金类二十八种
（《别录》中品）
【校正】并入《拾遗》金浆。
【释名】黄牙（《镜源》）、太真。
时珍曰∶按许慎《说文》云∶五金黄为之长，久埋不生衣，百炼不轻，从革不违，生于
土，1.故字左右注，象金在土中之形。《尔雅》云∶黄金，谓之 ，美者谓之 ，饼金，
谓之钣；绝泽谓之铣。独孤滔云∶天生牙谓之黄牙。梵书谓之苏伐罗。
弘景曰∶仙方名金为太真。
【集解】《别录》曰∶金屑生益州，采无时。
弘景曰∶金之所生，处处皆有，梁、益、宁三州多有，出水沙中。作屑，谓之生金。建
平、晋安亦有金沙，出石中，烧熔鼓铸为砣，虽被火亦未熟，犹须更炼。
高丽、扶南及西域等地成器，皆炼熟可服。
藏器曰∶生金生岭南夷獠峒穴山中，如赤黑碎石、金铁屎之类。南人云∶毒蛇齿落在石
中。又云∶蛇屎着石上，及 鸟屎着石上皆碎，取毒处为生金，有大毒，杀人。本草言黄金
有毒，误矣。生金与黄金全别也。常见人取金，掘地深丈余，至纷子石，石皆一头黑焦，石
下有金，大者如指，小者犹麻豆，色如桑黄，咬时极软，即是真金。夫匠窃而吞者，不见有
毒。其麸金出水沙中，毡上淘取，或鹅鸭腹中得之，即便打成器物，亦不重炼。煎取金汁，
便堪镇心。
志曰∶今医家所用，皆炼熟金箔，及以水煮金器，取汁用之，则无毒矣。皇朝收复岭表
，询访彼人，并无蛇屎之说，藏器传闻之言，非矣。
颂曰∶今饶、信、南剑、登州所出，采亦多端，或有若山石状者，若米豆粒者，此类皆
未经火，并为生金。
曰∶《山海经》所说诸山出金极多，不能备录。《广州记》云∶大食国出金最多，货易
并用金钱。《异物志》云∶金生丽水。又蔡州出瓜子金，云南出颗块金，在山石间采之。黔
南、遂府、吉州水中，并产麸金。《岭表录异》云∶五岭内富州、宾州、澄州、涪县，江溪
河皆产金。居人多养鹅鸭取屎，以淘金片，日得一两或半两，有经日不获一星者。其金夜明。
宗 曰∶颗块金，即穴山至百十尺，见伴金石，定见金也。其石褐色，一头如火烧黑之
状，其金色深赤黄。麸金，即在江沙水中淘汰而得，其色浅黄。皆是生金，得之皆当铸炼，
麸金耗多。入药当用块金，色既深，则金气足余。须防药制成及点化者，此等焉得有造化之
气。
如紫雪之类，用金煮汁，盖假其自然之气尔。又东南金色深，西南金色淡，亦土地所宜
也。时珍曰∶金有山金、沙金二种。其色七青、八黄、九紫、十赤，以赤为足色。和银者性
柔，试石则色青；和铜者性硬，试石则有声。《宝货辨疑》云∶马蹄金象马蹄，难得。橄榄
金出荆湖岭南；胯子金象带胯，出湖南北；瓜子金大如瓜子，麸金如麸片，出湖南等地；沙
金细如沙屑，出蜀中；叶子金出云南。《地镜图》云∶黄金之气赤，夜有火光及白鼠。或云∶
山有薤，下有金。凡金曾在冢墓间及为钗钏溲器者，陶隐居谓之辱金，不可合炼。《宝藏论》
云∶金有二十种。又外国五种。还丹金，出丹穴中，体含丹砂，色尤赤，合丹服之，稀世之
宝也。麸金出五溪、汉江，大者如瓜子，小者如麦，性平无毒。山金出交广南韶诸山，衔石
而生。马蹄金乃最精者，二蹄一斤。毒金即生金，出交广山石内，赤而有大毒，杀人，炼十
余次，毒乃已。此五种皆真金也。水银金、丹砂金、雄黄金、雌黄金、硫黄金、曾青金、石
绿金、石胆金、母砂金、白锡金、黑铅金，并药制成者。铜金、生铁金、熟铁金、 石金，
