（《别录》上品）
【释名】饧（音徐盈切）。
时珍曰∶按∶刘熙《释名》云∶糖之清者曰饴，形怡怡然也。稠者曰饧，强硬如 也。
如饧而浊者曰 。《方言》谓之 （音长皇）。
《楚辞》云∶ 蜜饵有 ，是也。
嘉谟曰∶因色紫类琥珀，方中谓之胶饴，干枯者名饧。
【集解】
弘景曰∶方家用饴，乃云胶饴，是湿糖如浓蜜者。其凝强及牵白者饧糖，不入
韩保升曰∶饴，即软糖也。北人谓之饧。糯米、粳米、秫粟米、蜀秫米、大麻子、枳
子、黄精、白术并堪熬造。惟以糯米作者入药，粟米者
时珍曰∶饴饧，用麦 或谷芽同诸米熬煎而成，古人寒食多食饧，故医方亦收用之
【气味】甘，大温，无毒。入太阴经。
宗 曰∶多食动脾风。
震亨曰∶饴糖属土而成于火，大发湿中之热。寇氏谓其动脾风，言末而遗本矣。
时珍曰∶凡中满吐逆、秘结牙 、赤目疳病者，切宜忌之，生痰动火最甚。甘属土，肾
病毋多食甘，甘伤肾，骨痛而齿落，皆指此类也。
【主治】补虚乏，止渴去血（《别录》）。补虚冷，益气力，止肠鸣咽痛，治唾血，消痰
润肺止嗽（思邈）。健脾胃，补中，治吐血。打损瘀血者，熬焦酒服，能下恶血。又伤寒大
毒嗽，于蔓菁、薤汁中煮一沸，顿服之，良（孟诜）。脾弱不思食人少用，能和胃气。亦用
和药
【发明】弘景曰∶古方建中汤多用之。糖与酒皆用米 ，而糖居上品，酒居中品。是糖
以和润为优，酒以醺乱为劣也。
成无己曰∶脾欲缓，急食甘以缓之。胶饴之甘以缓中也。
好古曰∶饴乃脾经气分药也。甘能补脾之不足。
时珍曰∶《集异记》云∶邢曹进，河朔健将也。为飞矢中目，拔矢而镞留于中，钳之不
动，痛困俟死。忽梦胡僧令以米汁注之必愈。广询于人，无悟者。一日一僧丐食，肖所梦者。
叩
旬日而瘥。
【附方】旧二，新十。
老人烦渴∶寒食大麦一升，水七升，煎五升，入赤饧二合，渴即饮之。（《奉亲书》）。
蛟龙症病，凡人正二月食芹菜，误食蛟龙精
面色青黄∶每服寒食饧五合，日三服。吐出蛟龙，有两头可验。吐蛔者勿用。（《金匮
要略》）。
鱼脐疔疮∶寒食饧涂之，良。干者烧灰。（《千金方》）。
瘭疽毒疮∶腊月饴糖，昼夜涂之，数日则愈。（《千金方》）。
误吞稻芒∶白饧频食。（《简便方》）。
鱼骨 咽，不能出∶用饴糖丸鸡子黄大吞之。不下再吞。（《肘
误吞钱钗及竹木∶取饴糖一斤，渐渐食尽，便出。（《外台》）。
箭镞不出∶见发明。
服药过剂，闷乱者∶饴糖食之。（《千金》）。
草乌头毒及天雄、附子毒∶并食饴糖即解。（《总录》）。
手足 疮∶炒腊月糖，敷之。（《千金方》）。
火烧成疮∶白糖烧灰，粉之即燥，易瘥。（《短剧方》）。
（收录于《名医别录》上品）
【释名】饧（读音同“徐盈”）。
李时珍说：据刘熙《释名》记载：清稀的糖叫作饴，形态怡然自得；浓稠的糖叫作饧，坚硬强韧如同胶漆。
像饧一样浓稠但浑浊的糖叫作餹（音同“长皇”）。《方言》中称之为餹。
《楚辞》中说：“蜜饵有餹”，指的就是这种糖。
嘉谟说：因为颜色紫红类似琥珀，在药方中称为胶饴，干燥结块的名称为饧。
【集解】
陶弘景说：医家用饴，说是胶饴，就是湿糖像浓蜜一样的状态。那些凝固坚硬以及能拉出白丝的糖叫饧糖，不入药用。
韩保升说：饴，就是软糖。北方人叫它饧。糯米、粳米、秫粟米、蜀秫米、大麻子、枳椇子、黄精、白术都可以用来熬制。只有用糯米制作的才能入药，用粟米制作的不行。
李时珍说：饴和饧，是用麦芽或谷芽与各种米一起熬煎而成的。古人寒食节多吃饧，所以医方中也收录使用它。
【气味】味甘，性大温，无毒。归太阴脾经。
宗奭说：多吃会引发脾风。
震亨说：饴糖属土而由火生成，大发湿中之热。寇氏说它动脾风，是只说了末梢而遗漏了根本。
李时珍说：凡是中焦痞满、呕吐逆气、便秘牙痛、赤眼疳病的人，务必忌口，因为它生痰动火最厉害。甘味属土，肾病不要多吃甘味食物，甘味伤肾，导致骨痛和牙齿脱落，都是指这类情况。
【主治】补虚乏，止渴去血（出自《名医别录》）。补虚冷，益气力，止肠鸣咽痛，治唾血，消痰润肺止嗽（孙思邈）。健脾胃，补中气，治吐血。被打伤有瘀血的人，将饴糖炒焦后用酒送服，能排出恶血。又有伤寒大毒咳嗽，在蔓菁汁、薤白汁中煮一沸，一次性服下，效果很好（孟诜）。脾弱不想吃饭的人少量使用，能调和胃气。也用于调和药性。
【发明】
陶弘景说：古方建中汤多用此药。糖和酒都是用米发酵制成的，但糖居上品，酒居中等品。这是糖以温和滋润为优，酒以使人醉乱为劣。
