（《纲目》）
【释名】时珍曰∶按∶任 《述异记》云∶蛟乃龙属
龙；有翼，曰应龙；有角，曰虬龙；无角，曰螭龙也。
【集解】时珍曰∶按∶裴渊《广州记》云∶蛟长丈余，似蛇而四足，
颈，颈有白婴。胸前赭
飞，得鳖可免。王子年《拾遗录》云∶汉昭帝钓于渭水，得白蛟若蛇，
牙出唇外。命大官作 食甚美，骨青而肉紫。据此，则蛟亦可食也。
精
【气味】缺。有毒。
时珍曰∶按∶张仲景《金匮要略》云∶春夏二时，蛟龙带精入芹菜中。人食之，则
龙症，痛不可忍。治以硬糖，日服二、三升，当吐出如蜥蜴状也。唐医周顾治此，
朴硝煮服下之。
髓
【主治】敷面，令人好颜色。又主易产（时珍。出《东方朔别传》）。
【附录】蜃（之刃切）。
时珍曰∶蛟之属有蜃，其状亦似蛇而大，有角如龙状。红鬣，腰以下鳞尽逆。食燕子。
能吁气成楼台城郭之状，将雨即见，名蜃楼，亦曰海市。其脂和蜡作烛，香凡百步，烟中亦
有楼阁之形。《月令》云∶雉入大水为蜃。陆佃云∶蛇交龟则生龟，交雉则生蜃，物异而感
同也
或曰蜃也。又鲁至刚云
升腾。卵不入土，但为
名，罗愿以为雉化之蜃，未知然否？详介部车螯下。
（《本经》中品）
【释名】 鱼（《本经》）、土龙。
藏器曰∶《本经》 鱼，合改作鼍。鼍形
既是龙类，宜去其鱼。
时珍曰∶鼍字象其头、腹、足、尾之形，故名。《博物志》谓之土龙。
物也。今依陈氏改正之。
【集解】
《别录》曰∶ 鱼甲生南海池泽，取无时。
弘景曰∶即鼍甲也，皮可冒鼓。性至难死，沸汤沃口，入腹良久乃剥之。
藏器曰∶鼍性嗜睡，恒闭目。力至猛，能攻江岸。人于穴中掘之，百人掘，须百人牵之
；一人掘，亦一人牵之。不然，终不可出。
颂曰∶今江湖极多。形似守宫、鲮鲤辈，而长一、二丈，背尾俱有鳞甲。夜则鸣吼，舟
人畏之。
时珍曰∶鼍穴极深，渔人以篾缆系饵探之，候其吞钩，徐徐引出。性能横飞，不能上腾
。其声如鼓，夜鸣应更。谓之鼍鼓，亦曰鼍更，俚人听之以占雨。其枕莹净，胜于鱼枕。生
卵甚多至百，亦自食之。南人珍其肉，以为嫁娶之敬。陆佃云∶鼍身具十二生肖肉，惟蛇肉
在尾最毒也。
鼍甲
【修治】酥炙，或酒炙用。
【气味】酸，微温，有毒。
权曰∶甘，平，有小毒。
《日华》曰∶无毒。蜀漆为之使。畏芫花、甘遂、狗胆。
【主治】心腹症瘕，伏坚积聚，寒热，女子小腹阴中相引痛，崩中下血五色，及疮疥死
肌（《本经》）。五邪涕泣时惊
诜）。除腹内血积，妇人带下，
疮，风顽瘙疥恶疮。炙烧，浸酒
【发明】
时珍曰∶鼍甲所主诸证，多属厥阴，其功只在平肝木，治血杀虫也。《千金方》治风癫，
有
【附方】旧一。
肠风痔疾∶颂曰∶用皮及骨烧灰，米饮空心服二钱。甚者，入红鸡冠花、白矾为末和之。
肉
【气味】甘，有小毒。
颂曰∶肉色似鸡，而发冷气痼疾。
藏器曰∶梁·周兴嗣嗜此肉，后为鼍所喷，便生恶疮。此物有灵，不食更佳，其涎最毒。
陶曰∶肉至补益，亦不必食。
【主治】少气吸吸，足不立地（《别录》）。湿气邪气，诸蛊，腹内症瘕，恶疮（藏器）。
脂
【主治】摩风及恶疮（张鼎）。
肝
【主治】五尸病。用一具炙熟，同蒜齑食
（《本草纲目》）
【释名】李时珍说：据任昉《述异记》记载：蛟龙属于龙类。有翅膀的，称为应龙；有角的，称为虬龙；无角的，称为螭龙。
【集解】李时珍说：据裴渊《广州记》记载：蛟身长一丈多，形状像蛇但有四只脚，颈部有白色的项圈。胸前呈赭红色。它能飞行，如果吞食了鳖就可以避免灾祸。王子年《拾遗录》记载：汉昭帝在渭水垂钓，钓到一条像蛇一样的白蛟，牙齿伸出嘴唇外。命令御膳房做成羹汤，味道非常鲜美，骨头是青色的，肉是紫色的。根据这些记载，那么蛟也是可以食用的。
【气味】信息缺失。有毒。
李时珍说：据张仲景《金匮要略》记载：春夏两季，蛟龙带着精液进入芹菜中。人吃了之后，会患上“龙症”，疼痛难以忍受。用硬糖治疗，每天服用二、三升，应当能吐出像蜥蜴形状的物体。唐代医生周朴用朴硝煮服来排出它。
【主治】涂抹面部，使人面色红润好看。又主治难产（李时珍引自《东方朔别传》）。
【附录】蜃（读音同“刃”）。
李时珍说：蛟龙这一类中有蜃，它的形状也像蛇但体型较大，有角像龙的样子。红色的鬣毛，腰部以下的鳞片全部逆生。吃燕子。能够吐气形成楼台城郭的形状，即将下雨时就会出现，名叫蜃楼，也叫海市。它的油脂混合蜡做成蜡烛，香气能传播一百步远，烟雾中也呈现出楼阁的形状。《礼记·月令》记载：野鸡入大水变成蜃。陆佃说：蛇与龟交配生出鼍，与野鸡交配生出蜃，这是物不同但感应相同。有人说这是蜃。又说鲁至刚云：升腾。卵不埋入土中，只是化为……名，罗愿认为是野鸡化成的蜃，不知道是否如此？详见介部车螯条下。
（《神农本草经》中品）
【释名】鼍鱼（出自《本经》）、土龙。
孟诜说：《本经》中的鼍鱼，应当改作鼍。鼍既然属于龙类，应当去掉其“鱼”字。