并药点成者。已上十五种，皆假金也，性顽滞有毒。外有五种，乃波斯紫磨金、东夷青金、
林邑赤金、西戎金、占城金也。
金屑 【气味】辛，平，有毒。大明曰∶无毒。
曰∶生者有毒，熟者无毒。
宗 曰∶不曰金而更加屑字者，是已经磨屑可用之义，必须烹炼锻屑为箔，方可入药。
金箔亦同生金，有毒能杀人，且难解。有中其毒者，唯鹧鸪肉可解之。若不经锻，屑即不可
用。
金性恶锡，畏水银，得余甘子则体柔，亦相感耳。
时珍曰∶洗金以盐。骆驼、驴、马脂，皆能柔金。金遇铅则碎，翡翠石能屑金，亦物性
相制也。金蛇能解生金毒。晋贾后饮金屑酒而死，则生金有毒可知矣。凡用金箔，须辨出铜
箔。
【主治】镇精神，坚骨髓，通利五脏邪气，服之神仙（《别录》）。
疗小儿惊伤五脏，风痫失志，镇心安魂魄（甄权）。癫痫风热，上气咳嗽，伤寒肺损吐
血，骨蒸劳极作渴，并以箔入丸散服（李 ）。
破冷气，除风（青霞子）。
金类二十八种
（收录于《名医别录》中品）
【校正】并入《拾遗》中的金浆。
【释名】黄牙（出自《镜源》）、太真。
李时珍说：查阅许慎的《说文解字》记载：“五金之中，黄金为首领，长期埋藏不生锈衣，经过百炼重量不减，顺应变革而不违背自然规律，生于土中，所以‘金’字的左右结构，象征着金在泥土中的形态。”《尔雅》记载：“黄金，称为镕，质地美好的称为镠，饼状的称为钣；光泽绝佳的称为铣。”独孤滔说：“天然生成的牙状金称为黄牙。”梵文称之为苏伐罗。
陶弘景说：道教仙方中将金称为太真。
【集解】《名医别录》记载：金屑产于益州，采集没有固定时间。
陶弘景说：金的产地各地都有，梁州、益州、宁州三州较多，出产于水沙之中。制成碎屑，称为生金。建平、晋安也有金沙，出产于石头中，烧熔铸造为锭，虽然经过火炼但未完全熟化，还需要进一步炼制。
高丽、扶南以及西域等地制成的器物，都是经过炼制熟化后可以服用的。
孟诜说：生金产于岭南夷獠部落的山洞穴中，像赤黑色的碎石、金铁屎之类。南方人说：毒蛇牙齿落在石头中。又说：蛇屎粘在石头上，以及鸜鹆（八哥）鸟屎粘在石头上都会碎裂，取有毒之处为生金，有大毒，能杀人。本草书中说黄金有毒，是错误的。生金与黄金完全不同。常见人们采金，挖掘地面深达一丈多，到达纷子石层，石头都一头黑焦，石头下有金，大的如手指，小的像麻豆，颜色像桑黄，咬起来极软，这就是真金。工匠偷偷吞食者，未见有毒。其麸金出产于水沙之中，用毡布淘取，或在鹅鸭腹中得到，立刻打成器物，也不需要重新炼制。煎煮取得金汁，就可以用来镇心安神。
陈藏器说：现在医家所用的，都是炼制熟的金箔，以及用水煮金器，取汁液使用，就没有毒性了。本朝收复岭表地区，询问当地百姓，并没有蛇屎的说法，陈藏器的传闻之言，是不正确的。
苏颂说：现在饶州、信州、南剑州、登州所产出的，采集方法也很多样，有的像山石形状，有的像米豆颗粒，这类都没有经过火炼，都称为生金。
陆佃说：《山海经》所说的各山出产的黄金极多，不能全部记录。《广州记》记载：大食国出产黄金最多，贸易交换都用金钱。《异物志》记载：金产于丽水。另外蔡州出产瓜子金，云南出产颗块金，在山石间采集。黔南、遂府、吉州的水中，都出产麸金。《岭表录异》记载：五岭内的富州、宾州、澄州、涪县，江溪河流都出产黄金。当地人大多养鹅鸭收集粪便，用来淘洗金片，每天能得到一两或半两，也有整天找不到一粒的。这种金子晚上会发光。
