulu*)
Anal canal sores: Crush Xing leaves, wrap in silk, insert into the lower part, three times daily. (*Fan Wang Fang*)
Snakebite, venomous teeth embedded in flesh, unbearable pain. Do not let others know. Privately cover with Xing leaves, pierce through, and bind with material. Break the teeth instantly...
Eye drops to remove nebula: Xingsicai root 1 qian 5 fen (crushed. i.e., leaf like horse hoof, yellow flower), Fructus Toosendan (Chuanlanzi) 15 pieces, Alum (Danfan) 7 fen, Stone [missing]... times, effective in seven days. (Sun's *Jixiao Fang*)