李时珍说：“鼍”字的字形象形其头、腹、足、尾的形状，所以得名。《博物志》称之为土龙。这是动物名称。现在依照陈氏的说法改正。
【集解】
《名医别录》说：鼍甲产于南海池泽，采集没有固定时间。
陶弘景说：就是鼍甲，皮可以用来蒙鼓。性极难死，即使沸水浇入口中，放入腹中很久才能剥开处理。
孟诜说：鼍性喜睡觉，经常闭着眼睛。力气极大，能攻击江岸。人在洞穴中挖掘它，需要一百人来挖掘，也必须有一百个人来牵引它；如果是一个人挖掘，也必须有一个人来牵引它。否则，终究无法将其取出。
苏颂说：现在江湖中非常多。形状像守宫（壁虎）、鲮鲤（穿山甲）之类，但长达一、二丈，背部和尾部都有鳞甲。夜间鸣叫吼声，船工害怕它。
李时珍说：鼍的洞穴极深，渔人用竹缆系住饵料探入洞中，等待它吞钩后，慢慢引出。它的性能横向飞行，不能向上腾飞。它的声音像鼓，夜间鸣叫对应更点。称为鼍鼓，也称鼍更，民间百姓听其声音来预测雨水。它的枕骨晶莹洁净，胜过鱼枕。产卵很多，多达一百枚，也会吃掉自己的卵。南方人珍视它的肉，作为婚嫁时的敬意礼物。陆佃说：鼍的身体具备十二生肖的肉，只有尾巴上的蛇肉最毒。
鼍甲
【修治】用酥油炙烤，或用酒炙后使用。
【气味】酸，微温，有毒。
李权说：甘，平，有小毒。
【主治】心腹部的癥瘕积聚，潜伏坚硬的肿块，寒热往来，女子小腹部及阴中牵引疼痛，崩漏下五色血，以及疮疥死肌（《本经》）。五邪引起的涕泪、时常惊悸（吉益东洞注）。去除腹内血积，妇人带下病，风疮，顽固性瘙痒疥癣恶疮。炙烧后浸酒饮用。
【发明】
李时珍说：鼍甲所主治的各种证候，大多属于厥阴经，其功效主要在于平抑肝木，治疗血瘀和杀虫。《千金方》治疗风癫，有……
【附方】旧方一个。
肠风痔疾：苏颂说：用鼍皮及骨头烧成灰，米汤空腹服用二钱。严重的，加入红鸡冠花、白矾研末调和服用。
【气味】甘，有小毒。
孟诜说：梁代的周兴嗣喜欢吃这种肉，后来被鼍喷唾，便生了恶疮。此物有灵性，不吃更好，其唾液最毒。
【主治】气短呼吸微弱，双脚无力站立（《别录》）。湿气邪气，各种蛊毒，腹内癥瘕，恶疮（孟诜）。
脂
(Jiangmu)
[Names] Li Shizhen states: According to Ren Fang's *Shuyi Ji* (Records of Strange Tales), the Jiao (Flood Dragon) belongs to the dragon category. Those with wings are called Yinglong (Soaring Dragons); those with horns are called Qionglong (Horned Dragons); and those without horns are called Chilong (Hornless Dragons).
[Collected Explanations] Li Shizhen states: According to Pei Yuan's *Guangzhou Ji* (Records of Guangzhou), the Jiao is over one zhang long, resembling a snake but having four feet, with a white collar around its neck and a chest colored ochre-red. It can fly; if it consumes a soft-shelled turtle, it can avoid disaster. Wang Zi Nian's *Shiyi Lu* (Record of Gleanings) records: Emperor Zhao of Han fished in the Wei River and caught a white Jiao resembling a snake, with teeth protruding from its lips. He ordered the imperial kitchen to prepare it as a soup, which was very delicious; the bones were green and the meat purple. Based on this, the Jiao is edible.
[Flavor and Toxicity] Information missing. Toxic.