寇宗奭说：颗块金，就是深入山洞上百十尺，看到伴生的金石，就能确定有金。那种石头呈褐色，一头像火烧黑一样的形状，其金色深赤黄。麸金，就是在江沙水中淘洗而得，颜色浅黄。这些都是生金，得到后都应该铸炼，麸金损耗较多。入药应当使用块金，颜色深，则金气充足有余。必须防止药物制成及点化而成的假金，这些怎么会有造化的真气呢？
像紫雪这类药，用金煮汁，是借用其自然之气罢了。又东南方的金子颜色深，西南方的金子颜色淡，也是土地适宜性不同的缘故。李时珍说：金有山金、沙金两种。其颜色有七青、八黄、九紫、十赤，以红色为足色（纯度最高）。掺银的性柔，试金石上显青色；掺铜的性硬，试金石上有声音。《宝货辨疑》记载：马蹄金像马蹄形状，很难得。橄榄金产于荆湖岭南；胯子金像带胯形状，产于湖南北；瓜子金大如瓜子，麸金如麸片，产于湖南等地；沙金细如沙屑，产于蜀中；叶子金产于云南。《地镜图》记载：黄金之气呈赤色，夜晚有火光及白鼠出没。有人说：山上有薤（小根蒜），下面就有金。凡是曾在坟墓间出土及作为钗钏溺器使用的金，陶隐居称为辱金，不可合炼。《宝藏论》记载：金有二十种。另外外国五种。还丹金，出产于丹穴中，体内含有丹砂，颜色特别红，合丹服用，是稀世之宝。麸金出产于五溪、汉江，大的如瓜子，小的如麦粒，性平无毒。山金出产于交广南韶诸山，衔石而生。马蹄金是最精纯的，两只蹄重一斤。毒金即生金，出产于交广山石内，红色且有大毒，能杀人，炼制十几次后，毒性才消除。这五种都是真金。水银金、丹砂金、雄黄金、雌黄金、硫黄金、曾青金、石绿金、石胆金、母砂金、白锡金、黑铅金，都是药物制成的。铜金、生铁金、熟铁金、砒石金，都是药物点成的。以上十五种，都是假金，性质顽滞有毒。外面还有五种，是波斯紫磨金、东夷青金、林邑赤金、西戎金、占城金。
金屑 【气味】辛，平，有毒。
孟诜说：无毒。
陈藏器说：生者有毒，熟者无毒。
寇宗奭说：不说金而加“屑”字，是指已经磨成屑可用的意思，必须烹炼锻屑为箔，才可以入药。
金箔也同生金一样，有毒能杀人，而且难以解毒。如果中了其毒，只有鹧鸪肉可以解它。如果不经过锻制，屑就不可用。
金的性质厌恶锡，畏惧水银，得到余甘子则身体变柔，这也是相互感应的结果。
李时珍说：洗金用盐。骆驼、驴、马的脂膏，都能使金变柔。金遇到铅就会碎裂，翡翠石能磨下金屑，这也是物性相制的道理。金蛇能解生金毒。晋代贾后饮用金屑酒而死，那么生金有毒就可以知道了。凡是用金箔，必须辨别出是否混有铜箔。
【主治】镇摄精神，坚固骨髓，通利五脏邪气，服用后可成神仙（《名医别录》）。
治疗小儿惊伤五脏，风痫失志，镇心安定魂魄（甄权）。癫痫风热，上气咳嗽，伤寒肺损吐血，骨蒸劳极作渴，都用金箔入丸散服用（李珣）。
破冷气，除风（青霞子）。
Twenty-eight Species of Gold
(Included in the Middle Category of *Bie Lu*)
[Correction] Merged with "Jin Jiang" (Gold Slurry) from *Shi Yi*.