成无己说：脾脏喜欢缓急，急需食用甘味来缓和它。胶饴的甘味可以缓和中焦。
好古说：饴是脾经气分的药物。甘味能补益脾气的不足。
李时珍说：《集异记》记载：邢曹进，是河朔地区的勇猛将领。被飞箭射中眼睛，拔出箭后箭头留在体内，用钳子夹不动，疼痛困顿等待死亡。忽然梦见胡僧让他用米汁注入必能痊愈。广泛询问他人，没有人明白。一天有个僧人来乞食，相貌与梦中相同。叩问此事……旬日后痊愈。
【附方】旧方二首，新方十首。
老人烦渴：寒食大麦一升，水七升，煎至五升，加入赤饯二合，口渴就饮用。（《奉亲书》）。
蛟龙症病，凡人在正二月吃芹菜，误食蛟龙精……面色青黄：每次服用寒食饯五合，每天三次。吐出蛟龙，有两个头可以作为验证。吐蛔虫者不要用。（《金匮要略》）。
鱼脐疔疮：用寒食饯涂抹，效果好。干燥的可以烧成灰。（《千金方》）。
瘭疽毒疮：腊月制的饴糖，昼夜涂抹，几天就能痊愈。（《千金方》）。
误吞稻芒：频繁食用白饯。（《简便方》）。
鱼骨卡喉，不能取出：用饴糖做成鸡蛋黄大小的丸剂吞服。如果没下去再吞。（《肘后备急方》）。
误吞钱钗及竹木：取饴糖一斤，慢慢吃完，异物就会出来。（《外台秘要》）。
箭镞不出：见【发明】部分。
服药过量，胸闷混乱者：食用饴糖。（《千金方》）。
草乌头毒及天雄、附子毒：都食用饴糖即可解毒。（《总录》）。
手足……疮：炒腊月糖，敷在上面。（《千金方》）。
火烧成疮：白糖烧成灰，撒粉上去即干燥，容易痊愈。（《短剧方》）。
(Recorded in the Upper Grade of *Bie Lu*)
[Names] Xing (pronounced like "Xu Ying").
Li Shizhen says: According to Liu Xi's *Shi Ming*, clear and thin sugar is called Yi, with a shape that appears contented; thick sugar is called Xing, hard and strong like glue.
Thick but turbid sugar resembling Xing is called Tang (pronounced like "Chang Huang"). It is referred to as Tang in *Fang Yan*.
The *Chu Ci* states: "Honey bait with Tang," referring to this substance.
Jiamo says: Because its color is purple and resembles amber, it is called Jiao Yi in medical formulas; when dry and solid, it is named Xing.
[Collection and Explanation]
Tao Hongjing says: Physicians use Yi, calling it Jiao Yi, which is wet sugar like thick honey. Those that are solidified and hard, or can be pulled into white strands, are called Xing Tang, and are not used medicinally.
Han Baosheng says: Yi is soft candy. People in the North call it Xing. Glutinous rice, japonica rice, shu millet, Shu sorghum, hemp seeds, zhi ju zi (Acanthopanax senticosus fruit), polygonatum rhizome, and atracylodes macrocephala rhizome can all be used for brewing. Only those made from glutinous rice are suitable for medicinal use; those made from millet are not.