Li Shizhen states: According to Zhang Zhongjing's *Jingui Yaolue* (Essential Prescriptions of the Golden Cabinet), during spring and summer, the Jiao releases its essence into water celery. If humans consume it, they suffer from "Dragon Syndrome," characterized by unbearable pain. Treatment involves consuming hard sugar, two to three sheng per day, which should cause the expulsion of an object resembling a lizard. The Tang dynasty physician Zhou Pu treated this condition by administering boiled Puxiao (Mirabilite) to expel the pathogen.
[Therapeutic Actions] Applied to the face to improve complexion. Also treats difficult childbirth (Li Shizhen, citing *Dongfang Shuo Biezhuan*).
[Appendix] Shen (Clam/Mirage Dragon). Pronunciation similar to "Ren".
Li Shizhen states: Among the Jiao category is the Shen. Its shape resembles a large snake with dragon-like horns and red mane hairs. The scales below the waist grow in reverse direction. It eats swallows. It can exhale air to form shapes resembling towers and city walls. It appears just before rain, known as "Shenlou" (Mirage Tower) or "Haishi" (Sea Market). Its fat mixed with wax makes candles that emit fragrance for a hundred paces, with smoke forming tower-like shapes. The *Yueling* (Monthly Ordinances) states: "Pheasants enter large waters and become Shens." Lu Tuan stated: Snakes mating with turtles produce Tuos (Alligator Lizards), while mating with pheasants produces Shens. This indicates different origins but identical spiritual resonance. Some argue this refers to the Shen. Lu Zhigang also mentioned ascending flight. Eggs are not buried in soil but transform... Luo Yuan believed them to be pheasant-transformed Shens; whether this is correct remains uncertain. See detailed discussion under the entry for Che'ao in the Shellfish section.
(Shennong Bencao Jing, Middle Grade)
[Names] Tuo Fish (from *Benjing*), Earth Dragon.
Meng Shen stated: The "Tuo Fish" in *Benjing* should be corrected to "Tuo". Since the Tuo belongs to the dragon category, the character "Fish" should be removed.