[Names] Huang Ya (Yellow Tooth, from *Jing Yuan*), Tai Zhen.
Li Shizhen says: According to Xu Shen's *Shuo Wen Jie Zi*: "Among the five metals, gold is the leader. Buried for a long time without rusting, refined a hundred times without losing weight, compliant with change without violating nature, born from the earth; thus the character 'gold' has left and right components, symbolizing the form of gold within the soil." *E Ya* states: "Gold is called Rong; beautiful gold is called Liu; cake-shaped gold is called Ban; gold with perfect luster is called Xian." Dugu Tao says: "Naturally formed tooth-shaped gold is called Huang Ya." Sanskrit calls it Su Fa Luo.
Tao Hongjing says: In alchemical prescriptions, gold is named Tai Zhen.
[Collection and Explanation] *Bie Lu* states: Gold flakes are produced in Yi Zhou, collected at any time.
Tao Hongjing says: Gold is found everywhere, particularly in Liang, Yi, and Ning provinces, emerging from water and sand. Processed into fragments, it is called Sheng Jin (Raw Gold). Jian Ping and Jin An also have gold sand, extracted from rocks; after smelting and casting into ingots, although heated, it is not yet fully refined and requires further processing.
Items from Goryeo, Funan, and Western Regions are all refined and cooked, making them suitable for consumption.
Meng Shen says: Sheng Jin is found in the caves of the Yi and Liao tribes in Ling Nan, resembling red-black crushed stones or iron-gold feces. Southerners say: Snake teeth fall into stones. Also, snake excrement adhering to stones, or droppings of the myna bird (*Quyu*) on stones, will crumble; taking the toxic parts yields Sheng Jin, which is highly toxic and fatal. The herbal texts stating that yellow gold is toxic are mistaken. Sheng Jin is entirely different from yellow gold. Commonly, people mine gold by digging over three meters deep to reach Fen Zi stone layers; the stones are blackened on one side like burnt charcoal, with gold underneath. Large pieces are finger-sized, small ones like hemp seeds, colored like mulberry yellow, extremely soft when bitten—this is true gold. Craftsmen who secretly swallow it show no signs of toxicity. Its bran-like gold comes from river sands, washed with felt, or obtained from goose or duck stomachs; it can be immediately forged into vessels without re-refining. Decocting its juice can calm the heart and spirit.
Chen Cangqi says: Modern physicians use refined gold foil or decoct gold vessels to extract the liquid, which is non-toxic. Upon our dynasty's recovery of Ling Nan, inquiries revealed no mention of snake excrement; Chen Cangqi's hearsay is incorrect.
Su Song says: Current sources include Rao, Xin, Nan Jian, and Deng Zhou. Collection methods vary; some resemble mountain rocks, others rice or bean grains. These unrefined forms are all Sheng Jin.
Lu Tian says: *Shan Hai Jing* mentions abundant gold in various mountains, too numerous to record. *Guang Zhou Ji* states: Da Shi country produces the most gold, using gold coins for trade. *Yi Wu Zhi* states: Gold grows in Li Shui. Additionally, Cai Zhou produces melon-seed gold, Yunnan produces nugget gold mined from rock crevices. Qian Nan, Sui Fu, and Ji Zhou waters produce bran gold. *Ling Biao Lu Yi* records: Within the Five Ranges, Fuzhou, Binzhou, Chengzhou, and Fu County rivers all yield gold. Locals raise geese and ducks to collect feces for washing gold flakes, yielding half an ounce to one ounce daily, though some days yield nothing. This gold glows at night.