Li Shizhen says: Yi and Xing are produced by simmering malt or barley sprouts with various grains. Ancients ate much Yi during the Cold Food Festival, so medical formulas also include it.
[Flavor and Properties] Sweet, greatly warm, non-toxic. Enters the Taiyin Spleen Meridian.
Zong Shi says: Excessive consumption induces Spleen Wind.
Zhenheng says: Yi Tang belongs to Earth and is formed by Fire, vigorously releasing heat within dampness. Kou Zhi's statement that it induces Spleen Wind addresses the symptom but misses the root cause.
Li Shizhen says: For those with middle-jiao fullness, vomiting, constipation, toothache, red eyes, or gan disease, it must be strictly avoided, as it generates phlegm and fire most severely. Sweet flavor belongs to Earth; kidney patients should not consume excessive sweet flavors. Sweetness damages the Kidney, causing bone pain and tooth loss, all referring to such cases.
[Indications] Tonifies deficiency and fatigue, stops thirst and removes blood stasis (*Bie Lu*). Warms deficiency-cold, boosts qi and strength, stops intestinal rumbling and throat pain, treats spitting blood, resolves phlegm, moistens lungs, and stops coughing (Sun Simiao). Strengthens the Spleen and Stomach, tonifies the Middle Jiao, treats hematemesis. For contusions with blood stasis, roast until charred and take with wine to expel evil blood. For severe toxic coughs due to cold damage, boil once in turnip juice and scallion juice, then take at once for good effect (Meng Shen). Use sparingly in those with weak Spleen and poor appetite to harmonize Stomach Qi. Also used to harmonize other medicines.
[Elucidation]
Tao Hongjing says: Ancient formulas like Jianzhong Decoction use it frequently. Both sugar and wine are made from rice fermentation, but sugar is ranked in the Upper Grade, while wine is in the Middle Grade. This indicates sugar is superior for its mild and moistening properties, whereas wine is inferior for its intoxicating effects.
Cheng Wuji says: The Spleen desires relaxation; urgently eat sweet flavors to relax it. The sweetness of Jiao Yi relaxes the Middle Jiao.
Haogu says: Yi is a medicine for the Qi aspect of the Spleen Meridian. Sweetness tonifies Spleen Qi deficiency.
Li Shizhen says: *Ji Yi Ji* records: Xing Caojin, a brave general from Hezhou, was shot in the eye by an arrow. After removing the shaft, the arrowhead remained lodged; forceps could not move it, and he suffered excruciating pain awaiting death. He suddenly dreamed of a Hu monk telling him to inject rice water to heal. He asked many people, but none understood. One day, a begging monk appeared who resembled the dream figure. [He consulted him...] After ten days, he recovered.
[Attached Formulas] Two old formulas, ten new formulas.
Elderly person with vexatious thirst: One sheng of Cold Food Barley, seven sheng of water, decocted to five sheng. Add two he of Red Yi. Drink when thirsty. (*Feng Qin Shu*).
Jiaolong syndrome: When eating celery in the first or second lunar month, accidentally ingesting Jiaolong essence... Complexion green and yellow: Take five he of Cold Food Yi per dose, three times daily. Vomiting out Jiaolong, verified by having two heads. Do not use if vomiting roundworms. (*Jin Gui Yao Lue*).
Fish-umbilical carbuncle: Apply Cold Food Yi externally for good effect. If dry, burn to ash. (*Qian Jin Fang*).
Baoju toxic sore: Apply腊月 (12th lunar month) Yi day and night; heals in several days. (*Qian Jin Fang*).
Accidentally swallowing rice awns: Frequently eat White Yi. (*Jian Bian Fang*).
Fish bone stuck in throat, cannot be removed: Swallow a pill of Yi Tang the size of a chicken yolk. If not swallowed, swallow again. (*Zhou Hou Bei Ji Fang*).
Accidentally swallowing coins, hairpins, bamboo, or wood: Take one jin of Yi Tang, eat it slowly until finished; the object will pass. (*Wai Tai Mi Yao*).
Arrowhead not exiting: See [Elucidation].
Overdose of medicine causing dizziness and confusion: Eat Yi Tang. (*Qian Jin Fang*).
Poison from Aconitum carmichaelii (Caowutou), Tianxiong, or Fuzi: Eating Yi Tang resolves the poison. (*Zong Lu*).
Hand and foot ... sores: Roast腊月 sugar and apply topically. (*Qian Jin Fang*).
Burn wounds: Burn white sugar to ash, sprinkle powder on the wound to dry it and facilitate healing. (*Duan Ju Fang*).