Li Shizhen states: The character "Tuo" is pictographic, depicting its head, belly, feet, and tail, hence the name. *Bowuzhi* (Records of Various Things) calls it the Earth Dragon. This is an animal designation. I now adopt Chen's correction.
[Collected Explanations]
*Mingyi Bielu* (Additional Records of Famous Physicians) states: Tuo shell is produced in the pools and marshes of the South Sea, collected at any time.
Tao Hongjing stated: This is the Tuo shell; its skin can be used to drum heads. It is extremely resilient to death; even if boiling water is poured into its mouth, it takes a long time to process after being placed in the abdomen.
Meng Shen stated: The Tuo loves sleep and often keeps its eyes closed. Its strength is immense, capable of attacking riverbanks. When people dig into its burrow, one hundred people must dig while one hundred others pull; if only one person digs, one must pull. Otherwise, it cannot be extracted.
Su Song stated: They are now very common in rivers and lakes. Their shape resembles geckos or pangolins, but they are one to two zhang long, with scales on their backs and tails. They roar at night, frightening boatmen.
Li Shizhen stated: Tuo burrows are extremely deep. Fishermen use bamboo cables baited with hooks to probe them. Once the Tuo bites, it is slowly drawn out. It can move horizontally but cannot ascend. Its sound resembles a drum, and its night cries correspond to the night watches. Hence called "Tuo Drum" or "Tuo Watch"; locals listen to predict rain. Its occipital bone is crystal clear, superior to fish bones. It lays many eggs, up to one hundred, and may even consume its own eggs. Southerners value its meat as a gift for weddings. Lu Tuan stated: The Tuo's body contains meat corresponding to all twelve Chinese zodiac animals, except the snake meat in the tail, which is most toxic.
Tuo Shell
[Preparation] Roasted with butter or prepared with wine.
[Flavor and Toxicity] Sour, slightly warm, toxic.
Li Quan stated: Sweet, neutral, slightly toxic.
*Rihua Bencao* stated: Non-toxic. Shuqi (Sophora flavescens root bark) acts as its guiding herb. It is incompatible with Yuanhua (Kadsura flower), Gansui (Euphorbia kansui root), and dog gallbladder.
[Therapeutic Actions] Treats abdominal masses and accumulations, hard latent lumps, alternating chills and fever,牵引 pain in the lower abdomen and vagina of women, metrorrhagia with five-colored discharge, and necrotic skin lesions from sores and scabies (*Benjing*). Treats excessive tearing and frequent惊悸 caused by five pathogenic factors. Removes blood stasis in the abdomen, leukorrhea in women, wind sores, stubborn prurigo, and malignant ulcers. Used roasted and soaked in wine.
[Elucidation]
Li Shizhen states: The conditions treated by Tuo shell mostly belong to the Jueyin channel. Its efficacy lies in pacifying Liver Wood, treating blood stasis, and killing parasites. *Qianjin Fang* (Prescriptions Worth a Thousand Gold) uses it for wind-induced epilepsy...
[Attached Formulas] One old formula.
Intestinal Wind and Hemorrhoids: Su Song stated: Burn Tuo skin and bones to ash, take two qian with rice water on an empty stomach. For severe cases, mix with powdered Red Cockscomb Flower and Alum.
Meat
[Flavor and Toxicity] Sweet, slightly toxic.
Su Song stated: The meat resembles chicken but induces cold qi chronic diseases.
Meng Shen stated: Zhou Xingsi of the Liang dynasty loved eating this meat, but was later spat upon by a Tuo, resulting in malignant sores. This creature has spirituality; it is better not to eat it, as its saliva is highly toxic.
Tao Hongjing stated: The meat is highly nourishing, but consumption is unnecessary.
[Therapeutic Actions] Treats shortness of breath and weak respiration, inability to stand on feet (*Biellu*). Treats dampness, evil qi, various gu poisons, abdominal masses, and malignant ulcers (Meng Shen).
Fat
[Therapeutic Actions] Massaged to treat wind pathogens and malignant ulcers (Zhang Ding).
Liver
[Therapeutic Actions] Treats Wushi Disease (Five Corpse Diseases). Cook one liver thoroughly and eat it with minced garlic.