Kou Zongshi says: Nugget gold is found by digging deep into mountains, identifying associated mineral stones to locate gold. The host rock is brownish, blackened on one end as if scorched, with deep reddish-yellow gold. Bran gold is washed from river sands, appearing pale yellow. Both are Sheng Jin and must be cast and refined; bran gold suffers high loss. For medicinal use, nugget gold is preferred; its deep color indicates sufficient metallic Qi. One must guard against artificially created or transmuted gold, which lacks natural creative Qi.
For instance, in medicines like Zi Xue (Purple Snow), boiling gold in water utilizes its natural Qi. Furthermore, southeastern gold is darker, while southwestern gold is lighter, reflecting geographical suitability. Li Shizhen says: Gold exists as Mountain Gold and Sand Gold. Colors range from seven shades of blue, eight of yellow, nine of purple, to ten of red, with red being pure. Alloyed with silver, it is soft and leaves a blue mark on a touchstone; alloyed with copper, it is hard and makes a sound on the touchstone. *Bao Huo Bian Yi* notes: Horse-hoof gold resembles a hoof and is rare. Olive gold comes from Jinghu and Lingnan; hip-belt gold resembles a belt buckle from Hunan/Hubei; melon-seed gold is size of a melon seed, bran gold like wheat bran from Hunan; sand gold is fine as dust from Shu; leaf gold from Yunnan. *Di Jing Tu* states: Gold emits red Qi, night firelight, and attracts white mice. Some say: Where wild onions grow, gold lies below. Gold found in tombs or used as hairpins/bowls is called Ru Jin (Disgraced Gold) by Tao Hongjing and should not be refined. *Bao Zang Lun* lists twenty types of gold plus five foreign varieties. Huan Dan Jin (Return Elixir Gold) comes from cinnabar caves, containing cinnabar, very red, and potent when taken with elixirs. Bran gold from Wuxi and Han River is mild and non-toxic. Mountain gold from Jiao, Guang, Nan, Shao grows attached to rocks. Horse-hoof gold is the finest, two hooves weighing one jin. Du Jin (Poisonous Gold) is Sheng Jin from Jiao/Guang rocks, red and highly toxic until refined over ten times. These five are true golds. Mercury gold, cinnabar gold, realgar gold, orpiment gold, sulfur gold, azurite green gold, malachite green gold, chalcanthite gold, mother sand gold, white tin gold, black lead gold are all chemically prepared. Copper gold, raw iron gold, wrought iron gold, arsenic stone gold are point-converted. The above fifteen are fake golds, stubborn and toxic. Five foreign types exist: Persian Purple Polished Gold, Eastern Barbarian Lapis Lazuli Gold, Linyi Red Gold, Western Rong Gold, Champa Gold.
Gold Flakes [Flavor and Nature] Pungent, Neutral, Toxic.
Meng Shen says: Non-toxic.
Chen Cangqi says: Raw is toxic, cooked is non-toxic.
Kou Zongshi says: The term "flakes" implies grinding for use; it must be cooked, forged, and beaten into foil before medicinal use.
Gold foil shares the toxicity of raw gold, capable of killing and difficult to antidote. If poisoned, only partridge meat can cure it. Unforged flakes are unusable.
Gold dislikes tin and fears mercury; obtaining Phyllanthus emblica (Yu Gan Zi) softens it through mutual influence.
Li Shizhen says: Wash gold with salt. Camel, donkey, and horse fats soften gold. Gold shatters upon contact with lead; jadeite can grind gold dust, demonstrating mutual control of natures. Golden snakes can detoxify raw gold. Lady Jia of Jin died drinking gold-flake wine, proving raw gold's toxicity. When using gold foil, distinguish it from copper foil.
[Indications] Calms spirit, strengthens bone marrow, clears pathogenic Qi from the five zang organs, confers immortality (*Bie Lu*).
Treats pediatric shock injuring the five zang, wind-phlegm epilepsy with loss of will, calms the heart and secures the soul (Zhen Quan). Epilepsy with wind-heat, hyperactive lung Qi with cough, lung damage with hemoptysis from cold damage, bone-steaming consumptive fever with extreme thirst; all treated with gold foil pills/powders (Li Xun).
Breaks cold qi, dispels wind (Qing Xia Zi).